Writing Prompts 2A: Sport Drink Guidance on Student Use: Below are writing prompts related to content learned in this unit as well as recommended assessment probes. The assessment probes can be found in a series of books titled Uncovering Student Ideas. One copy of each of these books has been provided to each school s science department. The names of each book and the shorthand used to denote the books follow. Uncovering Students Ideas in Science: 25 Formative Assessment Probes, Volume 1 (Vol. 1) Uncovering Students Ideas in Science: 25 More Formative Assessment Probes, Volume 2 (Vol. 2) Uncovering Students Ideas in Science: Another 25 Formative Assessment Probes, Volume 3 (Vol. 3) Uncovering Students Ideas in Science: 25 New Formative Assessment Probes, Volume 4 (Vol. 4) Uncovering Students Ideas in Physical Science: 45 New Force and Motion Assessment Probes, Volume 1 (PS) Indicators with Related Writing Prompts and Assessment Probes 4.1.3 The student will explain how atoms interact with other atoms through the transfer and sharing of electrons in the formation of chemical bonds. formation of ions bond formation of ionic bond formation of covalent bond ionic and molecular substances Writing Prompt: The Town s Water Assessment Probes: Is it Made of Molecules? (Vol. 1, p. 85), Chemical Bonds (Vol. 2, p. 71), Salt Crystals (Vol. 4, p. 39) 4.2.1 The student will explain how the properties of a molecule are determined by the atoms it contains and their arrangement. polar and nonpolar molecules water Writing Prompt: Packing Peanuts Assessment Probes: 4.2.2 The student will explain why organic compounds are so numerous and diverse. inorganic and organic compounds ability of carbon to form chains and make rings Writing Prompt: High Octane
Assessment Probes: Is it food for plants (Vol.2, p. 113) 4.2.3 The student will describe the properties of solutions and explain how they form. solute, solvent, and solubility concentration dissociation/ionization electrolytes Writing Prompt: Make it Sweet Assessment Probes: Sugar Water (Vol. 4, p. 11) 4.2.4 The student will differentiate among acids, bases, and salts based on their properties. Arrhenius definition salts indicators Writing Prompt: Stomach Ache, Protect My Teeth, Pink or Blue? Assessment Probes: 4.3.3 The student will explain why the interactions among particles involve a change in the energy system. exothermic change Writing Prompt: Zero Calorie Energy Bar, Instant Ice Pack, High Octane Assessment Probes: 4.4.1 The student will illustrate that substances can be represented by formulas. subscripts acids Writing Prompt: Disorganized Supply Room Assessment Probes:
Packing Peanuts Essential Question How does the arrangement of atoms in a compound affect how that compound behaves in a solution? Indicator(s) 4.2.1 The student will explain how the properties of a molecule are determined by the atoms it contains and their arrangement. A new package delivery company has a goal of being environmentally friendly. They did some research and found out that boxes are often recycled, but packing peanuts (small foam pieces used to protect delicate objects) are usually thrown out. The average peanut can take up to 50 years to decompose but some brands claim to degrade much quicker. These companies claim that water dissolves their peanuts. The company wanted to test these claims before supporting one particular packing peanut brand. To test the claim they put one peanut in a beaker of water for 1 hour. Below are the results. Brand A in water Brand B in water Brand C in water WATER MOLECULE H O H Explain why some packing peanuts dissolve in water and others do not. In your reponse, be sure to include: what determines if one substance will dissolve into another substance. the type of substance that water is: ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent. The type of substance that each brand of packing peanut might be: ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent.
Essential Question Indicator(s) Make it Sweet What factors affect the amount of substance that will dissolve into a solution? 4.2.3 The student will describe the properties of solutions and explain how they form. A student s favorite drink is sweet tea. Every morning he makes it by adding exactly thirty grams of sugar and one tea bag to one liter of hot water. Some days his tea does not taste as sweet as other days. Those same days he notices that there is sugar sitting at the bottom of the cup that will not dissolve no matter how long he stirs. He decided to filter out the remaining sugar and keep track of the data in the graph below. Amount of Sugar Undissolved (grams) 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Amount of Sugar Undissolved in One Liter of Tea Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Explain why different amounts of sugar might dissolve at different times. In your reponse, be sure to include: which day the least sugar dissolved and which day the most sugar dissolved. what could have caused less sugar to dissolve on some days. what the student could do to his drink to make more sugar dissolve. use of terms.
Disorganized Supply Room Essential Question What are the properties of acids and bases? Indicator(s) 4.4.1 The student will illustrate that substances can be represented by formulas. A new chemistry teacher goes into the back room of her classroom to see what chemicals and equipment are available. She is surprised to see that the chemicals were on the shelves in an unorganized manner. This is a problem because it makes it harder to find what is needed, but more importantly it could be unsafe if there are spills and unintended reactions. For example, acids and bases should not be stored next to each other because a lot of heat is produced when they react. She begins to feel overwhelmed but remembers that she has some students assigned to help her get organized. Also, she is relieved when she notices that each bottle has a label with the chemical s formula. She decides to write down some important information for the students who will be helping her. Indicate the important information that the student helpers will need about acids, bases and salts. In your reponse, be sure to include: how acids, bases and salts can be distinguished using their formula. examples of formulas of acids, bases and salts. an explanation of the reaction that occurs between acids and bases.
Stomach Ache Essential Question What are the properties of acids and bases? Indicator(s) 4.2.4 The student will differentiate among acids, bases, and salts based on their properties. Your friend had an upset stomach caused by indigestion. His mother explained to him that indigestion is when the contents in the stomach are too acidic. She also told him to drink soda to settle his stomach. The soda did not help. You tell him that you would not have expected the soda to help with the indigestion based on what you know about acids and bases. Soda Apples Bread Water Acidic Neutral Basic Tea Eggs Baking Soda Explain why soda would not help settle your friend s stomach. In your reponse, be sure to include: a better alternative to drinking soda. how each substance above would react with the stomach acid. defining characteristics of acids and bases, besides how they react.
Protect My Teeth Essential Question How is acidity measured? Indicator(s) 4.2.4 The student will differentiate among acids, bases, and salts based on their properties. A student went to the dentist and found out that he had a cavity. He always brushes his teeth twice a day, so he didn t understand how he got a cavity. The doctor told him drinking things every day that are acidic, such as lemonade, can contribute to cavities. He didn t drink lemonade but did drink a variety of other drinks. The next day he brought in a sample of each drink and asked his science teacher to borrow a ph probe to test each liquid. Below are the results of the tests. 11.9 ph 7.0 ph 5.3 ph 9.8 ph 2.4 ph Drink A Drink B Drink C Drink D Drink E Explain which drink(s) the student should avoid if he wants to protect his teeth from further damage. In your reponse, be sure to include: an explanation of what ph measures. which drinks are acidic, basic, and neutral.
Pink or Blue? Essential Question How does ph affect living organisms? Indicator(s) 4.2.4 The student will differentiate among acids, bases, and salts based on their properties. Hydrangea is a unique flower. It changes color based on the acidity or basicity of the soil. Florists use this information to purposely change the color. Below is a table indicating the color of the flower based on the ph of the soil. Color of Hydrangea Based on ph ph Color 4.5 deep blue 5.0 medium blue 5.5 purple 6.0 purplish pink 6.5 medium pink 7.0 deep pink Explain how acidity and basicity affect hydrangeas. In your reponse, be sure to include: the trend of how acidity or basicity affects the color of a hydrangea. what a substance that changes color in the presences of an acid or a base is called. a prediction of what would happen to a hydrangea if the ph of the soil were very high or very low.
Zero Calorie Energy Bar Essential Question How does food provide energy to humans? Indicator(s) 4.3.3 The student will explain why the interactions among particles involve a change in the energy system. Below is an advertisement for a company that claims to make an energy bar that has no calories. Do Great Staying Up Late HYPE The ZERO calorie energy bar! Explain why something must have calories to provide energy. In your reponse, be sure to include: how people get energy from food. what calories are. a comparison of how scientist and food packaging uses the word calories.
Instant Ice Pack Essential Question How is the amount of energy released or absorbed in a reaction measured? Indicator(s) 4.3.3 The student will explain why the interactions among particles involve a change in the energy system. An accident prone student wanted to stock up on instant ice packs. When she went shopping, she notices that some brands contained ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) and others contained ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl). Both had the same directions of popping the bubble in the middle of the pack, shaking, and then applying to injury. Before buying a large amount of any one she wanted to test which was more effective. Explain how the effectiveness of each ice pack could be tested. In your reponse, be sure to include: a detailed procedure. the name of the process used to determine the amount of energy released or absorbed by a reaction. if instant ice packs undergo endothermic or exothermic reactions.
High Octane Essential Question How is the chemical composition of a substance used to predict the amount of energy in a substance? Indicator(s) 4.2.2 The student will explain why organic compounds are so numerous and diverse. 4.3.3 The student will explain why the interactions among particles involve a change in the energy system. Race car drivers want to get as much energy as possible from the engine of their car in order to go as fast as possible. One way the amount of energy is changed is by using different types of fuels. Gasoline is made up of a variety of organic compounds. The amount of energy that the gasoline produces depends on how much of each compound is in the mixture. In general, the higher the octane (or amount of C 8 H 18 ) in the mixture, the more energy is produced. Therefore, higher octane gas allows race cars to go faster than lower octane gas. Below is a table showing the amount of energy that is produced when equal amounts of some of the components of gasoline are burned. Formula of Compound C 4 H 10 C 5 H 12 C 6 H 14 C 7 H 16 C 8 H 18 Kilocalories of Energy 687.7 kcal 845.0 kcal 1002.4 kcal 1159.9 kcal 1317.2 kcal Explain why drivers prefer using higher octane gas. In your reponse, be sure to include: the trend in the data. how the interactions among particles explains this trend. what identifies the substances as organic compound.
Indicator(s) The Town s Water 4.1.3 The student will explain how atoms interact with other atoms through the transfer and sharing of electrons in the formation of chemical bonds. A town just built a water tower. The mayor of the town wanted the water to contain fluoride so that all of the residents would have healthier teeth. He read that ionic compounds must be used to get the fluoride into water. He looked up fluorine containing compounds and came up with the following list. NaF NF 3 SiF 4 CaF 2 NH 4 F Explain which compound(s) could be used to get fluoride into the water. In your reponse, be sure to include: which compounds are ionic and which are covalent. how ionic and covalent compounds are different. why only ionic compounds would produce fluoride in water. use of terms.