Assessment and Student Activity Masters

Assessment and Student Activity Masters 16

Preliminary Test Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list of possible answers is provided at the bottom of the page. 1. The process of plants producing offspring is called. 2. When plant reproduction does not involve interaction between male and female organs, the plant is reproducing. 3. The earliest plant-like organisms that made the transition to land are believed to be. 4. Ferns need a environment to reproduce. 5. During the sporophyte phase of the fern life cycle, are released from the undersides of fern leaves. 6. Sex cells, such as eggs and sperm, are produced by. 7. The male pine cone produces. 8. The female reproductive organ in flowering plants is called the. 9. The process of pollen being carried from the male part of the flower to the female part can be accomplished by. 10. A nut is an example of a. pistil seed asexually bees pollen reproduction spores moist bryophytes gametophytes 17

Preliminary Test Directions: Decide if the answer is True (T) or False (F). 11. Asexual reproduction can occur underground. T F 12. The top part of a typical moss plant is called the T F gametophyte. 13. The cycle in which the spore-producing phase and T F the sex cell-producing phase alternate is called alternation of generations. 14. Ferns are unable to reproduce asexually. T F 15. Many plants reproduce via seeds. T F 16. Pine cones may be either male or female. T F 17. The male and female reproductive structures T F are usually found on the outside of the flower. 18. The male reproductive organ in flowering plants T F is called the stamen. 19. Bees do not play a role in pollination. T F 20. Germination refers to the beginning stages of T F seed growth. 18

Video Review Directions: During the course of the program answer the You Decide questions as they are presented in the video. Answer the Video Quiz questions at the conclusion of the video. You Decide! A. How do strawberries reproduce asexually? Answer: B. What type of environment do ferns need Answer: to reproduce? C. What do the following structures have in Answer: common - A white rose, broccoli, and a daisy? Video Quiz 1. New plants reproducing from runners is an example of reproduction. 2. The phase of the moss plant produces spores. 3. The phase of the moss plant produces sex cells. 4. Plants that have sporophyte and gametophyte phases have of generations. 5. Gymnosperms produce seeds. 6. Gymnosperm seeds commonly develop inside. 7. Flowers contain the structures of angiosperms. 8. Pollen contains male cells. 9. Seeds are actually fertilized. 10. is the process of sprouting a seed. 19

Post Test Directions : Decide if the answer is True (T) or False (F). 1. Germination refers to the beginning stages of T F seed growth. 2. Pine cones may be either male or female. T F 3. Bees do not play a role in pollination. T F 4. Asexual reproduction can occur underground. T F 5. The cycle in which the spore-producing phase and the T F sex cell-producing phase alternate is called alternation of generations. 6. The male reproductive organ in flowering plants T F is called the stamen. 7. Ferns are unable to reproduce asexually. T F 8. The top part of a typical moss plant is called T F the gametophyte. 9. Many plants reproduce via seeds. T F 10. The male and female reproductive structures T F are usually found on the outside of the flower. 20

Post Test Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. Choose from the list of possible answers at the bottom of the page. 11. A nut is an example of a. 12. Ferns need a environment to reproduce. 13. Sex cells, such as egg and sperm, are produced by. 14. The process of plants producing offspring is called. 15. The earliest plant-like organisms that made the transition to land are believed to be. 16. The process of pollen being carried from the male part of the flower to the female part can be accomplished by. 17. The male pine cone produces. 18. When plant reproduction does not involve interaction between male and female organs, the plant is reproducing. 19. The female reproductive organ in flowering plants is called the. 20. During the sporophyte phase of the fern life cycle, are released from the undersides of fern leaves. asexually spores bryophytes bees pistil moist reproduction pollen seed gametophyte 21

Dancing Bees Background: Bees play an important role in the pollination of angiosperms. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen on one flower to the stigma of the pistil on another. Flowering plants that are most commonly pollinated by bees are usually brightly colored and produce a sugary liquid called nectar. Bees use nectar as food. When a bee gathers nectar from a flower, the heavy pollen grains stick to its back and legs. The stigma of the next flower the bee visits will receive the pollen from the first flower. A successful bee community requires rigid organization. There are three types of bees. The queen bee is the center of all hive activity and is the only reproductive female in the community. A drone is always a male and lives only to mate with the queen. The third type of bee is called a worker bee. Worker bees are always female. These bees are responsible for carrying out the activities essential for a successful hive. They protect the hive, feed the larvae and produce honey. When a worker bee finds food, she returns to her hive to feed her fellow workers. She then informs them of the location of the food source. She does this using two different dances. If a food source is near the hive, the worker bee performs the round dance. This dance involves circling in one direction first and then in the other direction. The bee will repeat this dance many times. If a food source is far from the hive, the waggle dance is performed. To perform this dance, a bee runs a straight path up the wall of the hive while wagging her abdomen. She then turns and runs back in the opposite direction, forming a figure eight. The number of runs and the wags in a fifteen-second period tells the workers how far the food is from the hive. The further the food is from the hive, the more the bee wags her abdomen. The direction relative to the sun in which the waggle dance is performed communicates the direction of the food source. The waggle dance is used only when food is over fifty meters from the hive. Directions: Divide into small groups. Read the following scenarios. Take turns performing the dances. Decide whether a waggle dance or a round dance is most appropriate for each scenario. Write your answers on the back of this page. 1. A large flower with a lot of nectar is located only ten meters north of the hive. 2. A patch of dandelions is located 75 meters from the hive in the western direction. 3. A new garden has just been planted 150 meters south of the hive. 4. A large field of clovers, nectar-producing plants, is located 25 meters north of the hive. 5. An outdoor flower shop is located 90 meters east of the hive. 22

