Measuring Progress in Least Developed Countries. a statistical profile

Measuring Progress in Least Developed Countries a statistical profile

FOREWORD During the past few years there have been positive developments in the Least Developed Countries () growth has been favourable in many countries; primary school enrolment has increased in most ; good governance has become priority concern in many; and reforms in the investment climate have moved forward in some countries. But despite these improvements, the more than 75 million people living in the remain extremely vulnerable. Fifty countries, roughly a quarter of the UN membership, are classifi ed as : 34 in Africa, 15 in Asia-Pacifi c, and one in the Caribbean. Measuring Progress in Least Developed Countries: a statistical profile will be useful to member states, development partners, international organizations, civil society, private sector, the media and the themselves. The information in this publication provides a measure of the progress made by the in their social and economic development. It also highlights the challenges they face to meet the goals and objectives of the Brussels Programme of Action and the internationally agreed development goals including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The themselves are responsible for their own development, and they must be the main driving force behind development efforts. However, assistance and support from the international community is essential to help them plan, mobilize resources, develop the use of technology, improve capacity, and execute national development programmes. In May 21 the Third United Nations Conference on the adopted the Brussels Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 21 to 21 a commitment to eradicate poverty and improve the quality of lives of people living in these countries through effective partnership. The success of this programme is a clear prerequisite for the international community to meet the broader MDGs by 215. The Brussels Programme is a comprehensive poverty reduction and development strategy tailored to the special needs of. Designed as a framework of partnership between and their development partners, it incorporates 3 international development goals, including those contained in the Millennium Declaration. These time-bound and measurable goals provide benchmarks for monitoring progress and serve as an effective means for planning, policymaking, institutional reform, and resource mobilization. This joint publication demonstrates the commitment of the World Bank and the United Nations to work together with the and all stakeholders to implement fully and effectively the goals of the Brussels Programme and thereby contributing also to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. World Bank Development Data Group United Nations Offi ce of the High Representative for Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Measuring Progress in Least Developed Countries: a statistical profile is a joint product of the World Bank and the United Nations. The Development Data Group (DECDG) of the World Bank and the UN s Offi ce of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and the Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) have compiled this statistical profi le of the Least Developed Countries () to provide a statistical overview of these countries. It is being released in the context of the midterm comprehensive global review by the United Nations General Assembly in September 26 of the implementation of the Brussels Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 21-21. The choice of indicators and text content was shaped through close consultation between the two organizations. The World Bank team, under the management of Shaida Badiee, comprised David Cieslikowski, Richard Fix, Masako Hiraga, Priya Pandya, Sulekha Patel, Will Prince, and Eric Swanson. The United Nations team, under the direction of Anwarul K. Chowdhury, included Om Pradhan, Ricardo Dunn, Ernest Kraka, Yuya Uchida and Daniel Nagashima. And Francesca Coullare and Francesca Perucci of the UN Statistics Division provided advice on the data. The Development Data Group of the World Bank provided overall design direction, editing, and layout. Staff from the United Nations oversaw publication and dissemination of the book. 4

INTRODUCTION The Least Developed Countries () are the poorest and weakest members of the international community, and they are the most vulnerable, economically, socially, and environmentally. In 25, an estimated 75 million people lived in the 5 about 12 percent of the world s population. By 215, the target year for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), another 2 million people will be added, making the reduction, let alone eradication, of poverty more diffi cult in these countries. The economies of are marked by startling poverty conditions. Fifty per cent of their populations live on less than $1 dollar a day, and 8 percent on less than $2 a day. Life expectancy is declining as a result of malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. And the resources and technologies available to most are limited. Several are further handicapped by geography. Twenty-eight of them are landlocked or far-fl ung, small islands. There are many that are plagued by confl icts and natural disasters, making economic progress a greater challenge for these most disadvantaged countries. are defi ned by three criteria set out by the United Nations General Assembly: low-income based on a three-year average estimate of the gross national income (GNI) per capita (under $75 for inclusion, above $9 for graduation); human resource weakness a composite Human Assets Index (HAI) based on indicators of nutrition, health, education, and adult literacy; and economic vulnerability a composite Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) based on indicators of the instability of agricultural production, the instability of exports of goods and services, the economic importance of non-traditional activities (share of manufacturing and modern services in GDP), merchandise export concentration, the handicap of economic smallness (as measured through the population in logarithm), and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters. For more than 25 years, the have been the focus of international attention and the target of specifi c programmes within the United Nations and the international community. The current Brussels Programme of Action was designed to address specifi c needs of the and to help them eradicate poverty and improve the standard of living for their peoples. For most, official development assistance (ODA) remains a critical resource for achieving objectives, goals and targets of the Brussels Programme. In that context, the recent trend in the increased level of ODA for the is a welcome sign. Total OECD/DAC aid to reached US $23.5 billion in 24 a sizeable increase from US $15 billion in 23. The Bretton Woods institutions, along with the regional and other multilateral fi nancial institutions, have played a critical role in the development of most and will continue to do so between now and 21 when the Brussels Programme will conclude, and beyond to 215 when the MDGs are targeted to be achieved,. The UN Offi ce of the High Representative for the, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States has developed a set of priority actions to further the implementation of the Brussels Programme. These are: rural development and agriculture; infrastructure, including information and communications technology; good governance, including at local levels where the actual implementation of development projects and programmes take place; gender mainstreaming and empowerment of women; energy as a driving force for economic development and social well-being; and confl ict resolution. With the required focus from development partners, there is a far greater chance that the will achieve the objectives of the Brussels Programme by the end of the decade. 5

