Overview & Clarification of the Regulation

Transformer EcoDesign Regulation No 548/2014 Overview & Clarification of the Regulation

The history of transformers Transformers have been in use since 1886 Built by William Stanley (working for Westinghouse) Used in Great Barrington, Massachusetts The design concept remains the same Copper and iron remain the core materials Steel composition has changed over the years Cooling methods have changed How a transformer is designed has changed

Transformers all around us Transformers are an every day essential component in the efficient distribution of electricity Without a transformer you don t get LV! They exist in a wide various of sizes There are 100,000 s installed in the UK Power stations Gid Grid substations ti DNO overhead line Wind farms...

HV/MV power substation to the MV/LV distribution substation ti Power station NETWORK 400 kv Power station Step-up Substation 33/400 kv Substation 400 /132 kv NETWORK 132 kv NETWORK 33 kv Substation 132/33 kv NETWORK 33 kv NETWORK 11 kv NETWORK 240V NETWORK 11 kv Substation 33/11 kv Client NETWORK11 kv NETWORK 433 V Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 4

Transformer windings > HV Higher Voltage Winding Does not relate to any specific voltage band > LV Lower Voltage Winding Does not relate to any voltage band, on an 11kV to 3.3kV step down transformer the L.V. winding would be in the HV range Confidential Property of Schneider Electric Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 5

Principle operation of a transformer A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. If an alternating flux produced by an alternating current in one coil links with a secondary coil, then an electro-motive force (e.m.f.) is induced in the second coil, the magnitude of which is given by Faraday s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Magnetic Flux Core Ip I s Vp E Ep T Tp T s Es V s Primary Coil Secondary Coil Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 6

Transformer losses > By the nature of the operation of a transformer, there is a heat loss created, due to current flow in conductors and a magnetic flux circulating around a magnetic core. > The heat loss given off is in effect the transformer waste. > For a specific transformer rating, the higher the loss = the less efficient the transformer > Transformers are inherently efficient transformers usually around 99% plus > A Copper Development Association survey estimated Distribution Transformer Losses represent 25% of the network losses in the UK system > Under peak load conditions these amount to 1300MW equivalent to the output of one large power station. > Transformer efficiency can be improved by design, by reducing the losses Confidential Property of Schneider Electric Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 7

Transformers affected are... Distribution Package substations Cast resin Power Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 8

TRANSFORMER ECODESIGN REGULATION NO 548/2014 Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 9

Summary EcoDesign regulation imposes in EU the maximum level of losses for transformers Placed On The Market or Put Into Service after 1.7.2015. It has been published in the Official Journal of the European Union and came into force on June 11th 2014. After 1.7.2015 it will not tbe possible to place on the market transformers not fulfilling the minimum requirements Manufacturers are responsible to apply ppy the law Running frame contracts signed before June 11th 2014 can go on until the end date even with deliveries after July 1, 2015. UK Goverment has apointed the National Measurement Office (NMO) as the Verification Authority for the Eco Regulation for the UK NMO Position Paper dated 18th December 2014 provides clarification of the Regulation with regard to defining Placed on the Market and Putting Into Service Official EU documents at : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/?uri=oj:jol_2014_152_r_0001

Rational : European Union commitments EU is implementing its «20-20-20» program by 2020 : Reduction of 20 % of greenhouse gases emission Reduction of 20% of energy consumption Reach 20% from renewable energy in total production Power Transformer losses represents approx. 2.5% of total EU energy consumption By 2020, savings of approximately 16TWh/year are achievable with new regulation EcoDesign aims two major objectives on the Transformer product: Reduce electrical losses (1 st step in 2015/ 2 nd step in 2021) Clarify and make more visible indication of performance Harmonisation of maximum losses levels in European Union Efficiency request on MPT for the 1st time

