Performance comparison of photovoltaic systems in Antofagasta Dr. rer. Nat. Pablo Ferrada, CDEA-UA / SERC Chile pablo.ferrada@uantof.cl Dept. of Electrical Engineering Tel. +56 55 2 513530 Santiago, 04-05-2015 Ing. Francisco Araya Ing. Tania Varas Ing. Anuar González Mg. Ing. Cristóbal Parrado Dr. Aitor Marzo Dr. Carlos Portillo Dr. Edward Fuentealba
Centro de Desarrollo Energético Antofagasta Director CDEA Dr. Edward Fuentealba Co-Director Marcos Crutchik N. Administrativo Lissette Sanginetti Secretaria Francisca Sanchez Área termosolar Área fotovoltaica Área Redes Eléctricas Soporte Técnico Equipo Ingeniería Dr. Ángel Fernández Almacenamiento Térmico Dr. Edward Fuentealba Conversión Energía Dr. Marcelo Cortés Sistemas Eléctricos Mg.(c) Tania Varas Ing. Carlos Arenas Dr. Elisa Alonso Termoquímica Dr. Carlos Portillo Materiales Ing. Mauricio Vallejos Simulación SEP Mg.(c) Mauricio Trigo Ing. Mauricio Pereira Mg. Diego Pulido Baja y Media Temp. Dr. Pablo Ferrada Celdas Fotovoltaicas Mg.(c) Jorge Vega Transitorios SEP Mg.(c) Francisco Araya Mg. Alessandro Gallo Dr. Aitor Marzo Solarimetria Mg.(c) Jorge Rabanal Robótica y automatización Mg.(c) Anuar González Ing. Fernando Guerra Ing.(c) Sebastian Delgado Mg. Martín Guillaume Ing.(c) Jose Rojas Ing.(c) Nelson Cuello 2/ 25
Relevant projects involving PV 4 th National Competition for Excellence Centers in Research on Priority Areas: Solar Energy Research Center (SERC-Chile). Performance Agreement for Higher Education "Strengthening the U. Antofagasta as Regional & National Reference in Non- Conventional Renewable Energy (ERNC)" 2012. Implementation, development and diffusion of the Atacama Solar Platform (PSDA) within the system of regional technological parks, financed by Fondos para la Innovación y Competitividad (FIC-R, Antofagasta Region). Photovoltaic Laboratory for Education and Demonstration, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, GIZ. Ferrada, Cabrera: SERC Grant for the Internationalization of Solar Energy in Chile (bifipv-psda workshop in January 2015 about the Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules implemented for the Atacama Desert. Ferrada, Cabrera et al: SERC Grant for acquiring a h.a.l.m. IV tracer to characterize mini-modules & size-standard modules. Ferrada, Fuentealba, Schneider, Cabrera Evaluation of defect patterns found in solar modules installed in Chile for continuous improvement of solar materials and the generation of quality standards for the location of Chile Ferrada, Araya et al: Call for a tender to install 12 PV plants at U. Antofagasta and PSDA (research, architecture, generation). 3/ 25
Atacama Desert Solar Platform ~85 km ~1100 over sea level ~80 ha Collaboration between research centers (CIEMAT, CTAER, ISC-Konstanz) Implementation and testing of solar technologies Testing of commercial equipment, in-situ conditions of the Atacama Desert Laboratory demonstrative of solar technologies for future researchers 4/ 25
PV plants for research purposes in Antofagasta 5/ 25
Solar Energy Research Center Research lines (IV) (II) Solar Energy Storage (Héctor Galleguillos) Electric Power Systems with High Penetration of Solar Energy (Luis Morán) (I) Solar Energy in Industry & Mining (Samir Kouro) (VI) (V) Solar Water Treatment (Lorena Cornejo) Economic/Social/Regulatory Issues for Solar Development (Claudio Agostini) (III) Solar Energy Coordination Systems for Urban and Rural Communities (Rodrigo Palma) 6/ 25
