GUIDE. MENA Gender Equality Profile Status of Girls and Women in the Middle East and North Africa

Transcription

1 GUIDE MENA Gender Equality Profile Status of Girls and Women in the Middle East and North Africa

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3 1 IntroductIon The objective of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Gender Equality Profiles is to provide user-friendly summary information on the status and situation of girls and women in the Middle East and North Africa region. It is not a comprehensive situation analysis but rather a quick overview and insight to the situation of girls and women in the region with comparable data of the countries. The profiles were developed by the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office and reviewed by the MENA Country Offices. The MENA Gender Equality Profiles are expected to be a complement to the MENA Millennium Development Goal Profiles, the MENA Equity Profiles and other country profiles produced in the region. The profiles consist of eight sections: 1) Background; 2) Legal Framework; 3) Institutions and Mechanisms; 4) Women s Political and Social Participation; 5) Education and Economic Participation; 6) Reproductive Health; 7) Key Indicators on the Situation of Girls and Women; 8) Ratification of Treaties. It was not possible to include a comprehensive section on culture and root causes related to gender inequalities due to lack of available and comparable data. content and PresentatIon of the ProfIles The content has been selected based on the priorities of within the framework of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Millennium Development Goals. Fifteen of the seventeen countries in the MENA region that are parties to the CEDAW maintain reservations to the convention. Many of the CEDAW reservations are related to articles that are central to the purpose of the convention of achieving gender equality, for example equality with regard to nationality, marriage and family life, and freedom of movement. The section Legal Framework presents the laws in force in key areas, such as those mentioned above. Advancing girls education, women s socio-political participation and women s economic participation, as well as having national institutions and mechanisms that promote the advancement of girls and women, are all central to achieve the goal of gender equality. Improving maternal health is one of the Millennium Development Goals and statistics on the indicators related to this goal are presented in the section Reproductive Health. The indicators presented in the profiles (in the text and in the tables in sections 1 and 7) are globally recognised indicators that follow standard definitions and that are compiled in global databases. The use of global indicators will allow regional comparisons and will facilitate the updating of the profiles. The indicators have been selected based on their relevance to the topics covered in the profiles and to the work of, as well as the availability of data in the region. For a more in-depth analysis of the situation within countries, more indicators need to be disaggregated by, for example, regions or provinces. More qualitative data would also enhance the analysis of the cultural aspects to gender equality or inequality. Sections 2-6 are presented in the form of a written text with several sub-headings. The sections are intended to be brief, yet informative. For sections 2-4, the main sources used for most profiles are the State party CEDAW and CRC reports and the Freedom House report Women s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa 2010, as these are among the few single sources where a significant amount of the information on key gender equality issues in the MENA region can be found. A number of other sources have also been used to supplement the main ones. All sources are indicated using footnotes. It should be noted that data on key gender equality indicators are not readily available for the different countries/territories, which might lead to information gaps and inconsistencies between the profiles as well as what issues are reflected in the profiles.

4 2 updating of the ProfIles The profiles will be updated annually, or as needed. As new information becomes available, section headings may change and indicators may be added. The process of updating the gender country profiles will be coordinated by the MENA Regional Office and will be carried out in cooperation with MENA country offices. use of the gender equality ProfIles The Gender Equality Profiles serve several purposes for : To monitor the situation of girls and women in general, and the environment related to their empowerment and the achievement of gender equality in particular To advocate with policy makers, donors and other stakeholders To inform programme focus in all programme areas To provide information for situation analyses To provide anyone interested with a snapshot of the current situation with regard to gender equality in the countries in the region. While the Gender Equality Profiles are not all inclusive, they should spark discussions at the country level and as such influence and the UN s gender analysis and understanding of the country specific situations. IndIcator definitions and sources Several of the indicators presented in the profiles are compiled in s global databases (available on ). The profiles also present data compiled by other UN agencies and international organisations (for example population data from the United Nations Population Division, economic indicators from the World Bank and education indicators from UNESCO Institute for Statistics). Details on the sources used for the development of the profiles and the global databases of the selected indicators are compiled below. DEMOGRAPhICS Total population (000) Total adolescent (10-19) population (000) Total under-18 population (000), State of the World s Children (SOWC) 2011 United Nations Population Division (UNPD) Total under-5 population (000) Population annual growth rate (%), SOWC 2011 UNPD