EcoDesign impact on Transformers Oil Distribution & Cast Resin Transformers : New Defined Maximum level of losses for Oil Distribution and Cast Resin Dry Type Transformers up to and including 3150kVA Reduced Losses compared to transformers currently supplied Medium Power and Large Power Transformers: Defined Level of Peak Efficiency (Mix of load losses and no load losses) for transformers >3150kVA Special transformers are not impacted by this regulation Significant increase of Equipment cost and weights Reduction of operation cost (Total cost of ownership optimized)

NMO Postion Paper 18/12/2014 Position Paper Issued to Clarify Definitions of the Eco Regulation, specifically regarding Placed on the Market and Putting into Service. Excerpts from the Position Paper (grey text) :- The Regulation establishes ecodesign requirements for placing on the market or putting into service power Power Transformers with a minimum power rating of 1 kva used in 50 Hz electricity transmission and distribution networks or for industrial applications. The Regulation is only applicable to Power Transformers purchased after the entry into force of the Regulation. Placing on the Market is defined as making a product available for the first time on the Community market with a view to its distribution or use within the Community, whether for reward or free of charge and irrespective of the selling technique. Putting into Service means the first use of a product for its intended purpose by an end-user in the Community; Entry into force of the Regulations is 10 June 2014

NMO Postion Paper 18/12/2014 (continued) Excerpts from the Position Paper (grey text) :- Ready for use Power Transformers placed on the market before 1 July 2015 or purchased (as described in recital four of the regulation) prior to 10 June 2014, can remain in the distribution chain (e.g. in the stocks of DNO s) regardless of the scheduled changes in the legislative requirements. Power Transformers placed on the market before 1 July 2015 can be sold to the end-user and can be energised after 1 July 2015 without regard to this regulation, provided they are ready for use. Products are ready for use if they can be used as intended without the insertion of additional parts; if all parts from which they are to be assembled are placed on the market by one person only; if they only need to be mounted or plugged in; or they are placed on the market without the parts that are usually procured separately and inserted for the intended use (e.g. a cable for electric supply). In Summary :- Transformers manufactured prior to the 1 st July 2015 - i.e. Placed on The Market do not have to meet the ECO Regulation loss levels These non ECO Regulation loss level transformers can be sold/supplied to customers after the 1 st July 2015 provided they are Placed On The Market prior to 1 st July 2015 These transformers can be installed, energised, commissioned etc after the 1 st July 2015 without regard to the Eco regulation

Transformer Losses Transformer Losses fall into two major categories:- 1) No Load Loss, also known as Iron Loss 2) Load Loss also known as Copper Loss Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 15

Transformer Losses 1) No Load Loss or Iron Loss Iron Loss arises within the magnetic core of a transformer and is due to the energy consumed in hysteresis and eddy currents within the material as it is taken through its alternating cycles of magnetisation (UK 50 times per second i.e. 50Hz) The magnetic core of a transformer is made up of thin laminations of core steel which have a coating of insulation to reduce the eddy current build up within the complete core. Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 16

Transformer Losses No Load Loss or Iron Loss (continued) The characteristics of heat output (loss) from core material varies based on the grade of material used and the working flux density There are two ways of reducing Iron Loss in a Transformer :- 1) Reduce flux density by increasing the cross sectional area of the magnetic core. 2) By using higher grades of core steel to reduce the watts/kg for a particular flux density. The No Load Loss of a Transformer is a Constant Loss ( does not vary with load) Either way or a combination of both means additional cost in the core Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 17

Transformer Losses Load Loss or Copper Loss Load loss arises mainly as a result of the resistance of the transformer windings, that is the I 2 R loss produced by the flow of load current within the windings. Increasing the copper cross sectional area within a transformer winding has the effect of reducing the current density of the winding - this has the effect of reducing the I 2 R losses. The load loss of a transformer varies to the square of the load. i.e. at 50% load the actual load losses are 0.5 x 0.5 = 25% of the full load loss. Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 18

Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 19

Loss Options of a Transformer Within the UK there has been no usable standards that stipulate the loss levels that should be achieved for various ratings of transformers. The level of losses are created by the manufacturers and can be very different for the same transformer rating. e.g. For Schneider Electric Leeds, we used to offer various levels of losses 1) Industrial Loss High Losses = Low First Cost = Increased Running Costs 2) Low Loss Low to Medium Losses = Medium First Cost = Reduced Running Costs 3) Extra Low Loss Low Losses = Increased First Cost = Further Reduced Running Costs The Introduction of the ECO Regulation now imposes Maximum Loss Levels / Peak Efficiency Index levels Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 20

European Loss References The Eco Regulation uses letter references for various loss levels which is common practice in Europe but not often used in UK taken from EN50464 No Load Losses examples are Ao, Bo, Co Load Loss examples are Ak, Bk, Ck Schneider Electric - B.U. Energy LoB Transformer EcoDesign Regulation A new Standard for Transformer 06/2014 21

EcoDesign Impact on 3 Ph Oil Distribution Transformers Loss levels to be applied (reference of MV 24 kv and LV 1.1 kv) Rated power (kva) Tolerances Tier 1 : from 1st July 2015 Tier 2 : from 1st July 2021 No Load Loss (W) Load Loss (W) No Load Loss (W) Load Loss (W) 25 70 (Ao) 900 (Ck) 63 (Ao-10%) 600 (Ak) 50 90 (Ao) 1100 (Ck) 81 (Ao-10%) 750 (Ak) 100 145 (Ao) 1750 (Ck) 130 (Ao-10%) 1250 (Ak) 160 210 (Ao) 2350 (Ck) 189 (Ao-10%) 1750 (Ak) 250 300 (Ao) 3250 (Ck) 270 (Ao-10%) 2350 (Ak) 315 360 (Ao) 3900 (Ck) 324 (Ao-10%) 2800 (Ak) 400 430 (Ao) 4600 (Ck) 387 (Ao-10%) 3250 (Ak) 500 510 (Ao) 5500 (Ck) 459 (Ao-10%) 3900 (Ak) 630 600 (Ao) 6500 (Ck) 540 (Ao-10%) 4600 (Ak) 800 650 (Ao) 8400 (Ck) 585 (Ao-10%) 6000 (Ak) 1000 770 (Ao) 10500 (Ck) 693 (Ao-10%) 7600 (Ak) 1250 950 (Ao) 11000 (Bk) 855 (Ao-10%) 9500 (Ak) 1600 1200 (Ao) 14000 (Bk) 1080 (Ao-10%) 12000 (Ak) 2000 1450 (Ao) 18000 (Bk) 1305 (Ao-10%) 15000 (Ak) 2500 1750 (Ao) 22000 (Bk) 1575 (Ao-10%) 18500 (Ak) 3150 2200 (Ao) 27500 (Bk) 1980 (Ao-10%) 23000 (Ak) Measured parameter Before With new regulation Load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance No load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance

EcoDesign Impact on 3 Ph Dry Type Distribution Transformers Loss levels to be applied (reference of MV 24 kv and LV 1.1 kv) Rated power (kva) Tolerances Tier 1 : from 1st July 2015 Tier 2 : from 1st July 2021 No Load Loss (W) Load Loss (W) No Load Loss (W) Load Loss (W) 50 200 (Ao) 1700 (Bk) 180 (Ao-10%) 1500 (Ak) 100 280 (Ao) 2050 (Bk) 252 (Ao-10%) 1800 (Ak) 160 400 (Ao) 2900 (Bk) 360 (Ao-10%) 2600 (Ak) 250 520 (Ao) 3800(Bk) 468 (Ao-10%) 3400 (Ak) 400 750 (Ao) 5500 (Bk) 675 (Ao-10%) 4500 (Ak) 630 1100 (Ao) 7600 (Bk) 990 (Ao-10%) 7100 (Ak) 800 1300 (Ao) 8000 (Ak) 1170 (Ao-10%) 8000 (Ak) 1000 1550 (Ao) 9000 (Ak) 1395 (Ao-10%) 9000 (Ak) 1250 1800 (Ao) 11000 (Ak) 1620 (Ao-10%) 11000 (Ak) 1600 2200 (Ao) 13000 (Ak) 1980 (Ao-10%) 13000 (Ak) 2000 2600 (Ao) 16000 (Ak) 2340 (Ao-10%) 16000 (Ak) 2500 3100 (Ao) 19000 (Ak) 2790 (Ao-10%) 19000 (Ak) 3150 3800 (Ao) 22000 (Ak) 3420 (Ao-10%) 22000 (Ak) Measured parameter Before With new regulation Load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance No load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance

EcoDesign impact on MPTs and LPTs (above 3150kVA) No loss levels imposed but minimum PEI (Peak efficiency Index) PEI corresponds to : the maximum efficiency of the transformer Ratio between the no load losses and losses 99.800 99.750 99.700 Tier 1: start on 1.7.2015 Tier 2: start on 1.7.2021 PEI (%) 99.650 99.600 99.550 T1 T2 99.500 Tolerances 99.450 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Rated Power (MVA) Measured parameter Before With new regulation Load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance No load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance Required electrical power required by the cooling system for no load operatoin No requirement declared value +5% max

EcoDesign impact on Liquid Immersed MPT and LPT (Peak Efficiency Index values) Sr (MVA) PEI T1 (%) PEI T2 (%) 99.800 99.750 4 99,465 99,532 99.700 5 99,483 99,548 6,3 99,510 99,571 8 99,535 99,593 I (%) PE 99.650 99.600 10 99,560 99,615 99.550 T1 T2 12,5 99,588 99,640 16 99,615 99,663 20 99,639 99,684 25 99,657 99,700 31,5 99,671 99,712 40 99,684 99,724 99.500 99.450 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Rated Power (MVA) 50 99,696 99,734 63 99,709 99,745 80 99,723 99,758 Tier 1: start on 1.7.2015 Tier 2: start on 1.7.2021 100 99,737 99,770

EcoDesign Impact on Dry Type Medium Power Transformers Rated power (kva) Tier 1 : from 1st July 2015 Tier 2 : from 1st July 2021 Minimum Peak Efficiency Index (PEI) % 3150 < Sr 4000 99.348 99.382 5000 99.354 99.387 6300 99.356 99.389 8000 99.357 99.390 10000 99.357 99.390 Tolerances Measured parameter Before With new regulation Load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance No load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance

EcoDesign Impact on Dry Type Large Power Transformers Rated power Tier 1 : from 1st July 2015 Tier 2 : from 1st July 2021 (MVA) Minimum Peak Efficiency Index (PEI) % 4 5 99.158 99.200 99.225 99.265 6.3 99.242 99.303 8 99.298 99.356 10 99.330 99.385 10 12.5 99.370 99.422 16 99.416 99.464 20 99.468 99.513 31.5 99.521 99.564 40 99.567 99.592 50 99.585 99.623 63 99.590 99.626 Tolerances Measured parameter Before With new regulation Load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance No load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance

EcoDesign Impact on 3 Phase Pole Mount Transformers Loss levels to be applied (reference of MV 24 kv and LV 1.1 kv) Rated power (kva) Tier 1 : from 1st July 2015 Tier 2 : from 1st July 2021 No Load Loss (W) Load Loss (W) No Load Loss (W) Load Loss (W) 25 70 (Ao) 900 (Ck) 70 (Ao) 725 (Bk) 50 90 (Ao) 1100 (Ck) 90 (Ao) 875 (Bk) 100 145 (Ao) 1750 (Ck) 145 (Ao) 1475 (Bk) 160 300 (Co) 3102 (Ck+32%) 270 (Co-10%) 3102 (Ck+32%) 200 356 (Co) 2750 (Ck) 310 (Bo) 2333 (Bk) 250 425 (Co) 3250 (Ck) 360 (Bo) 2750 (Bk) 315 520 (Co) 3900 (Ck) 440 (Bo) 3250 (Bk) Tolerances Measured parameter Before With new regulation Load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance No load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance

EcoDesign impact on Oil Distribution and Cast Resin Transformers ( 3 150kVA) Loss levels to be applied (reference of MV 24 kv and LV 1.1 kv) Maximum Loss Levels Rated power Tier 1 : from 01.07.2015 Tier 2 : from 01.07.2021 (Values subject to further validation) 25, 50 and 100 kva AoCk AoBk Pole mounted 160 kva CoCk+32% Co-10% Ck+32% 200, 250 and 315 kva CoCk BoBk ODT CRT Tolerances 1000kVA AoCk >1000kVA : AoBk 630kVA AoBk > 630kVA AoAk Ao-10% Ak Measured parameter Before With new regulation Load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance No load losses +15% Zero Positive Tolerance Required electrical power required by the cooling system for no load operatoin No requirement declared value

EcoDesign impact on ODTs and CRTs ( 3 150kVA) ODT and CRT not covered by reference transformers : (additional losses allowed compared to standard losses ranges) Other requirement Impact on no load losses compared to standard losses table Impact on load losses compared to standard losses table MV insulation level 24 kv LV insulation level > 1.1 kv MV insulation level = 36 kv LV insulation level 1.1 kv MV insulation level = 36 kv LV insulation level > 1.1 kv +10% +10% +15% +10% +20% +15% Dual voltage on MV winding and No impact No impact 85% power limitation on higher MV voltage Dual voltage on MV winding and 85% power limitation on higher LV voltage Dual voltage on one winding (MV or LV) and full power on all voltages considered Dual voltage on both windings (MV and LV) Transformers with tappings for operation while being energized (such as Voltage Regulation Distribution Transformers) No impact No impact +15% +10% +20% +20% +20% (reduced to +10% in 01-07-2021) +5%

Limitation of scope of appliance 1/2 Out of scope Instrument transformers, for instruments, meters, relays and other similar apparatus Transformers with low-voltage windings specifically designed for use with rectifiers to provide a DC supply; Transformers specifically designed to be directly connected to a furnace; Transformers specifically designed for offshore applications and floating offshore applications Transformers specially designed for emergency installations Transformers and auto-transformers specifically designed for railway feeding systems Earthing or grounding transformers : Three-phase transformers intended to provide a neutral point for system grounding purposes Traction transformers mounted on rolling stock: Transformers connected to an AC or DC contact line, directly or through a converter, used in fixed installations of railway applications; Starting ti transformers, specifically designed for starting ti three-phase h induction motors so as to eliminate supply voltage dips

Limitation of scope of appliance 2/2 Out of scope Testing transformers: specifically designed to be used in a circuit to produce a specific voltage or current for the purpose of testing electrical equipment Welding transformers: specifically designed for use in arc welding equipment or resistance welding equipment Transformers specifically designed for explosion-proof and underground mining applications Transformers specifically designed for deep water (submerged) applications Medium Voltage (MV) to Medium Voltage (MV) interface transformers up to 5 MVA Large power transformers 1 where it is demonstrated that for a particular application, technically feasible alternatives are not available to meet the minimum efficiency requirements set out by this Regulation; Large power transformers 1 which are like for like replacements in the same physical location/installation for existing large power transformers, where this replacement cannot be achieved without entailing disproportionate costs associated to their transportation and/or installation

Comparisons to Currently Supplied Liquid Immersed p y pp q Distribuition Transformers 1000kVA

Comparisons to Currently Supplied Liquid Immersed p y pp q Distribuition Transformers 2000kVA