Work done: workshop, training, call for a tender P. Ferrada, Cabrera: SERC Grant for internationalization: bifipv-psda workshop, January 2015 (Bifacial PV Modules implemented for the Atacama Desert). Ferrada, Cabrera et al: SERC Grant for acquiring a h.a.l.m. IV tracer to characterize mini-modules & size-standard modules. Ferrada, Araya et al: Call for a tender to install 12 PV plants at U. Antofagasta and PSDA (research, architecture, generation). C. Rice, F. Guerra, R. Guirriman, R. Einhaus, C. Rojas, P. Ferrada, C. Portillo, E. Cabrrera, E. Cabrera, R. Román, A. Schneider, H. Nussmaumer, A. Häberle, M. Pereira, J. Rabanal, R. Kopecek, R. Vásquez 7/ 25
Work done: publications P. Ferrada*, F. Araya, A. Marzo, E. Fuentealba, Performance analysis of photovoltaic systems of two different technologies in a coastal desert climate zone of Chile, Solar Energy 114 (2015) 356 363. E. Fuentealba, P. Ferrada*, F. Araya, A. Marzo, C. Parrado, C. Portillo, Photovoltaic performance and LCoE comparison at the coastal zone of the Atacama Desert, Chile, Energy Conversion and Management 95 (2015) 181 186. P. Ferrada*, T. Varas, F. Araya, A. Marzo, E. Fuentealba, Evaluation of solar resource and environmental conditions in the coastal line of Atacama Desert (Chile) for the implementation of PV plants, Oral presentation at the International Conference on Environment & Renewable Energy, 21-22 May 2015, Vienna-Austria. P. Ferrada*, F. Araya, A. González, E. Fuentealba, Performance comparison of PV Systems at Industrial Environment in the Atacama Desert, Accepted at the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress & Expo, 20-24 September, Montreal-Canada. P. Ferrada*, C. Portillo, E. Cabrera. M. Kogan, E. Fuentealba, Selective Chemical Etching for Studying the Front Side Contact in Thick Film Screen Printed Crystalline p-type Silicon Solar Cells, J. of Ch. Chemical Society, (issue June 2015). 8/ 25
Contents Characteristics of location PV performance analysis Coastal zone of Atacama Desert Industrial environment Future investigations Photo: ALMA, Atacama Large Millimeter Array 9/ 25
Nº of large observatories > 12 in Chile ALMA at 5058 m high: 0.3 to 9.6 mm Scenario Very Large Telescope (VTL) at 2630 m: 300 nm to 20 µm High solar radiation levels, natural resources, financial and political-social stability. Mining industrial environment with high energy consumption, carbon footprint. Possibility for becoming Solar Energy reference in Latin America. 10/ 25
Climates in the Antofagasta Region * Climate Height Annual T mean Rainfall min max d Cloudy Desert > 0 m 13 C 22 C ±7 C 1.7 mm Normal Desert > 1000 m 8 C 21 C ±25 C 3.1 mm High Desert* > 2000 m 5 C 24 C ±20 C 5.6 mm High Steppe * > 3000 m 5 C 24 C ±20 C 68 mm * South American Monsoon (Austral Summer) 11/ 25
Locations of study within city of Antofagasta North: Sub station Center: Company building South: University Late. 23 32'11.37"S 23 34 37,91 S 23 41 39.23 S Long. 70 23'13.06"E 70 23 27,36 E 70 2459,08 E Sector North Center South 12/ 25
Clearness index (K t ) Ratio of the daily total irradiation (H, kwh/m 2 ) to the extraterrestrial daily insolation (H 0, kwh/m 2 ) on a horizontal surface. K H t H H 0 H : integral of irradiance measured at ground for a day (D). I E cos SZA dt 0 C 0 D I c is the solar constant E 0 is the eccentricity correction factor SZA is the solar zenith angle D is the integral limit for the day period Kind of day K t Range Clear 0.65 < K t < 0.9 Partly cloudy 0.3 < K t < 0.65 Overcast 0 < K t < 0.3 13/ 25
Distribution for K t > 0.65 14/ 25
Solar resource, temperature and RH 15/ 25
Soiling Process by which dust deposits on a surface during exposure to the environment 1. Due to gravity: sedimentation of the particles on the surface. 2. Adhesion due to: humidity, Van der Waals force and/or electrostatic. 3. Cementation with salt and other substances. 4. Others: e. g. bird dropping 16/ 25