Brussels Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 21-21 The Brussels Programme for the decade 21-21 was adopted at the Third United Nations Conference on the in Brussels on 2 May 21, and was subsequently endorsed by the General Assembly 1. A midterm comprehensive global review of the programme is planned for the upcoming 61 st session of the General Assembly in September 26. In a planned high-level meeting, will report on national implementation reviews during the last fi ve years, the obstacles they faced in the process, and their proposals for what needs to be done during the remaining period of the programme to meet the seven commitments to the maximum extent possible. Following individual assessments at the national level, a similar exercise was undertaken at the regional level organized by the United Nations Offi ce of the High Representative and the United Nations Regional Commissions 2. The LDC ministers then gathered at the invitation of the Government of Benin, in Cotonou during 5-8 June 26, where they consolidated their positions in the Cotonou Strategy for the further implementation of the Brussels Programme in the second half of the Decade 21-21. Prior to the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly, the preparations by the UN membership as a whole will be undertaken at an experts meeting of the General Assembly in New York from 5 to 7 September 26. The United Nations system agencies, including the Bretton Woods institutions, are very much involved in the implementation process of the programme of action, as called for in the Brussels Programme as well as in the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly. Accordingly, the governing bodies of a good number of UN agencies and other multilateral organizations have decided to mainstream the implementation of the Brussels Programme in their work programme. For the midterm review, several of them prepared their own sectoral reports outlining their contribution to the implementation of the programme and are also organizing many special events as part of preparatory process for the review. 1 Resolution 55/279, 12 July 21. 2 African in Addis Ababa (21-23 February 26), and Asia Pacifi c in Bangkok (14-15 March 26). 6

CONTENTS Foreword Acknowledgements Introduction Contents Locator map LDC Development Indicators LDC Country tables Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Kiribati Lao People s Democratic Republic Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Samoa São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan Tanzania Timor-Leste Togo Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Yemen Zambia Notes to LDC Country tables 7

Least Developed Countries Africa (34 countries) Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia The Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia 8

Asia and Pacific (15 countries) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and Caribbean (1 country) Haiti Haiti 9

1

LDC DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS Table 1. Population and the economy Table 2. Poverty, hunger, and life expectancy Table 3. Reproductive health Table 4. Education - participation and effi ciency Table 5. Education - completion and outcomes Table 6. Infant and child health Table 7. HIV/AIDS Table 8. Disease prevention Table 9. Improved water and sanitation Table 1. Communications Table 11. Transportation services Table 12. External debt Symbols and data presentation conventions means that data are not available. or. means zero or less than half the unit shown. $ means current U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted A billion is 1, million. Figures in italics refer to years or periods other than those specifi ed or to growth rates calculated for less than the full period specifi ed. 11

Population Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 1 Average annual population growth rate Gross national income PPP gross national income Gross capital formation Foreign direct investment per capita per capita millions $ billions $ $ billions $ % of GDP % of GDP 25 2-25 25 25 25 25 25 24 15.9 2.8 21.5 1,35 35.2 2,21 12.5 7.4 8.4 3.2 4.3 51 9.4 1,11 19.6 1.5 13.2 3.2 5.2 4 16.1 1,22 2.6.7 7.5 3..7 1 4.8 64 12.1.5.5 2.4.9 1,87 3. 6, 23.3 2.2 4. 1.3 1.4 35 4.6 1,14 14.8-1. 9.7 3.4 3.9 4 14.3 1,47 17.4 11.1.6 2.1.4 64 1.2 2, 1.9.5 57.5 2.8 6.9 12 41.4 72 14.3 2.8.8 2.1.8 1,2 1.8 2,24 12.9 5..5 2.3.3 71 3.7 7,58 51.4 4.4 4.3 1. 22 4.4 1,1 2.1 3.2 71.3 2.1 11.1 16 71.3 1, 26.3 5.6 1.5 2.8.4 29 2.9 1,92 25. 15. 9.4 2.2 3.5 37 21.1 2,24 11.7 2.6 1.6 3..3 18 1.1 7 14.6 1.9 1.8.1 1.7 96 6.1 3,41 36. 9. 3.3 1.4.4 13 15.9 4. 18.6 2.8 5.4 29 16.4 88 22.4 1. 12.9 2.3 2.1 16 8.4 65 14.5.8 13.5 3. 5.1 38 13.5 1, 23.8 3.7 3.1 3. 1.7 56 6.6 2,15 19.6 19.8 2. 6.1 31 25.1 1,27 22.2 4.1 14. 3.4 3.3 24 11.2 8 18.5.5 9. 2.4 2.1 23 11.9 1,32 21..4.2 2.3.1 39 44.1 94.5 11.7 2.4 8.2 71 2.6 1,77 23.4.9 5.5 4.1 1.2 22 4.3 78 15. 2.4 8.2 3.2 36.2 1.9 23.3 64 72.5 2, 22.4 7. 38.3 2. 12.7 34 28. 73 18.9 2.2 6.1 2.7 2.2 35 9.5 1,55 17.6 2.9 28.8 3.4 7.9 28 43.2 1,5 22.7 3.3 11.7 1.7 5.7 49 11.1 95 25.8 6.2 29.9 7. 141.8 1.9 66.2 47 296.4 2,9 24.4.8.9 2.6.8 87 61..1 14.1 2. 5.3 38 35. 2,49 25.8 2.7.1 1.8.1 1,39 5.9 2.3 2.6 44 12. 2,2 16.7.7.3 2.5.8 2,39 34. 1.8 5.5 1.1 15. 27.1 2.1 7.3 27 41.5 1,53 25.7.3.2.8.4 2,9 1.2 6,48.2.5 2.6.3 59.9 1,88 35.3-1.9 1. 4.4.7 75 32..2 2..3 1,6.7 3,17 6.9 21. 3.1 12.7 6 19.3 92 17.2 1.1 8.5 1.4 3.9 45 15.7 1,84 29.5.2 12

