The Periodic Table of the Elements 1 18 1 2 H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He 1.0079 4.0026 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.01218 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.9898 24.305 26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066 35.4527 39.948 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.88 50.9415 51.9961 54.9381 55.847 58.9332 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.8 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.4578 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.94 98.9063 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.868 112.411 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.6 126.905 131.29 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.905 137.327 138.906 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.207 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.967 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.98 208.982 209.987 222.018 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 Fr Ra Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une 223.02 226.025 227.028 - - - - - - 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140.12 140.91 144.24 146.92 150.35 151.96 157.25 158.92 162.5 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinides Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232.038 231.04 238.03 237.05 239.05 241.06 247.07 249.08 251.08 254.09 257.1 258.1 255 262.1 Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements QUIZ THURSDAY Oct 20 Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 2 1
The Periodic Table of the Elements QUIZ Thurs Oct 20 Provide the names of the following elements: Mg Br Na Fe Pt Se Sb Etc Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 3 Prefixes-Memorize Prefix Name Number Mega M 10 6 Kilo k 10 3 Deci d 10-1 Centi c 10-2 Milli m 10-3 Micro µ 10-6 Nano n 10-9 Pico p 10-12 Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 4 2
Units Science uses METRIC (or SI) units, not ENGLISH Quantity Common SI Unit Mass 1 pound 453.6 grams (g) Length 1 inch 2.54 centimeters (cm) Volume 1 quart 0.946 liters (L) Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 5 Temperature Process Fahrenheit ( F) Celsius ( C) Kelvin (K) Water Boils 212 100 373.15 Water Freezes 32 0 273.15 Absolute Zero -459.67-273.15 0 CONVERSIONS: Degrees F = 1.8 x Celsius + 32 Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15 Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 6 3
Problem: Derived units The density of gasoline is 0.78 g/ ml. What is the mass (in kg) of 1 gallon of gasoline? There are 3.79 liters in one gallon. Set up the problem without solving it. Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 7 Solution: Mass = 1 gallon 3.79 L 1000 ml 0.78 g kg 1gallon 1L ml 1000 g Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 8 4
Significant figures Rules: 1. Nonzero digits are always significant 5.345 has 4 sig. figs Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 9 Significant figures Rules: 2. Zeros: a. leading zeros do not count - 0.0025 has 2 sig.fig. b. zeros in between ("captive zeros") do count - 0.2005 has 4 sig.fig. c. trailing zeros count only if the number contains a decimal point Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 10 5
Significant figures trailing zeros count only if the number contains a decimal point examples: 100 has 1 sig. fig. 1.00 x 10 2 has 3 sig.figs 100. has 3 sig.figs Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 11 Significant figures Rules: 3. Exact numbers count as infinite # of sig.fig. example: Say we make 4 measurements of the mass of a cigar and we get: 125 g, 126 g, 127 g, and 128 g. What is the average? Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 12 6
Significant figures Answer: Average = (125 + 126 + 127 + 128)/4 = 126.5 g There are only 3 sig.figs in the numbers and 4 (the number of measurements) is an "exact" number. It does not limit the number of sig.figs, so the mass of the cigar we should report is = 126 Why not 127? Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 13 Rounding In this course, if you have to eliminate 5 in a rounding operation, always round so that the final answer is even: 126.5 rounds (down) to 126 127.5 rounds (up) to 128 What about 126.52? This number is closer to 127 than it is to 126, so it rounds up to 127. Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 14 7
Problem: arithmetic with significant figures Four samples are weighed, giving values of 2.397, 951, 0.001173, and 112.55 grams, respectively. What is the number of significant digits that should be used when reporting the total mass? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) none of the above Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 15 Solution: 2.397 951 0.001173 112.55 1065.948173 = 1066 g (4 significant digits) (if multiplied, the answer is = 300.948416 = 301, only 3 significant digits) Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 16 8
Problem: dimensional analysis The biological warfare agent Botulinum toxin has a molecular weight of 150,000 g/mol. It takes approximately 0.1 µg of the toxin to kill an average person. How many grams would be needed to kill 300 million people? a) 15,000 kg, enough to fit in a tank car b) 1500 g, enough to fit in a suitcase c) 300 g, enough to fit in a soda can d) 30 g, enough to fit in an aspirin bottle e) none of the above Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 17 Problem: dimensional analysis The biological warfare agent Botulinum toxin has a molecular weight of 150,000 g/mol. It takes approximately 0.1 µg of the toxin to kill an average person. How many grams would be needed to kill 300 million people? 0.1µg person 300x106 persons 1g 10 6 µg = 30g Answer: (d) Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 18 9
Accuracy and Precision ACCURACY = how close a measured value is to the true value. PRECISION = how close you come to a given value on each measurement (i.e. reproducibility). Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 19 Errors in Measurements Random (indeterminate) noise, like tossing a coin. Systematic (determinate) - something you can figure out. Example: using a tennis ball launcher pointed at the wrong spot. If the ball launcher consistently hits a spot out of bounds, you would say that the instrument is precise (because it hits the same spot every time) but it is not very accurate (it doesn't land in the service court) and that it shows a systematic error (it lands out of bounds but you can adjust the ball launching system so that it delivers the serve in bounds). Chem 6A Michael J. Sailor, UC San Diego 20 10