5 3 Total fertility rate (births per woman) Number of children who would be born per woman if she lived to the end of her childbearing years and bore children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates, SOWC 2011 UNPD Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) Probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age, per 1,000 live births, SOWC 2011 Estimates produced by the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) (, WHO, United Nations Population Division and the World Bank). Compiled in s global database. See www. childinfo.org for further information on the methodology used to generate the estimates. Life expectancy at birth (years), by male/female Number of years newborn children would live if subject to the mortality risks prevailing for the cross section of population at the time of their birth The World Bank, Data Catalog, The World Bank, UNPD Singulate mean age at marriage, by male/female The singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM) is the average length of single life expressed in years among those who marry before age 50 UNPD, World Marriage Data 2008, esa/population/ UNPD ECONOMIC S GNI per capita, (current US$) GNI per capita is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. The World Bank, Data Catalog, worldbank.org/, World Development Indicators The World Bank

6 4 % share of income held by lowest 20 % % share of income held by highest 20 % The percentage share of income is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by quintiles The World Bank, Data Catalog worldbank.org/, World Development Indicators The World Bank GENDER Gender Gap Index The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four categories: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment. Indicators used for the index relate to: labour force participation, wage equality, type of employment, literacy, school enrolment, sex ratio at birth, life expectancy, number of women and men in parliament and in ministerial positions, years the country has had a female head of state or government. (See p. 5 in The Global Gender Gap Report 2010, for details on indicators and sources used) World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 World Economic Forum The Gender Gap report draws on various global databases for the indicators that make up the index. 200 countries were considered for the Gender Gap Index. Of these 200 countries, 134 countries had sufficient relevant data to construct the index. The Gender Gap Index was not constructed for Djibouti, Iraq, Libya and opt. MATERNAL AND NEwBORN health Contraceptive prevalence Percentage of women currently married or in union age years that are using (or whose partner is using) a contraceptive method (either modern or traditional) MDG database unstats.un.org/unsd/ mdg/data.aspx Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) reports UNPD, UNFPA Antenatal care coverage at least once by skilled personnel (doctor, nurse or midwife) (%) Percentage of women age years attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel (doctors, nurses or midwives) DHS and MICS reports Skilled attendant at birth (doctor, nurse or midwife) (%) Percentage of births to women age years attended by skilled health personnel (doctor, nurse or midwife) DHS and MICS reports Adolescent birth rate (number of births per 1,000 girls aged 15 19) The adolescent birth rate measures the annual number of births to women 15 to 19 years of age per 1,000 women in that age group MDG database unstats.un.org/unsd/ mdg/data.aspx UNPD, UNFPA

7 5 Maternal Mortality Ratio (adjusted) (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) Number of deaths of women from pregnancyrelated causes during a given time-period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period (The inter-agency estimates are adjusted for under-reporting and misclassification of maternal deaths) Estimates produced by Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group (MMEIG) (WHO,, UNFPA, the World Bank). Compiled in s global database. See Trends in Maternal Mortality: (WHO,, UNFPA, the World Bank) for further information on concepts, estimation process and data sources, as well as uncertainty ranges of for MMR estimates. Lifetime risk of maternal death, 1 in N The probability of dying from a maternal cause during a woman s reproductive lifespan. Lifetime risk of maternal death takes into account both the probability of becoming pregnant and the probability of dying as a result of that pregnancy accumulated across a woman s reproductive years Estimates produced by Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group (MMEIG) (WHO,, UNFPA, the World Bank). Compiled in s global database. See Trends in Maternal Mortality: (WHO,, UNFPA, the World Bank) for further information on concepts, estimation process and data sources. EDUCATION Net attendance ratio primary school, by male/ female Number of children attending primary or secondary school who are of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official primary school age MICS reports Net attendance ratio secondary school, by male/female Number of children attending secondary or tertiary school who are of official secondary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official secondary school age MICS reports Net enrolment ratio primary school, by male/ female Number of children enrolled in primary school who are of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official primary school age UNESCO Institute for Statistics () Net enrolment ratio secondary school, by male/female Number of children enrolled in secondary school who are of official secondary school age, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children of official secondary school age