1 Population and the economy Definitions and sources Population, total is based on the de facto defi nition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Average annual population growth rate is the exponential change for the period indicated. Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars converted using the World Bank Atlas method. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI per capita in U.S. dollars is converted using the World Bank Atlas method. PPP GNI is gross national income converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. Gross capital formation consists of outlays on additions to the fi xed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offi ces, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by fi rms to meet temporary or unexpected fl uctuations in production or sales, and work in progress. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables In 25, LDC s represented 14% of the population of all developing countries. are also considered capital formation. Foreign direct investment, net inflows Foreign direct investment are the net infl ows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (1 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net infl ows in the reporting economy and is divided by GDP. Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. Population estimates are produced by the UN Population Division, and are supplemented by estimates produced by the World Bank s Human Development Network and Development Data Group in consultation with its operational staff and country offi ces. The UN Population Division s estimates are reported in World Population Prospects: the 24 Revision. GNI, GNI per capita, and gross capital formation are estimated by World Bank staff based on national accounts data collected by World Bank staff during economic missions or reported by national statistical offi ces to other international organizations such as the OECD. Purchasing power parity conversion factors are estimates by World Bank staff based on data collected by the International Comparison Program. Foreign direct investment was calculated using the IMF s Balance of Payments database and are reported in the World Bank s Debtor Reporting System..but less than 4% of their GNI measured by purchasing power parity 14 % Least developed countries 4 % Least developed countries Other developing countries Other developing countries 96 % Population of all developing countries Total GNI (PPP) of all developing countries 13

Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 2 International poverty line Prevalence of undernourishment Life expectancy at birth years population below $1 a day % of population total male female survey year % 199-92 21-3 199 24 199 24 199 24 58 38 4 41 38 4 42 43 23 3.9 2 14 53 55 52 54 54 55 23 27.2 21 17 48 48 46 47 49 49 1998 54.6 48 67 44 44 42 43 46 45 65 7 63 67 68 74 1993 66.6 5 45 48 39 45 39 51 4 58 33 46 44 44 43 48 45 56 63 55 61 57 65 31 72 46 44 44 43 47 45 51 53 49 52 52 54 46 43 44 42 48 43 73 48 54 46 53 51 56 1999-2 23. 46 45 42 44 42 47 43 1998 26.5 22 27 5 56 49 55 52 58 39 24 47 54 47 54 48 54 24 37 42 45 41 44 44 46 1995 36.4 17 12 57 36 55 35 59 37 34 49 43 42 41 42 44 43 21 61. 35 38 51 56 5 54 52 57 1997-98 41.7 5 34 46 4 44 4 47 4 1994 72.3 29 28 46 48 45 48 47 49 2 25.9 15 1 49 53 48 52 51 55 1996 37.9 66 45 43 42 42 41 45 42 1995 6.6 41 32 4 45 4 45 4 45 1999-2 51.7 43 36 31 44 29 42 33 46 62 63 61 62 63 64 1995 22.3 23 23 53 56 52 55 54 57 1989 57. 46 5 39 41 37 4 4 43 42 47 4 46 43 48 31 27 53 57 51 55 54 58 2-1 57.8 37 44 53 46 51 46 56 47 33 25 57 55 55 53 6 57 24 19 46 49 44 48 48 49 22-3 75.8 48 47 46 38 44 39 48 38 2 36. 35 3 55 63 55 63 55 64 54 64 53 62 55 65 1997 34.1 43 33 54 57 52 53 56 6 57 55 59 22 27. 29 21 5 55 49 54 51 57 61 67 62 68 59 67 1 5 56 61 54 58 58 64 23-4 24.1 2 17 55 62 55 62 54 63 66 7 65 67 68 73 61 63 6 62 62 63 63 69 62 67 65 71 1998 1.2 34 37 55 61 54 6 55 63 21 53.9 65 47 49 52 47 51 51 53 14

