Unit 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Transcription

1 Unit 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Essential Questions What evidence can students observe that the Earth is changing? How do scientists know what s inside the Earth? What processes change rocks from one type to another? How does plate movement affect changes on the Earth s surface?

3 Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Sunshine State Standards SC.6.E.6.1 Describe and give examples of ways in which Earth's surface is built up and torn down by physical and chemical weathering, erosion, and deposition. SC.6.E.6.2 Recognize that there are a variety of different landforms on Earth's surface such as coastlines, dunes, rivers, mountains, glaciers, deltas, and lakes and relate these landforms as they apply to Florida. SC.7.E.6.1 Describe the layers of the solid Earth, including the lithosphere, the hot convecting mantle, and the dense metallic liquid and solid cores. SC.7.E.6.2 Identify the patterns within the rock cycle and relate them to surface events (weathering and erosion) and subsurface events (plate tectonics and mountain building. SC.7.E.6.5 Explore the scientific theory of plate tectonics by describing how the movement of Earth's crustal plates causes both slow and rapid changes in Earth's surface, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and mountain building. SC.7.E.6.7 Recognize that heat flow and movement of material within Earth causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean basins.

4 Words to Know Batholith Caldera Cinder Cone Volcano Composite Volcano Crater Earthquakes Epicenter Fissures Focus Lava Scale Magma Mercalli Intensity Mid Atlantic Ridge Pipe Richter Scale Ring of Fire Seismic Waves Seismograph L Waves P Waves S Waves Tsunami Volcano Cinder Cone Composite Shield Vent Volcanic Neck

5 Discussion Questions Analyze this bar graph- this graph compares deaths from EARTHQUAKES per time period

6 How are Richter Scales and Mercalli Intensity Scale connected? How are they not connected? What is one of the first signs of a tsunami? List two safety measures that governments have implement to improve safety with regards to tsunamis.

7 Earthquakes 1. What are earthquakes? 1. Earthquakes are movement of earth s crust caused by plates shifting and releasing stored energy Rocks on either side of a fault snag and build up pressure When the rocks break... shake, rattle and roll!

8 Earthquakes 2. What are seismic waves? 2. Seismic waves are shock waves in the earth caused by an earthquake.

9 Earthquakes 3. What are P waves? 3. P waves are primary waves. They are fast and longitudinal ( push and pull forces) P waves are the to 'arrive' at a seismic station. The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air.

10 Earthquakes 4. What are S waves? 4. S waves are secondary or shear waves. They are Link: slower. S waves are transverse- move from side to side. S waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side perpendicular to the Direction of the wave.

11 Earthquakes 5. What are L waves? 5. L waves are love waves Named after a British scientist who calculated a mathematical model for a wave. L Waves are the fastest waves and move from ground to side to side. In other words, they are P or S waves that hit the surface.

12 6. What is the focus of an earthquake? Earthquakes 6. The focus is where rocks first break and move. 7. What is the epicenter? 7. The Epicenter is the point on earth s surface directly above the focus.

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14 8. What is a seismograph? Earthquakes 8. A seismograph is an instrument used to record seismic waves.

15 9. What is the Richter Scale? Earthquake Scales 9. A Richter Scale measures the total energy released by an earthquake b) +1 means x32

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17 Earthquake Scales 10. What is the Mercalli Intensity Scale? 10. The Mercalli Intensity Scale is a scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake. The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and man-made structures on a scale of I through XII, with I denoting a weak earthquake and XII one that causes almost complete destruction.

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20 Locating Earthquakes

21 11. Where are the 3 major earthquake zones? Earthquake Zones 11. Ring of Fire- is located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Mid-Atlantic Ridge- this zone is caused by sea floor spreading The Mediterranean Asiatic Belt- occurs because continental plates are colliding.

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25 13. Describe landscape evidence of earthquakes. Earthquake Evidence 13. There are 5 descriptions: Slide rapid down slope movement of soil, debris, & rock Scarp cliff made by uplifted or subsided earth

26 12. Describe ground level earthquake evidence Earthquake Evidence 12. Ground level earthquake evidence is side to side or up and down shifts of the ground. The earth has moved mostly slow and steady and is called creep

27 1. What is a volcano? Volcanoes 1. A volcano is any opening in the earth s crust that release molten rock.

