DIPA Jiaguo Qi, Jiquan Chen and Ranjeet John Email: qi@msu.edu, jqchen@msu.edu, ranjeetj@msu.edu Tel. 517-353-8736 517-214-6675 Office: GEO 206 or MM 218 Lecture: T & Th: 5:20 6:10pm; RM. GEO 201 Lab: T & Th: 7:00 8:50pm; RM GEO 201
Assistants Class introduction Name, Program/Major
Class Objectives To learn technical skills and analytical methods To be able to apply these skills and methods in your research To find and download EOS data (e.g. Landsat, MODIS products, etc) Data processing chains Value-added products (Surface reflectance, vegetation indices, classified images, cloud screening of long term data records (ltdr), etc.)
GEO 827 - DIPA Grading Policy: Lab Exercises 50 Midterm Exam 20 Final Exam 30 Total 100 A:90-100; B:80-89; C:70-79; D:60-69; E:50-59
Homeworks and labs Materials will be mailed Lab exercises Word or pdf or other formats are acceptable Send homework via email
GEO 827 - DIPA Text Books and Reference Materials J. R. Jensen, Introductory Digital Image Processing A remote sensing perspective, 4 th ed. Prentice Hall, 2015, ISBN-10: 013405816X ISBN-13: 9780134058160 Option to rent from Amazon for $56 (http://www.amazon.com/introductory-digital- Image-Processing-Perspective/dp/013405816X) R. A. Schowengerdt, Remote sensing Models and Methods for Image Processing, 3 rd ed., Academic Press, 2006 Lab Materials Lab exercises will be based on course materials On Reserve at the library J. R. Jensen, Introductory Digital Image Processing A remote sensing perspective, 3 th ed.,2005
Topics Review of fundamentals of remote sensing Techniques required prior to analysis Raw imagery Physical units Corrections required (geometric, atmospheric and sun-earth-sensor geometry) Methods of analysis Transformation from data to products and information Applications
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Remote sensing devices record radiant energy reflected or emitted from surfaces. Passive remote sensing imagers record 1) sunlight reflected from surfaces, or 2) heat energy radiated from surfaces. Active remote sensing imagers irradiate ( illuminate ) the landscape and record the amount of this energy that is reflected or scattered from surfaces.
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Typical Energy Flow for passive remote sensing
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing The radiant energy (electromagnetic radiation) recorded by remote sensing devices includes light (i.e. visible radiant energy), as well as invisible energy. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is a dynamic form of energy made manifest only by its interaction with matter. EMR radiates according to the wave theory.
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Maxwell s Wave theory c = n * l c = 3 x 10 8 m s -1
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Electromagnetic spectrum
Atmospheric windows https://landsat.usgs.gov/ldcm_vs_previous.php
Atmospheric windows http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/landsat.v.sentinel-2.png
Exercise (in your own time) Spectral Characteristics Viewer "What are the best spectral bands to use for my study?" https://landsat.usgs.gov/tools_spectralviewer.php The spatial resolution most interesting aspect of a satellite image, but less appreciated is how irradiative energy reflected by surface materials are used to identify features. The Spectral Characteristics Viewer allows viewers to visualize how the bands of various satellite sensors measure the intensity of the wavelengths (colors) of light; this is called the Relative Spectral Response (RSR). By overlaying the spectral curves from different spectra (features), the user can determine which bands of the selected sensor(s) will work for the application. Relative Spectral Responses (RSR) for Landsat sensors can be found on http://landsat.usgs.gov/instructions.php.
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Radiant energy - Q Energy traveling in the form of electromagnetic waves. Radiant flux - F units: watts units: joules (J) (W [joules/second]) The rate at which radiant energy is transferred from a point or a surface to another surface; a measure of radiant power. F = dq / dt [F = Phi ]
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Radiant flux density - E or M units: watts per sq. meter, W m -2 The radiant flux at a surface divided by the area of the surface. When referring to the radiant flux incident on a surface, we call it: Irradiance - E = df / da [W m -2 ] When referring to the radiant flux emitted from a surface, we call it: Radiant exitance - M = df / da [W m -2 ]
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Radiant flux density - E or M Notice that the units and defining equations for both radiant exitance and irradiance are identical. The only difference between these two radiometric terms is that irradiance refers to radiation arriving at a surface, where as radiant exitance refers to radiation leaving a surface.
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Radiance L (E) units: watts per sq. meter per steradian, W m-2 sr -1 Radiant flux propagated in a given direction, per unit solid angle about that direction and per unit area projected normal to the direction (da cos Q). The angle Q is measured between the direction and a perpendicular to the unit area. Radiance is a geometric radiation quantity that describes the spatial distribution of radiant flux density. L = df / dw da cos Q
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Radiance L (E) units: watts per sq. meter per steradian, W m-2 sr -1 L = df / dw da cos Q
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Reflectance r unitless or expressed as a % E / E (E / E ) * 100 [percent reflectance]
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing When radiant energy, or any related quantity, is measured in terms of its monochromatic components (i.e. narrow wavelength range) it becomes a function of wavelength. Therefore, the designations for these quantities must be preceded by the adjective spectral, as in spectral irradiance. The symbol for each quantity, is followed by the symbol for wavelength (l). For example, spectral irradiance has the symbol E (l)
Physical Basis of Remote Sensing Interaction of Sunlight (E ) with earth features Reflected (r = reflectance) Transmitted (t = transmittance) Absorbed (a = absorptance) E (l) = r (l) + t (l) + a (l) r (l) = (l) - [ t (l) + a (l) ]
DIPA Flowchart All you need to know 0. Overview of Remote Sensing 1. Radiometric correction (Step 1,2,3) System radiometric correction Atmospheric correction Bidirectional correction 2. Geometric registration (Step 4) 3. Analysis (Step 5 or information extraction) 4. Application (Step 6) Application Analysis Digital Numbers Step 1 Step 2 Radiance TOA Reflectance Step 3 Surface Reflectance Step 4 Geometric correction
DIPA Flowchart All you need to know Data / Images Information Knowledge Acquisition, Quality control, Processing, Georectification. Theory, Techniques Modeling Implementation Interpretation Presentation
Terms and Functions in DIPA Important Terms Spatial Resolution Radiometric Resolution Temporal Resolution Spectral Resolution Processing Radiometric Correction Geometric Correction Display & Enhancement Information Extraction
Corrections 1. Radiometric Correction 1.1 System Radiometric Correction
DIPA Flowchart 1. Radiometric correction (Step 1,2,3) System radiometric correction Atmospheric correction Bidirectional correction 2. Geometric registration (Step 4) 3. Analysis (Step 5 or information extraction) How to do this? Take Landsat as an example Analysis Digital Numbers Step 1 Step 2 Radiance TOA Reflectance Step 3 Surface Reflectance Step 4 Geometric correction
Sun Solar irradiance can be computed in theory Solar constant as suggested by Frohlich (1977): 1373±20 W/m 2, and by Forgan (1977): 1375±21 W/m 2 Exercise 03: What is the solar irradiance within the spectral regions of Enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper Plus (or ETM+) Sensor? Find them out and list them in a table in either XLS or WORD or pdf format. Send it via email on Angel system
Sun Solar irradiance at the top of atmosphere Exo-atmosphere irradiance (Eo) Irradiance is attenuated by atmosphere when the Eo reaches to the earth surface To account for atmospheric effect, then, we need to know the properties of atmosphere Transmission and absorption
Key Concepts BRDF Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function The fundamental and intrinsic property governing the reflectance behavior of a scene element is its bidirectional reflectance distribution function, or BRDF. The integration of this quantity over finite solid angles of incidence and exitance yields the reflectance factor that is actually estimated in most field measurements. However, multidirectional (omnidirectional) field radiance measurements of sufficient angular density can also provide useful estimates of the BRDF
Key Concepts Reflectance Factor: Reflectance factor is defined as the ratio of the radiant flux actually reflected by a sample surface to that which would be reflected into the same reflected-beam geometry by an ideal (lossless, that is, 100% reflectivity) perfectly diffuse (Lambertian) standard surface irradiated in exactly the same way as the sample.
Key Concepts Conical Reflectance Factor: is defined as the ratio of conical reflected flux to that of hemispherical incident radiant flux. Bidirectional Reflectance Factor, sometimes simply called reflectance factor, is defined as the target surface radiance divided by the radiance of a level reference surface standard irradiated by the sun. For small fields of view (angle of acceptance, < 20 o ), this term is appropriate with one direction being associated with the viewing angle and the other direction being associated with the solar zenith and azimuth angles. The bidirectional reflectance is frequently used rather loosely to refer to the bidirectional reflectance factor(s) measured over targets from one or more nadir and off-nadir viewing angles.
Key Concepts Albedo is defined as the ratio of the total solar flux reflected in all directions to the incident solar flux. It is an integral value over all wavelengths. Integration of bidirectional reflectance factors over all angles will yield albedo.
Radiometry The Inverse Square Law The inverse square law defines the relationship between the irradiance from a point source and distance. It states that the intensity per unit area varies in inverse proportion to the square of the distance. E = I / d 2 If you measure 16 W cm -2 at 1 meter, you will measure 4 W cm -2 at 2 meters.
Radiometry The Inverse Square Law An alternative form is often more convenient: E 1 d 1 2 = E2 d 2 2 Distance is measured to the first luminating surface Normal To da P d d da
Radiometry Lambert s Cosine Law The irradiance falling on any surface varies as a function of the cosine of the incident angle,. The perceived measurement area orthogonal to the incident flux is reduced at oblique angles, causing light to spread out over a wider area than it would if perpendicular to the measurement plane.
Radiometry Lambert s Cosine Law
Radiometry Lambertian Surface A Lambertian surface provides uniform diffusion of the incident radiation such that its radiance is the same in all directions from which it can be measured. A surface radiating equally at 0 and at 60. Since, by the cosine law, a radiance detector sees twice as much surface area in the same solid angle for the 60 case, the average radiance must be half the magnitude of the radiance in the 0 case.
Data sources Register and create username/psswrd @ https://urs.earthdata.nasa.gov/ NASA REVERB ECHO: http://reverb.echo.nasa.gov Most MODIS data products and other EOS https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/modis/modis_products_table Landsat and terrestrial data USGS Earth explorer: http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ USGS GLOVIS: http://glovis.usgs.gov/