2 Poverty, hunger, and life expectancy Definitions and sources Population below $1 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.8 a day at 1993 international prices. Prevalence of undernourishment is the percentage of the population that is undernourished. Life expectancy at birth, total indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. Life expectancy has increased in all groups, but in some countries, life expectancy decreased because of the spread of HIV/AIDS years 7 Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. The poverty measures are prepared by the World Bank s Development Research Group. The international poverty lines are based on nationally representative primary household surveys conducted by national statistical offi ces or by private agencies under the supervision of government or international agencies and obtained from government statistical offi ces and World Bank Group country departments. The World Bank Group has prepared an annual review of its poverty work since 1993. For details on data sources and methods used in deriving the Bank s latest estimates, see Chen and Ravallion (24), How Have the World s Poorest Fared Since the Early 198s? Data for undernourishment are from FAOSTAT (www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/ index_en.htm). life expectancy at birth, are mainly from the United Nations Population Division, and are supplemented by estimates produced by the World Bank s Human Development Network and Development Data Group in consultation with its operational staff and country offi ces. Important inputs to the World Bank s demographic work come from, census reports and other statistical publication releases from national statistical offi ces, and Demographic and Health Surveys from Macro International. 6 5 4 3 2 1 years 6 4 2 198 all developing countries least developed countries low-income countries middle-income countries 199 2 199 24 24 Lesotho Central African Republic Malawi Source: World Bank 15

Total fertility rate Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 3 Births attended by skilled health staff Maternal mortality ratio Contraceptive prevalence rate Pregnant women receiving prenatal care per 1, live births national modeled % of women births per woman % of total estimates estimates 15-49 % 199 24 1989-1994 a 2-24 a 199-24 a 2 1996-24 a 2-24 a 7.1 6.6 45 1,7 6 66 6.7 5.7 66 5 85 19 81 7.3 6.5 42 38 48 1, 14 73 6.8 6.8 25 1, 16 78 5.4 3.6 76 15 53 5.6 4.8 44 1,1 1,1 28 62 6.7 6.4 14 83 1,1 3 42 5.8 4.1 62 48 26 74 6.7 6.7 61 1,3 99 31 68 6.2 4.9 61 74 73 67 5.9 5.9 5 65 88 86 6.2 5.3 28 63 8 7 6.9 5.4 6 87 85 8 27 5.8 4.5 44 55 73 54 18 91 6.5 5.8 31 56 53 74 7 84 7.1 7.1 35 91 1,1 8 62 4.8 3.5 5 55 55 3 85 6.9 6.8 51 76 1 85 6.2 5.1 57 51 47 55 27 8 7. 5.9 55 61 1,1 1,8 31 94 7.4 6.8 41 58 1,2 8 57 6.1 5.7 4 57 75 1, 8 64 6.2 5.4 48 41 1, 17 85 8.2 7.7 15 16 59 1,6 14 41 7.4 5.5 26 31 1,1 1,4 13 92 5.2 3.9 76 1 29 91 6.4 4.8 47 58 56 69 11 79 6.5 6.5 42 1,8 2, 4 68 6.8 6.3 25 1,1 5.6 4.2 86 87 59 7 6 6.1 4.8 44 46 58 1,5 25 94 6.4 5.1 61 48 57 26 85 7.2 7.1 38 39 51 88 23 92 6.5 5.5 51 43 73 75 34 93 14 1 16 4.3 3. 1 13 38 38 59 49 5.6 4.2 15 37 26 42 31 5.5 4. 32 44 45 24 38 4. 72 89 56 21 6. 4.6 19 65 32 27 6.3 4.1 9 7 14 11 39 81 4. 2.3 57 23 36 34 76 5.1 3.5 7 15 54 74 38 28 4.8 4. 76 1 13 5.5 4.1 85 13 11 18 66 1 61 1 4.9 4. 87 88 68 13 28 7.5 5.9 16 27 37 57 23 41 5.2 3.8 23 24 52 68 27 79 a. Data are for most recent year available. 16

3 Reproductive health Definitions and sources Total fertility rate is the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with current age-specifi c fertility rates. Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns. Maternal mortality ratio is the number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth, per 1, live births. The maternal mortality ratios shown in the table as national estimates are based on national surveys, vital registration, or surveillance or are derived from community and hospital records. Those shown as modeled estimates are based on an exercise by the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF), and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). For countries with national data reported maternal mortality was adjusted by a factor of under- or over- estimation and misclassifi cation. For countries with no national data, maternal mortality was estimated with a regression model using information on fertility, birth attendants, and GDP. Neither set of ratios can be assumed to provide an accurate estimate of maternal mortality for any of the countries in the table. Contraceptive prevalence rate is the percentage of women who are practicing, or whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. It is usually measured for married women ages 15-49 only. Pregnant women receiving prenatal care is the percentage of women who were attended by skilled health personnel at least once during the pregnancy for reasons related to pregnancy. Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. The data on fertility rates are compiled or estimated by the World Bank s Development Data Group. The data on births attended by skilled health staff and national estimates for maternal mortality ratio are from the WHO s Coverage of Maternity Care (1997) and other WHO sources, UNICEF s State of the World s Children 26 and Childinfo, and Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International. Contraceptive prevalence rate data are from household surveys, including Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys by UNICEF. Modeled estimates for maternal mortality ratios are from Carla AbouZahr and Tessa Wardlaw s Maternal Mortality in 2: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, and UNFPA (23). The data on pregnant women receiving prenatal care are from United Nations Children s Fund s (UNICEF) State of the World s Children 26. Total fertility rates decreased overall, but they are still about three times higher in least developed countries than in high income countries Source: World Bank births per woman 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 198 199 least developed countries all developing countries high-income countries 2 24 17