Parts of a Flower Background: Flowers contain the reproductive organs of angiosperms. Angiosperms are presently the most abundant form of plant life on earth. There are over 235,000 species of modern-day angiosperms. They are able to thrive and reproduce in almost any type of environment. Below is a diagram of a typical flower. The structure connecting the flower to the stem is called the pedicel. Leaflike structures above the pedicel are called sepals. The sepals are responsible for protecting the flower bud before it blossoms. Surrounding the reproductive organs in the flower are large, leafy structures called petals. The male reproductive organ, known as the stamen, is composed of two parts. The stem-like portion of the stamen is called the filament. At the top of the filament is a sac-like structure called the anther. This is where the pollen grains are produced. The pollen grains contain the male sex cells of the angiosperm. The female reproductive organ is called the pistil and is located in the center of the flower. The pistil is composed of three parts. The top of the pistil is called the stigma. The stigma is responsible for receiving the pollen from the stamen. The stalk-like structure supporting the stigma is called the style. The style is involved in transporting a pollen grain from the stigma to the base of the pistil. At the base of the pistil is the ovary. The ovary contains ovules that will develop into seeds if fertilized by a pollen grain. Directions: Label the parts of the flower below using the following terms: ovary, stigma, pedicel, anther, style, ovules, filament, petal, sepal, and pollen grain. 9. 10. 8. 7. 6. 5. 2. 4. 3. 1. 23

Bryophyte Reproduction Background: Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. We see bryophytes all around us but very few people realize that these plants were the first plant-like organisms to make the transition to land! Bryophytes are commonly found in tropical and temperate regions, though they are able to withstand most environmental conditions. Bryophytes are nonvascular plants. This means that the tissue they are made of is unable to conduct fluids and nutrients throughout their structure. Therefore, bryophytes thrive in moist environments. So now that we have some background information on bryophytes, let s explore how bryophytes reproduce using the diagram of a typical moss plant below. Bryophytes are generally short plants, growing to be only a couple of centimeters tall. A typical moss plant has two main parts: a thin stalk on top and a fleshy green part on the bottom. The top part is called the sporophyte and consists of a stalk with a capsule at the top. This is where the spores are stored. The bottom part of the moss plant is called the gametophyte. The gametophyte produces both male and female sex cells. Let s explore sexual reproduction in bryophytes first. The gametophyte of a moss plant contains both male and female sex cells. Since mosses exist in moist environments, a sperm is able to swim through the water to a female egg. The sperm then fertilizes the female egg. The fertilized egg matures into a mature sporophyte which remains attached to the gametophyte, relying on it for water and nutrients. When the sporophyte is mature, the capsule on top of the stalk breaks open, releasing spores into the air. These spores germinate, grow, and become new gametophytes. Since the moss has both sporophyte and gametophyte phases, it undergoes alternation of generations. Bryophytes reproduce asexually as well. Asexual reproduction is less complicated than sexual reproduction. A bryophyte can reproduce asexually when a piece of the parent plant breaks off. This piece then causes a new bryophyte to mature and grow. 24

Bryophyte Reproduction Directions: Read the descriptions of the five stages of the moss life cycle below. Below each description draw a picture corresponding to that stage of the life cycle. Use the background information to assist you. Fertilized egg grows Capsule of a mature into a sporophyte with a sporophyte breaks open, stalk and capsule releasing spores Sperm cell swims The spores settle to a female egg for and germinate fertilization Mature gametophyte 25

Plant Vocabulary Directions: Circle the words listed below, then write a definition for each word on the back of this page. G F U J M P I S T I L I K M N B A G H G Y E K J H O B M N I R L G V T R N K L A M L R J Y L B T V O F D E G K O G J P M N I M M B L G T S C F E D R I K I I K E O O M B I I G V J I P L R T N B O H U T S O R I D N E S X D E R C N D K S L O O P E I U E A A V I O U U J Y S O P J F P E F U M M T L T T B D I K L N N E D R H R L A J H I B M I O O L O V E R R P L Y M T K J Y O B T R O F Y E L K L M P O T S I M N B N G P R C N E L R X K J K J E B R Y O P H Y T E E I O S E E D S H G B R V F C D W P O R E P R O D U C T I O N I E S E X C E L L S U N J Y S P O R E S 1. reproduction 9. angiosperm 2. bryophyte 10. seeds 3. spores 11. stamen 4. gametophyte 12. germination 5. pollen 13. pistil 6. fern 14. pollination 7. sori 15. sex cells 8. gymnosperm 26