8 6 Gender parity index The gender parity index (GPI) is obtained by dividing the net enrolment/ attendance rates for girls by the net enrolment/ attendance rates for boys. A GPI of 0.96 to 1.04 means that the percentages of boys and girls in school are roughly equal. unesco.org for enrolment data, MICS reports for attendance data, Youth (15-24) literacy rate (%), by male/female Share of females among teaching staff in primary education (%) UNECSO, Education for All (EFA), Global Monitoring Report 2011 Share of females among teaching staff in secondary education (%) UNECSO, Education for All (EFA), Global Monitoring Report 2011 ChILD PROTECTION % of women aged who were married/in union before the age of 18 Percentage of women aged years who were first married or in union by the exact age of 18 Female genital mutilation/ cutting among women (%) Percentage of women aged years that report undergoing female genital mutilation/ cutting % of children aged 5 14 engaged in child labour Percentage of children 5 14 years old involved in child labour at the moment of the survey. A child is considered to be involved in child labour under the following conditions: (a) children 5 11 years old who, during the week preceding the survey, did at least one hour of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores, or (b) children years old who, during the week preceding the survey, did at least 14 hours of economic activity or at least 28 hours of household chores.

9 7 ATTITUDES TOwARDS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Women (15-49) who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances (%) Percentage of women years old who consider a husband to be justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one of the specified reasons. Women were asked whether a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under a series of circumstances, i.e., if his wife burns the food, argues with him, goes out without telling him, neglects the children or refuses sexual relations. Adolescent girls (15 19) who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances (%) As above, SOWC 2011 MICS and DHS survey reports hiv/aids HIV prevalence among young people (15 24) Percentage of young men and women (aged 15 24) living with HIV Estimates produced by UNAIDS. Compiled in s global database. The global estimates which refer to 2009 are published in UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, Information on the methodology can be found on the UNAIDS website. % of young people (15-24) who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV Percentage of young men and women (aged 15 24) who correctly identify the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who reject the two most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission and who know that a healthylooking person can be HIV-infected. MICS, DHS, AIS (Aids Indicator Survey) and other national USE OF ICT % of young women (15-24) who used a computer during the last 12 months At present this indicator is not compiled in global databases This indicator is part of the MICS4 indicator list and will be collected in MICS4 surveys % of young women (15-24) who used the internet during the last 12 months At present this indicator is not compiled in global databases This indicator is part of the MICS4 indicator list and will be collected in MICS4 surveys

10 8 Number of women in parliament (single/ lower house) % of women in parliament women S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Women in National Parliaments, wmn-e/classif.htm IPU Legislated quotas for women for single/ lower house (yes/no) Quota type Whether or not legislated quotas exist with the aim to increase women s representation in the single/ lower house of parliament. Quota types include: reserved seats in parliament and candidate quotas (quota of female candidates on candidate lists) The Quota Project, The Quota Project (International IDEA, Stockholm University, Inter- Parliamentary Union) Number of women in ministerial positions % women in ministerial positions Ministers include Deputy Prime Ministers and Ministers. Prime Ministers/Heads of Government are also included when they hold ministerial portfolios. Vice-Presidents and heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. DAW/DESA, IPU, Women in Politics: 2010 (publication) publications/wmnmap10_ en.pdf Publication prepared by Division for the Advancement of Women UN/ DESA (now UN Women) and Interparliamentary Union (IPU) women S ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION Labour force participation rate (%), by male/ female and age groups The labour force participation rate is a measure of the proportion of a country s working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work. ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM), 6th Edition 1a (ILO estimates) Estimates produced by ILO Total unemployment rate (%), by male/ female The total unemployment rate tells us the proportion of the labour force that does not have a job and is actively looking and available for work. ILO, KILM, 6th Edition, 8a ILO Youth (15-24) unemployment rate (%), by male/ female The youth unemployment rate tells us the proportion of the labour force aged that does not have a job and is actively looking and available for work. ILO, KILM, 6th Edition, Table 9 ILO MATERNITY LEAVE Maternity leave duration % of wages paid in covered period Provider of benefit United Nations Statistics Division, unstats.un.org/unsd/ demographic/products/ indwm/tab5g.htm#tech, Table 5g UNSD The information refers to laws and regulations in force at the time of the compilation of the information ( ).

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12 United Nations Children s Fund Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa October 2011