Gross intake rate in grade 1 Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 4 Net enrollment ratio Share of cohort reaching grade 5 Children out of school thousand % of relevant age group % of relevant age group % of grade 1 students primary-school-age chiildren male female primary secondary male female male female 24 24 1991 24 1991 24 23 23 24 24 5 112 94 41 83 17 7 69 76 66 29 4 1 74 78 59 681 95 86 53 57 64 62 24 278 9 89 91 92 55 88 95 3 3 75 52 52 98 7 35 57 11 51 39 74 66 57 54 42 35 29 33 19 9 85 4 44 137 11 91 85 24 34 31 2 6 6 51 16 46 26 86 73 147 167 148 135 22 56 28 79 83 48 75 45 28 24 87 79 27 64 21 87 76 16 79 38 45 9 52 7 144 131 71 86 15 23 58 69 27 18 168 164 64 89 56 58 136 136 164 178 48 95 25 5 38 71 19 69 58 21 46 5 78 7 557 615 16 15 35 74 14 81 83 58 6 138 129 43 71 4 53 45 475 614 68 51 22 39 5 7 75 72 69 717 183 183 66 73 7 43 49 25 185 116 117 98 26 66 67 89 91 43 66 15 79 77 296 32 43 9 73 62 4 92 92 125 124 49 91 76 76 273 331 9 82 64 79 15 79 73 164 163 13 63 64 11 11 8 24 221 214 25 133 2,18 129 131 94 48 63 67 89 93 154 143 69 98 26 58 61 124 127 7 76 88 123 114 63 84 37 62 63 5 68 78 79 9 51 3 3 118 117 98 9 37 68 72 267 221 115 15 78 57 66 11 11 9 66 96 91 a a 8 26 8 7 2 91 96 124 118 94 17 39 1 1 122 97 51 75 78 67 22 Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specifi ed. a. Less than.5. 18

4 Education participation and efficiency Definitions and sources Gross intake rate in grade 1 is the number of new entrants in the fi rst grade of primary education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of the official primary school entrance age. Net enrollment ratio is the ratio of children of offi cial school age based on the International Standard Classifi cation of Education 1997 (ISCED97) who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding offi cial school age. Share of cohort reaching grade 5 is the percentage of children enrolled in the fi rst grade of primary school who eventually reach grade 5. The estimate is based on the reconstructed cohort method. Children out of school are the number of primary school age children not enrolled in school. Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. The data for gross intake rate and net enrollment ratios, share of cohort reaching grade 5, and out of school children are from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The primary net enrollment rate increased in the least developed countries, especially among girls % of relevant age group 1 1991 24 75 5 25 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics Total Male Female 19

Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 5 Primary completion rate Youth literacy rate Adult literacy rate % relevant age group % ages 15-24 % ages 15 and over total male female male female male female 1991 24 1991 24 1991 24 199 2-4 199 2-4 2-4 2-4 35 84 63 83 54 21 49 28 59 13 38 57 59 25 33 48 23 21 29 26 34 16 25 38 25 29 15 46 33 49 39 43 27 58 77 45 7 67 52 51 95 54 96 49 95 87 76 27 35 18 66 7 39 47 65 33 18 29 3 41 7 18 58 56 38 23 41 13 5 52 49 64 5 46 58 34 8 78 58 63 81 54 27 29 33 25 82 64 5 54 47 97 95 89 95 93 8 43 51 34 73 49 26 55 32 61 19 49 52 34 43 56 3 5 34 17 48 24 58 9 39 62 59 26 34 43 18 27 35 19 59 71 42 6 76 82 77 97 74 9 75 39 33 45 33 45 34 46 78 73 67 68 77 65 28 58 36 6 21 57 76 82 51 71 75 54 11 44 13 58 9 3 32 17 27 12 33 43 4 45 26 41 56 68 36 55 6 43 27 29 33 35 22 23 66 32 17 25 21 3 12 2 25 52 9 23 43 15 33 37 36 38 3 37 78 79 67 77 71 6 75 73 77 42 45 51 49 32 42 5 58 3 41 51 29 59 37 47 24 41 49 46 53 37 44 76 85 54 71 71 52 61 54 6 55 62 53 89 81 77 76 78 62 35 66 48 78 22 55 79 84 48 64 69 38 57 61 53 8 83 6 71 77 58 66 71 61 86 73 76 66 76 6 51 18 43 13 49 76 74 79 51 33 82 85 78 81 88 66 79 85 64 118 116 12 46 74 78 7 79 83 61 75 77 61 1 98 12 98 98 98 98 96 96 78 77 79 9 96 86 93 94 86 51 75 8 7 67 81 27 6 63 35 96 94 98 99 99 72 13 94 113 87 88 86 62 78 46 74 25 27 29 26 56 54 Figures in italics refer to periods other than those specifi ed.. 2