Chemical composition and particle size PV plants at the coast of the Atacama desert: µc-si/a-si tandem thin films, mc-si and mono-si 17/ 25
PR PV plants at coastal zone of Atacama Desert E P DC STC H G POA STC Y Y r f kwh / kwp kwh m kw m 2 2 Y f : nº of hours that the PV array would need to operate at its rated power to provide the measured (DC) energy Y r : Avg nº of peak sun hours defining solar resource available for PV plant H POA : 2600 kwh/m 2 *year Y f,mono-si : 1760 kwh/kwp*year Y f,a-si/µc-si : 1690 kwh/kwp*year Y f,mc-si : 1590 kwh/kwp*year PRslope mono-si : -1.7, -3.7, -1.8 %/month PRslope a-si/µc-si : -4.2, -4.4, -3.7 %/month PRslope mc-si : -1.8, -3.8, -3.1 %/month
Daily performance ratio and temperature 19/ 25
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) LCoE represents the generated electricity cost including the initial capital, the return of investment and variable cost LCoE = ATC TEP Annual ATC is the annualized total costs and TEP is the total energy produced. The ATC depends on total investment and variable costs (TC) and annualized factor (f): ATC = TC f f= (1+r)n r (1+r) n 1 Where r is the discount rate and n is the lifetime of the plant in years. Full Load Hours 20/ 25
Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE) Thin film mono-si mc-si Item Value Quantity Total Value Quantity Total Value Quantity Total Modules 132.8 24 3187.2 231.5 18 4167 240 14 3360 Inverters 1000 1 1000 900 1 900 900 1 900 Dataloggers 329 0,5 164.5 329 0,5 164.5 329 1 329 Sensors 223 1 223 223 1 223 346 1 346 Structure 320 10 3200 320 6 1920 320 8 2560 O&M 1 O&M 2 48.15 48.15 3 12 48.11 192.46 48.15 48.15 3 12 48.11 192.46 48.15 48.15 3 12 48.11 192.46 Others 209.18 1 209.18 209.18 1 209.18 209.18 1 209.18 Total 1 Total 2 8031.99 8176.34 7631.79 7776.14 7752.29 7896.64 LCoE Thin film mono-si mc-si Clean (ceuro/kwh) 14.49 13.37 15.65 Dirty (ceuro/kwh) 15.56 14.33 16.71 21/ 25
PV plants at industrial environment in Atacama GHI: 2540 ± 60 kwh/m 2 *year GTI: 2850 ± 10 kwh/m 2 *year GTI: 2640 ± 10 kwh/m 2 *year TGI: 3500 ± 20 kwh/m 2 *year GHI: Global Horizontal Irradiation GTI: Global Tilted Irradiation TGI: 1-axis Sun-Tracking Global Irradiation Y f,cdte : 1590 ± 80 kwh/kwp*year Y f,mc-si : 1790 ± 50 kwh/kwp*year Y f,mc-si-track :2320 ± 60 kwh/kwp*year PRslope,CdTe : PRslope,mc-Si : PRslope,mc-Si-track : LCoE Clean (c /kwh) $ 21,86 $ 18,92 $ 14,67 LCoE Dirty (c /kwh) $ 28,49 $ 23,79 $ 18,36-4.3 ± 0.2 %/month -4.0 ± 0.2 %/month -4.4 ± 0.4 %/month 22/ 25
Ongoing & future investigations Main content of the samples Main content of the samples Compound Composition Alpha quarz SiO 2 Albite NaAlSi 3 O 8 Halite NaCl Hematite Fe 2 O 3 J q 2 SR( ) I 0 ( ) T ( ) d [ma/cm 1 23/ 25 Calcite CaCO 3 2 ]
Research on module materials Investigation of different materials (glass, backsheet, encapsulation, etc). 1 year of installation an the Atacama Desert Solar Platform (PSDA) EVA: ethylene vinyl acetate POE: polyolefin elastomer Characterization Peeling test, IV, EL, reflectivity, Cell to Module (CTM) analysis, etc. h.a.l.m IV curve tracer 24/ 25
Conclusions Location High solar radiation levels, moderate temperatures and clear sky in northern Chile Different environmental conditions and energy needs in Chile (mining industry) Performance Behavior of PV technologies not well known in Chile catalog of typical failures and defects is required Soiling and interaction of materials with the environment catalog of typical failures and defects is required Costs of electricity Determination of LCoE for PV plants considering actual performance, and prediction for new PV projects Platform Possibility to test PV devices in Atacama (performance and material degradation, electricity costs) 25/ 25
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