Exploring Fruit Lab Objective: In this activity you will examine the three major types of fruit and the differences in their structure. Background: Fruit is an important source of food for humans. Hopefully, you eat fruit everyday. The major function of fruit is seed dispersal and is therefore very important for angiosperm reproduction. When an ovule becomes fertilized by a pollen grain, the surrounding ovary and its contents mature into a fruit. The fertilized ovules, commonly referred to as seeds, are dispersed when the fruit surrounding them is eaten. This begins another cycle of germination, growth, and reproduction of a new angiosperm. There are three major types of fruits produced by angiosperms: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple fruits. A simple fruit develops from a single pistil. A peanut and an apple are considered simple fruits. Simple fruits may be either dry or fleshy. An aggregate fruit develops from one flower with multiple pistils. An aggregate fruit is composed of numerous small, fleshy fruits that develop together on a common flowering plant. Strawberries are a common example of an aggregate fruit. A multiple fruit forms when ovaries from numerous flowers are clustered together. We eat a multiple fruit when we eat a pineapple. Materials: Fresh, unopened pea pod Corn cob Apple Strawberry Pineapple Knife Procedures and Observations: Follow the procedures and instructions as written on the next page. Put your answers and sketches on another sheet of paper if necessary. 27

Exploring Fruit Lab Part I. Simple Fruits A. Simple Dry Fruits 1. Examine the exterior of a fresh pea pod. a. Sketch the pea pod. Identify the stem, sepals, and the receptacle (swollen structure found below the sepals). 2. Split the pea pod open. Observe the sutures along the sides of the pod. These sutures hold the pod together until it has reached full maturity. b. Do the seeds readily separate from the wall? 3. Each kernel of corn attached to the corn cob is considered one fruit. Attempt to peel the outer layer from the kernel. c. Does the layer separate easily? d. Describe the difference between how the seeds are attached in the pea as opposed to the kernel of corn. B. Simple fleshy fruits 1. Cut an apple cross-wise through the center of the fruit. e. Describe any differences in the texture of the apple in comparison with the pea pod. f. How many seeds do you see in the apple core? 2. Cut a peach in half, separating the fleshy portion from the stone. 28

Exploring Fruit Lab 3. Break the stone by gently tapping it with a hard object. g. What do you see inside the stone? h. How does the structure of this fleshy fruit differ from that of the apple? i. What do you think could cause this difference? Part II. Aggregate Fruits 1. Examine a strawberry. Note that the seeds of the fruit are spread out over the surface of the red, fleshy strawberry. j. How many seeds can you see on the strawberry? 2. Cut the strawberry in half. k. How does the tissue inside the strawberry relate to the seeds on the surface? Part III. Multiple Fruits 1. Observe the exterior of a pineapple. Look at the many rounded sections that make up the skin of the fruit. Each of these sections represents one flower. l. How many flowers combined to form your pineapple? 2. Cut the pineapple crosswise across the center of the fruit. Observe the interior of the fruit carefully. m. Make a guess as to which part of the pineapple was once the stalk that bore the flowers. Conclusions: Describe the basic differences between the three major types of fruits. Make a list of the fruits you have eaten in the past few days. Place these fruits into the categories we have just explored. 29

Observing Pollen Grains Lab Objective: In this activity you will observe the structure of pollen grains of different types of flowers. Background: When most people think of pollen, they think of the allergies it can cause. Pollen has a much more important function in the plant world. A pollen grain is the male sex cell in gymnosperms and angiosperms. It fertilizes the female sex cell in order to produce a new plant from the parent plant. As you will observe in this laboratory exercise, pollen grains do not all have the same structure even though they share the same function. Caution : If you suffer from severe allergies to pollen, do not participate in this activity. Materials: Microscope Microscope slides Cover slips Three different types of flowers Toothpick Procedure: 1. Carefully read the cautions and background sections above. 2. Set up the microscope as instructed by your teacher. Place the stage all the way down and on low power. 3. Next, obtain three microscope slides, three cover slips, and a toothpick from your teacher. 4. Place a drop of water on the center of each of the three microscope slides. 5. Using the toothpick, carefully take some pollen from the anther of each flower. 6. Place the sample of pollen from each flower on the center of a microscope slide. 7. Carefully place the cover slip over the pollen grains on each microscope slide. 8. Place the microscope slide on the stage of the microscope and focus on low power. 9. Observe the pollen samples from each flower separately. 10. If you want to get a closer look, carefully switch to a higher power. 11. Repeat steps 7-11 using the other two pollen samples. Conclusion: Describe differences in the structure of the pollen grains from each type of flower. Sketch each type of pollen grain. Describe the role that pollen plays in the reproductive process of angiosperms. 30