5 Education completion and outcomes Definitions and sources Primary completion rate is the percentage of students completing the last year of primary school. It is calculated by taking the total number of students in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of children of offi cial graduation age. Youth literacy rate is the literacy rate among people ages 15 24. Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and older who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. Data on the primary completion rate and literacy rates are primarily from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The ten countries with the lowest adult literacy rates are all in the least developed countries Adult literacy rate - 2-24 % of total population ages 15 and over Afghanistan 28 Benin 35 Burkina Faso 22 Central African Republic 49 Chad 26 Guinea 29 Mali 19 Niger 29 Senegal 39 Sierra Leone 35 Source : UNESCO Institute for Statistics 1 75 5 25 Afghanistan Benin Burkina Faso female male Central African Republic Chad Adult literacy rate - 2-24 % of ages 15 and over Guinea Mali Niger Senegal Sierra Leone 21

Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 6 Prevalence of child malnutrition Exclusive breastfeeding Under-five mortality rate Infant mortality rate Child immunization rate % of children % of children under fi ve % of children ages 12 to 23 months underweight stunting under 6 months per 1, per 1, live births measles DPT 1995-24 a 1995-24 a 1998-24 a 199 24 199 24 24 24 31 45 11 26 26 154 154 64 59 23 31 38 185 152 111 9 85 83 38 39 19 21 192 113 97 78 88 45 57 62 19 19 114 114 75 74 57 6 36 45 27 69 75 24 28 17 168 193 12 115 35 4 37 41 2 23 2 117 117 56 5 25 42 21 12 7 88 52 73 76 31 38 24 25 25 129 129 64 64 18 26 163 126 122 11 6 64 19 24 17 24 13 122 51 33 4 38 52 147 82 88 52 84 83 47 52 55 24 166 131 11 71 8 17 19 26 154 122 13 89 9 92 33 26 23 24 155 145 11 73 69 25 31 37 253 23 153 126 8 8 18 46 15 14 112 74 8 7 78 27 4 35 235 235 157 157 42 31 42 48 67 168 123 13 76 59 61 22 49 44 241 175 146 11 8 89 33 38 25 25 219 14 121 75 76 32 35 2 133 125 85 78 64 7 24 41 3 235 152 158 14 77 72 4 4 1 32 259 191 152 74 62 24 43 84 173 23 13 118 84 89 13 29 56 118 118 75 75 91 99 23 25 24 148 137 9 78 57 87 27 34 4 32 283 175 165 64 61 26 23 9 225 225 133 133 4 3 41 43 16 12 91 74 63 59 55 29 44 41 161 126 12 78 94 95 25 22 18 152 14 88 78 7 71 23 39 63 16 138 93 8 91 87 23 47 4 18 182 11 12 84 8 39 48 61 66 48 43 36 149 77 1 56 77 85 19 4 166 8 17 67 87 89 45 45 12 115 141 8 97 8 85 88 65 65 49 56 62 4 42 23 163 83 12 65 36 45 3 25 1 111 46 79 35 97 96 32 32 15 13 16 91 76 78 82 48 51 68 145 76 1 59 73 8 2 4 5 3 4 25 25 68 21 65 63 56 38 34 72 8 46 49 31 172 8 13 64 55 57 12 2 62 4 48 32 48 49 46 52 12 142 111 98 82 76 78 17 23 15 117 12 74 54 43 a. Data are for most recent year available. 22

6 Infant and child health Definitions and sources Prevalence of child malnutrition is the percentage of children under age fi ve whose weight for age (underweight) or height for age (stunting) is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 59 months. For children up to two years old height is measured by recumbent length. For older children height is measured by stature while standing. The reference population, adopted by the WHO in 1983, is based on children from the United States, who are assumed to be well nourished. Exclusive breastfeeding refers to the percentage of children less than 6 months old who are fed breast milk alone (no other liquids). Under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age fi ve, if subject to current age-specifi c mortality rates. The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,. Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1, live births in a given year. Child immunization rate is the percentage of children ages 12 23 months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey for four diseases measles and diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus (DPT). A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine and against DPT after receiving three doses. Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. The data on prevalence of child malnutrition are from WHO s Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition. Data for exclusive breastfeeding are from WHO s World Health Report 26; and the United Nations Children s Fund s (UNICEF) State of the World s Children 26. The data for infant and under-five mortality are the harmonized estimates of WHO, UNICEF and World Bank, mainly based on household surveys, censuses, and vital registration; and supplemented by the World Bank s estimate based on household surveys and vital registration. Data on child immunization are from WHO and UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage. Under five mortality rate is significantly higher in the least developed countries per 1, 2 1991 24 15 1 5 Least developed countries All developing countries High income countries Source: Harmonized estimate of WHO, UNICEF and the World Bank 23

Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 7 Prevalence of HIV Condom use Comprehensive knowledge Aids orphans of total one or both school attendance % of young HIV/AIDS parents died from ratio to non-orpans % of population women at the last high-risk sex % of population ages 15-24 AIDS ages 15-49 ages 15-24 women men women men thousands ages 1-14 23 25 25 21-25 a 21-25 a 2-24 a 2-24 a 23 25 1999-24 a 3.7 3.7 2.5 55.2 63.6 35.2 42.7 12 16 2 1.8 1.1 5.8 59.5 8.1 1.6 47 62 2.1 2 1.4 1 12 3.3 3.3 2.3 46 55.2 3.6 3.6 12 12 1.8 1.7 7.3 6.6 83.2 11 14 3.4 3.5 2.2 38 57 <.1 <.1 <.1 3.2 3.2 2.2 64 68 3.1 3.1 2.1 4 5.7 3.2 3.2 2.3 3.7 4.6 2.4 2.4 1.6 28 36 14.6 36.1 2.2 2.4 1.7 2.8 3.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 2 28 3.8 3.8 2.5 7.2 11 23.7 23.2 14.1 49.8 48.6 75 97.5.5.3 33 45.6 19.4 15.7 8.2 13.8 14.2 14.1 9.6 23.5 36 44 55.97 1.8 1.7 1.2 83 94.7.7.5 5.7 6.9 16 16.1 1.7 33 51 1.1 1.1.8 35 46 3.8 3.1 1.9 22 21.9.9.6 18 25 1.6 1.6 1.1 28 31.9.9.6 7.9 12.5 18 23 3.2 3.2 2.2 7 88 6.8 6.7 5 1, 1, 6.6 6.5 3.8 97 1,1 16.9 17 12.7 26.1 38.4 4.5 46.1 65 71.17 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 <.1 2 1.6.1.1 1.4 1.3.5.5 3.8 3.8 24

7 HIV/AIDS Definitions and sources Prevalence of HIV, total refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV. Prevalence of HIV, young women refers to the estimated percent of young women aged 15 24 living with HIV. Condom use at last high risk sex refers to the percentage of young people aged 15 24 reporting the use of a condom during sexual intercourse with a non-regular partner. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS refers to the percentage of young people aged 15 24 who correctly identify ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV and who reject major misconceptions. Children orphaned by HIV/AIDS is the estimated number of children who have lost one or both parents to AIDS before age 15 since the epidemic began. Some of the orphaned children included in this cumulative total are no longer alive; others are no longer under age 15. Orphans school attendance is the ratio of current school attendance among orphans to that among non-orphans aged 1 14. Data are from the UNAIDS 26 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Prevalence of HIV is high in the least developed countries % of population ages 15 and over 3 23 25 Source: UNAIDS 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 Least developed countries Low income countries Middle income countries 25

Children with acute respiratory infection taken to health provider Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 8 a. Data are for most recent year available. Children with diarrhea who received oral rehydration and continued feeding Children sleeping under treated bednets Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs Incidence of tuberculosis Tuberculosis treatment success rate DOTS detection rate % of children under % of children under age 5 % of children under % of children under per 1, % of registered % of estimated age 5 with ARI with diarrhea age 5 age 5 with fever people cases cases 2-24 a 1998-24 a 2-24 a 2-24 a 24 23 24 58 32 2.3 63. 259 68 94 29 42 7.4 6. 87 81 82 36 2. 5. 191 66 18 4 16 1.3 31. 343 79 29 172 4 32 47 1.5 69. 322 59 4 12 5.6 32. 279 78 16 49 31 9.3 63. 46 96 39 36 17.7 45. 366 83 7 734 73 43 36.7 49. 239 51 82 44 54 4.2 4. 271 85 14 16 38 3. 353 7 36 75 38 14.7 55. 233 75 66 33 44 4. 56. 24 75 52 64 23 7.4 58. 199 8 75 49 29 696 7 86 7 31 73 58 48 47.2 34. 218 71 74 27 51 2.9 27. 413 73 4 43 45 8.4 38. 281 65 19 39 28 33.4 287 58 43 51 46 76 46 27 43 5.8 48. 157 7 46 2 16 5. 13. 371 67 29 47 44 22.8 61. 17 27 33 1.7 36. 245 7 52 5 39 1.5 61. 443 83 36.3 19. 411 9 44 57 38.4 5. 22 82 35 68 38 1. 58. 347 81 47 3 25 2. 6. 355 63 17 67 29.2 42 68 43 69 48 6.5 52. 68 75 54 28 48 333 86 19 2 35 229 85 44 17 9 35 35 59 51 93 61 59 88 55 36 37 18. 9. 156 79 55 22 49 91 94 66 48 171 81 83 24 43 184 87 67 28 84 49 59 87 123 24 8.3 556 81 46 28 59 75 17 47 89 82 4 26 41 12. 36 78 49 26

8 Disease prevention Definitions and sources Children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) who are taken to a health provider refer to the percentage of children under age fi ve with ARI in the last two weeks who were taken to an appropriate health provider, including hospital, health center, dispensary, village health worker, clinic, and private physician. Children with diarrhea who received oral rehydration and continued feeding refer to the percentage of children under age fi ve with diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the survey who received either oral rehydration therapy or increased fl uids, with continued feeding. Children sleeping under treated bednets refer to the percentage of children under age fi ve who slept under an insecticide-impregnated bednet to prevent malaria. Children with fever receiving antimalarial drugs refer to the percentage of children under age fi ve who were ill with fever in the last two weeks and received any appropriate (locally defi ned) antimalarial drugs. Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Tuberculosis treatment success rate is the percentage of new, registered smear-positive (infectious) cases that were cured or in which a full course of treatment was completed. DOTS detection rate is the percentage of estimated new infectious tuberculosis cases detected under the directly observed treatment, short course case detection and treatment strategy. Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. Data on children with acute respiratory infection, diarrhea, children sleeping under treated bednets, and children receiving antimalarial drugs are from UNICEF s State of the World s Children 26, Childinfo and Demographic and Health Surveys by Macro International. The data on tuberculosis are from the WHO s Global Tuberculosis Control Report 26. The incidence of tuberculosis increased by almost 3 percent in the least developed countries between 199 and 24 per 1, 3 199 24 2 1 Source: WHO Least developed countries All developing countries High income countries 27

Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti 9 Urban population Access to improved sanitation facilities Access to an improved water source % of total population % of urban population % of rural population % of urban population % of rural population 199 25 199 22 199 22 199 22 199 22 37 53 62 56 19 16 11 7 4 4 35 4 31 58 1 12 71 79 54 6 14 18 47 45 8 5 63 82 35 44 6 1 42 47 44 35 96 9 67 78 44 57 61 19 86 73 37 38 32 47 18 12 7 93 35 61 21 25 27 3 1 45 4 13 32 28 37 41 38 16 15 99 9 85 96 28 32 56 43 3 23 92 83 24 29 76 86 55 55 27 27 82 82 67 67 35 39 6 46 45 42 16 19 46 34 3 6 72 36 54 13 16 14 19 2 4 8 81 16 11 38 54 72 46 95 95 77 28 33 27 25 13 6 7 78 32 38 28 3 57 23 79 49 17 19 61 61 32 32 88 74 45 58 59 49 24 7 85 72 34 52 24 27 25 49 8 27 82 75 27 34 12 17 52 66 34 42 9 96 34 62 23 31 5 59 32 38 5 76 29 35 4 4 31 64 26 9 19 63 57 45 21 35 51 14 14 76 24 15 17 35 43 2 4 62 8 35 36 5 19 49 56 36 38 88 92 57 69 44 58 32 2 89 73 39 42 52 7 23 34 9 9 5 54 3 41 53 3 75 46 3 35 47 14 32 27 27 41 53 5 26 24 85 78 57 64 19 24 51 54 45 41 79 92 27 62 3 4 71 71 24 15 81 8 37 36 11 13 54 53 41 39 79 87 4 52 39 35 64 68 26 32 86 9 27 36 16 5 5 19 11 2 25 71 75 11 39 83 82 68 72 7 11 65 7 86 6 13 2 53 8 58 29 35 47 33 59 21 22 76 77 33 53 15 21 61 14 66 38 26 3 1 1 42 1 99 99 78 25 31 39 96 15 63 73 95 4 74 9 16 62 68 7 2 94 93 67 82 21 22 1 1 98 1 99 91 89 88 14 17 98 98 18 94 65 21 27 65 3 73 51 41 48 83 92 74 83 92 94 89 92 19 24 78 42 93 85 53 52 21 27 59 76 11 14 74 74 68 68 3 39 27 52 11 23 77 91 43 59 28

9 Improved water and sanitation Definitions and sources Urban population is the midyear population of areas defi ned as urban in each country and reported to the United Nations. Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to fl ush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. Access to an improved water source refers to the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defi ned as the availability of at least 2 liters a person a day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling. Data are from the World Bank s World Development Indicators database and are based on other original source information as noted below. Data on urban population are from the United Nations Population Division s World Urbanization Prospects: The 25 Revision. Data on water and sanitation are from the WHO and UNICEF s Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target (www.unicef.org/wes/mdgreport). Access to improved water and sanitation has increased in between 199 and 22 % of population in 6 5 199 22 4 3 2 1 Access to Improved sanitation facilities Access to an improved water source 29

1 Households with television Africa Angola Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia, The Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Asia and Pacific Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Kiribati Lao PDR Maldives Myanmar Nepal Samoa Solomon Islands Timor-Leste Tuvalu Vanuatu Yemen Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti fi xed mainline Telephones mobile subscribers population covered by mobile telephony Personal computers Internet users % per 1, people per 1, people % per 1, people per 1, people 2-24 a 23-24 a 23-24 a 21-24 a 23-24 a 23-24 a 9 6 48 3 11 2 9 3 23 4 12 7 6 31 6 2 4 14 3 9 82 5 3 49 148 133 9 97 5 2 3 15 3 2 2 1 13 8 2 6 11 23 3 9 14 2 37 55 1 41 14 3 75 27 12 2 113 14 1 14 9 5 4 12 2 6 3 3 2 12 27 118 6 16 33 9 3 12 5 5 26 7 1 17 17 21 88 8 24 2 15 16 8 3 18 3 5 5 2 7 18 7 2 4 15 6 3 15 3 4 21 13 175 14 5 6 4 36 6 7 5 2 11 13 1 2 2 3 16 65 4 36 47 32 131 29 21 9 85 21 42 7 5 22 35 2 8 25 63 6 25 49 29 3 6 17 32 14 4 44 25 7 9 51 1 38 8 29 37 6 3 42 7 4 7 26 8 26 51 1 2 6 2 21 1 29 6 31 5 12 2 3 33 2 12 22 23 3 37 87 3 3 23 47 5 1 2 3 13 35 7 4 4 68 98 353 71 112 59 3 8 2 6 1 13 15 7 4 7 96 73 58 7 33 4 14 3 35 43 6 6 33 51 2 14 36 43 39 53 68 15 9 26 17 48 59 a. Data are for most recent year available. 3