Comparisons to Currently Supplied Liquid Immersed Distribuition Transformers 3150kVA Typical Dimensions Oil Filled Free Breathing Ground Mounted Cable Connected ECO LOSS TRANSFORMERS Transformer Rating Length (mm) Basic dimensions and weights of transformers Width (mm) Height (mm) Total Weight L W H With Oil (kg) 315kVA 1720 960 1710 1710 500kVA 1720 1120 1710 2500 800kVA 1720 1080 1710 3300 1000kVA 1720 1320 1710 3650 1250kVA 1720 1210 1710 4050 1500kVA 1720 1370 1710 4450 1600kVA 1720 1370 1710 4500 2000kVA 1720 1450 1850 5000 INDUSTRIAL LOSS TRANSFORMERS Transformer Rating Length (mm) Basic dimensions and weights of transformers Width (mm) Height (mm) Total Weight L W H With Oil (kg) 315kVA 1680 1085 1700 1840 500kVA 1680 1170 1700 2130 800kVA 1740 1245 1700 2730 1000kVA 1740 1310 1700 2970 1250kVA 1740 1550 1830 3630 1500kVA 1740 1830 1830 3970 1600kVA 1740 1910 1830 4150 2000kVA 1740 1880 1960 4860

Comparisons to Currently Supplied Liquid Immersed Distribuition Transformers 3150kVA Typical Price Indications Oil Filled Free Breathing Ground Mounted Cable Connected Industrial Losses Low Loss Extra Low Loss ECO Loss 500kVA 1000kVA 1500kVA 2000kVA 8,500 10,500 12,000 11,250 10,750 14,750 16,250 15,000 13,750 17,250 18,250 20,000 16,250 22,500 23,750 24,500

Comparisons to Currently Supplied Cast Resin Distribuition Transformers 1600kVA Typical Dimensions Cast Resin Ground Mounted Cable Connected IP00 ECO LOSS TRANSFORMERS Transformer Rating Length (mm) L Basic dimensions and weights of transformers Width (mm) Height (mm) W H Total Weight (kg) 250kVA 1270 680 1340 1140 315kVA 1290 800 1410 1260 400kVA 1320 800 1510 1460 500kVA 1370 800 1530 1640 630kVA 1410 800 1660 1880 800kVA 1530 800 1720 2400 1000kVA 1620 950 1880 3020 1250kVA 1700 950 1940 3600 1600kVA 1830 950 2140 4180 STANDARD LOSS TRANSFORMERS Transformer Rating Length (mm) L Basic dimensions and weights of transformers Width (mm) Height (mm) W H Total Weight (kg) 250kVA 1180 650 1200 960 315kVA 1220 795 1350 1100 400kVA 1375 795 1330 1210 500kVA 1370 795 1430 1540 630kVA 1450 820 1530 1640 800kVA 1510 835 1670 2040 1000kVA 1525 945 1675 2125 1250kVA 1605 945 1860 2580 1600kVA 1665 945 2035 3210

Comparisons to Currently Supplied Cast Resin Distribuition Transformers 1600kVA Typical Price Indications Cast Resin Ground Mounted Cable Connected IP00 Standard Losses ECO Loss 250kVA 500kVA 1000kVA 1250kVA 1600kVA 4,395 5,994 5,787 7,349 8,071 11,611 9,031 13,424 10,710 16,281

Summary ECO Regulation came into force as of 11th June 2014 Two Stages of implemtation 2015 and 2021 Maximum Loss Levels / Minimum Efficiency levels defined Implications on Price and Dimensions / Weights Transformers (except for those that are exempt) will be required to be ECO compliant after 1st July 2015 Transfomers Placed On The Market prior to 1st July 2015 can be sold Transfomers Placed On The Market prior to 1st July 2015 can be sold, supplied, energised after the 1st July 2015 without regard to the Regulation

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