28 2. What is a vent? Volcanoes 2. An opening through which material reaches the surface 3. What is a crater? 3. A crater is a hollowed out area in the top of a volcano

29 Earthquake Evidence Fissures long cracks in soil or rock Tsunami an ocean wave caused by earthquakes a) can be 30m high at the shore Buildings on loose soil have more damage.

30 4. What is the pipe? Volcanoes 4. The pipe is a long crack through which magma moves 5. What is the magma chamber? 5. A chamber with a pocket of magma.

31 Label the parts Volcanoes

32 6. What is an active volcano? 7. What is a dormant volcano? Volcanoes 6. An active volcano has erupted during the last century. 7. A dormant volcano has not erupted for hundreds of years, but it believed that it has the ability to erupt.

33 8. What is an extinct volcano? Volcanoes 8. A volcano is considered extinct if it has not erupted for thousands of years.

34 9. List the sequence of events when a volcano erupts? Volcanoes 9. Lava flows out usually gently and quietly 2) Then an explosion of debris occurs. The following are products of a volcano pyroclasts fragments of broken rock from a volcano ash hot fine-grained material bombs large molten or semi molten chunks

35 10. What are cinder cone volcanoes? Volcanoes 10. A cinder cone formed from ash and cinders in explosive eruptions. Cinder cones volcanoes are smaller, coned shaped, and steep slopes. Example: Paricutín, Mexico

36 11. What are shield volcanoes? Volcanoes 11. Shield volcanoes are from from lava flow eruptions. They have broad with gentle slopes. An example is Mauna Loa, Hawaii

37 Volcanoes 12. What are composite volcanoes? 12. Composite volcanoes are formed from alternating layers of lava and pyroclasts. Characteristics include: They are explosive and have lava eruptions They are large with steep slopes Examples: Mt. Fuji, Japan & Mt. St. Helens, Washington

38 13. Case study: Pompeii CE Site was not discovered until 1748 Provided archeologists extraordinary details about daily life in Roman Empire Some believe that volcano took 2 months to completely bury the town as people were found wearing winter clothing in the summer, dates of minted coins and letters Populist tourist site in S. Italy

39 Case study: Mt. St. Helen 14. Erupted 05/18/1980. Caused by an earthquake on 03/20/1980. Most deadliest and costly volcano in US history. Glacier mountain Due to the eruption, at the top of the mountain is a 1 mile long horseshoe crater. Volcano steamed until January 2008

40 Igneous Rock Features Why study? Many features formed underground by igneous activity are at the earth s surface due to erosion.

41 Igneous Rock Features 15. List intrusive igneous rock formations 15. Batholiths, sills, dikes, and volcanic necks.

42 Igneous Rock Features 16. What are batholiths? 16. Large intrusive igneous rock body that forms when magma being forced upward toward Earth s crust cools slowly and solidifies underground.

43 Igneous Rock Features 17. What is a dike? 17.Magma that is forced into a crack that cuts across layers and hardens. 18. What is a volcanic neck? 18. Solid igneous core of a volcano left behind after the softer cone has been eroded.

44 19. What is a caldera? Igneous Rock Features 19. Large, circularshaped opening formed when the top of a volcano collapses. Crater Lake is an example

45 Links: 1. www. Brainpop.com Login ID: alachuacounty_26 Password: brainpop Access: M-F ( 7:30 am- 5:30 pm) 2. Discovery Education- **login IDs and passwords given out in class. Science Middle School Earth and Space Science Earth s Changing Interior Earthquakes and Volcanoes 3. U.S. Geological Survey: 4. How Stuff Works: How earthquakes work: How tsunamis work: Mt. Saint Helens Erupts 5. Seismic Waves: 6. Michigan Tech- Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences: 7. University of Liverpool: Seismic Waves: 8. Oregon State University- Volcano Table: 9. Annenberg Learner- Volcanoes: Smithsonian Institution-Volcanoes of the World: Discovery Channel- Volcano Explorer: