Low carbon emitting passenger cars for the future SATW, August 29, 2008 Prof. Dr. Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich and Belenos Clean Power Holding Ltd.
Content of the presentation Energy and material flows the sources of the problem The goal: 1 t CO 2 per capita per annum how to get there Energy and climate Recent Swiss projects aiming at decarbonising transport Electricity as the backbone of the energy system of the future The idea of Nicolas Hayek and Belenos Clean Power Holding Ltd.: Research for the energy chain from solar to wheel Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 2
Energy and material flows Energy consumption on earth is just a fraction of the sun s radiation (10-4 ) and therefore does not upset the global energy balance. Material flows cause the following problems: Degradation of non-renewable energy sources Emission of greenhouse gases Discharge and storage of waste Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 3
Life cycles on energy-relevant technologies and infrastructures Years (order of magnitude, approximation) Power plants Vehicles Fuel and road infrastructure Heating devices Buildings fossil 40 Cars 10 Burners 15 Renovation 40 nuclear 60 Ships 30 50-100 Heat pumps 25 New ones 100 hydro 100 Trucks 20 Survival rates of CO 2 in atmosphere: ~100-150 years! 9/4/2008 Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 4
Target: 1 ton CO 2 per capita world consumption CO 2 emissions [t CO 2 per capita] kw per capita 1 ton CO 2 per capita can be achieved towards the end of the 21 st century in Switzer-land and worldwide by fully exploiting realistic efficiency potentials and through targeted decarbonisation in all energy sectors to the greatest possible extent. Plausible primary energy range for 1 ton CO 2 per capita in year 2100, depending on electricity generation mix (fossil, nuclear, solar, wind, water). Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Yverdon, August 29, 2008 5
Building Blocks of the ETH Zurich Strategy Electrification Decarbonisation: 1-ton-CO 2 -per-capita Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Carriers Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Yverdon, August 29, 2008 6
Energy and climate: Energy sources CO 2 -free or CO 2 -neutral fuels (biogas, solar hydrogen) CO 2 -free electricity (nuclear, solar, wind) Reduction of air pollutants (aerosols, particulate matter...) Increase in efficiency of energy conversions and cost reductions (thin layer solar cells...) 9/4/2008 Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 7
Energy and climate: Mobility, buildings, materials Vehicles for a sustainable mobility (reduced fuel consumption, fuel cells, batteries, lightweight construction, electronic control...) Technology for future cities (building services engineering for heating/cooling, city and regional planning, transport planning, recreation areas ) Conjunctive elements (materials, intelligent electronics and information technologies ) 9/4/2008 Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 8
Electricity Backbone of the future energy system Solar-thermal, ambient. heat Heat services Photovoltaics Wind Add. electricity for heat pumps with CCS (carbon capture and storage) Nuclear Coal Nat. Gas Efficient storage and robust grids Conventional electricity services Hydro Biomass Add. electricity for short-range transport Liquid fuels Mid-/long range transport 4-6 kw/cap primary energy 2-2.5 kw/cap final energy Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Yverdon, August 29, 2008 9
Decarbonisation of individual transport Energy demand at wheel Overall efficiency of transport systems (weight, aerodynamics, modal split, ) Energy service (transport needs) Robust evolutionary path: hybrids plug-in hybrids full-electric vehicles Competition between H 2 fuel cells and battery electric vehicles: Who will win? 400 km range at 100 km/h 25 kw times 4h = 100 kwh. Battery recharging in 6 min requires 1 MW electric power installed. Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Yverdon, August 29, 2008 10
Fuel cell car HY-LIGHT (2004) HY-LIGHT: Hydrogen and lightweight construction Design of purely electric engine and drive train and lightweight mode of construction Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) serves as electricity generator. Input: Hydrogen and oxygen (30 kilowatt equivalent 41 PS) Supercapacitors: Storage of dissipated kinetic energy during braking: Short-term power enhancement from 30 kilowatt to 75 kilowatt (102 PS) New: Nicolas Hayek s Belenos Clean Power Holding Ltd. aims to become an ancillary company for automobile industry; H 2 production with solar energy http://archiv.ethlife.ethz.ch/articles/tages/hylight.html 9/4/2008 Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 11
Development of a clean energy chain Photovoltaic modul Solar cells 63 m 2 Photovoltaic cells deliver the hydrogen for at least a range of 13'000 km / year Electricity Oxygen Hydrogen Electricity grid dc/ac converter E H 2 O 2 BZ Battery M Hydrogen production decentrally Swiss Fuel Cell Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 12
Belenos Projekt family house with solar cells fueling of car hydrogen / oxygen production in garage (size of refrigerator) Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Yverdon, August 29, 2008 13
Electrochemical energy storage Gasoline: 13.1 kwh/kg Battery: 0.1 kwh/kg (limit 1.3 kwh/kg) Michael Broussley, Saft, 2005 Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 14
Fuel cost pro 100 km Todays fuel costs: 6-19 /100 km tax /100 km Switzerland without tax min. max. 10 30 7.5 5 2.5 22.5 15 7.5 0 0 CO 2 -neutral H 2 /100 km Switzerland with tax 25 20 15 10 5 0 gasoline 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 Verbrauch in kwh/100 km 1 L Benzin = 9 kwh 1 L Diesel = 10 kwh Benzinautos PSI FC-demonstrators Dieselautos 0 400 800 1'200 1'600 2'000 2'400 2'800 Fahrzeuggewicht in kg 5 15 ct / kwh 13.1 ct / kwh (1.17 / Liter) Quelle: Auto-Schweiz Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 15
Holding Structure Belenos Clean Power Holding Ltd. JV I Swiss Hydrogen JV II Swiss Fuel Cell JV III High Efficiency Solar Cells JV IV Special High Efficiency Batteries JV V Important Car Manufacturer and additional new developments and JVs Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 16
Joint Venture Industry ETH domain Ammann Group Holding AG Swatch Group AG Deutsche Bank Equity SARL Groupe E SA Fribourg CCEM: Mobility, Electricity, Heat and Buildings Belenos Clean Power Holding Ltd. PSI ETH Zurich EPFL EMPA Universities of Applied Sciences Energy Science Center (ESC) from ETHZ, with 40 Professors 9/4/2008 Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 17
Belenos Clean Power Holding Ltd. is located in Biel, Switzerland. Many prestigious personalities joined the Board of the company: Dr. h.c. Nicolas G. Hayek, Chairman and CEO Josef Ackermann, Vice-Chairman, Chairman of the Management Board and the Group Executive Committee of Deutsche Bank G. Nick Hayek, CEO of the Swatch Group Nayla Hayek, Member of the Board of Directors of the Swatch Group, also in charge of Tiffany Watch Company and responsible for the Middle East George Clooney, Actor Prof. Dr. h.c. Claude Nicollier, Physicist, Astrophysicist and Astronaut at the NASA and ESA; participated to several space missions such as Atlantis 1992, Endeavour 1993, Columbia 1996 and Discovery 1996 including the execution of reparation works on the Hubble Space Telescope, which were a complete success Philippe Virdis, CEO of Groupe E in Fribourg Prof. Dr. Ralph A. Eichler, Physicist and President of ETH Zurich Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 18
Competition with big car companies? Divers research competences needed such as Nanoscale molecular level, membranes, chemicals Microscale microfluidic Macroscale cooling, safety, assembly Analytic neutron radiography... Ralph Eichler, ETH Zurich SATW Titel Yverdon, VornameAugust Nachname 29, 2008 19