POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE 1 M A R G A R E T C A L L E J A
2 DEMOGRAPHY A social science Study of population Identified on composition, size and spatial distribution Comprises the dynamic processes of fertility, birth, death, marriage, migration and social mobility
POPULATION GROWTH 3 Theory of Demographic Regulation Deriving from Charles Darwin s balance of nature principle Try to keep population equilibrium Reason: to keep a balance with resources The Demographic Book-keeping Equation states that: P t = P o + B D + I O The formula implies that: P t = Population at time t P o = Population at an earlier time o B = Births between time o and time t D = Deaths between time o and t I = In-migration / immigration between time o and t O = Out-migration / emigration between time o and t
4 POPULATION DENSITY Number of people per unit area, usually people per square kilometer
QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX 5 Refers to the component of development Two levels: basic level which involves measures such as access to water, food, health and education etc. higher levels which may include freedom of speech and religious worship
Quality of life index is measured by certain aspects of life such as... Infant mortality rate the number of deaths of infants below one year per every thousand live births Literacy defined by UNESCO as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed materials associated with varying contexts Life expectancy average number of years that individuals are expected to live depending on where and when they are born and spend their lives Housing number of people owing a house and to the standard of living of houses Economic activity types of jobs relating to sectors of the economy - primary sector : activities concerned with extraction or exploitation of raw materials - secondary sector manufacturing industries - tertiary sector providing services - quaternary sector types of economic activity involving high technology and information services 6
The Concepts of TIME and SPACE Operating through different Scales 7 GLOBAL REGIONAL LOCAL
LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES 8 G L O C A L I S A T I O N L O C A L G L O B A L R E L A T I O N S H I P B E T W E E N T H E L O C A L A N D T H E G L O B A L
PATTERNS ACTING AS TRIGGERING FACTORS 9 DEMOGRAPHIC HISTORICAL POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIAL CULTURAL TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION TRIGGER POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY
LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES L O C A L P R O C E S S E S P R O C E S S O F U R B A N I S A T I O N, S U B U R B A N I S A T I O N C H A N G E I N L I F E S T Y L E I N C R E A S E D S T A N D A R D O F L I V I N G C H A N G E I N J O B S F R O M P R I M A R Y A N D S E C O N D A R Y T O T E R T I A R Y A N D Q U A T E R N A R Y I N C R E A S E D C A R O W N E R S H I P M O R E A C C E S S I B I L I T Y E V O L U T I O N O F T R A N S P O R T N E T W O R K S G L O B A L P R O C E S S E S G L O B A L I S A T I O N E C O N O M I C P O L I T I C A L C U L T U R A L S O C I A L T E C H N O L O G I C A L 10
Essay On the Principle of Population 1798 11 THOMAS MALTHUS 1766-1834 otheory OF POPULATOIN RELATING TO RESOURCES otheory proposed a negative aspect of a large population ofood production increases arithmetically whereas population increases geomethrically otwo kind of checks are needed in order to maintain a balance in the population Preventive checks controls on birthrate such as abortion, contraception and prostitution Positive checks rise in mortality such as war, famine and disease
Theory of Agricultural Intensification 1965 & 1981 12 ESTER BOSERUP 1910-1999 THEORY RELATING TO HUMAN POPULATION AND RESOURCES Her theory proposed a positive aspect of a large population Identified a new form of agricultural intensification based on technology, population and land The technology factor was the focus of her theory Population growth is the trigger of technological change
13 FIRST DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION First Demographic Transition Explains population increases and decreases through variations in the birth rate and death rate Identifies four stages: Stage 1 fluctuating birth rates and death rates Stage 2 death rates start to drop as a result of improvements in medicine Stage 3 families start getting smaller as a result of improved social conditions Stage 4 birth rates level down to replacement levels
SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION 14 FIRST STAGE (1960-1970) Identifies the end of younger ages of marriage The baby boom of World War II ends Divorce starts to rise SECOND STAGE (1970-1985) Common-law unions start to evolve Children are born in cohabiting relationships instead of marriage THIRD STAGE (1985 onwards) Divorce reaches a high point Post-marital cohabitation increases - widowed persons do not marry again but cohabitate A high proportion of people start having children after the age of 30
15...ACTING AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX Processes resulting from the triggers of population growth and density...
MIGRATION 16. Population movements across space o In-migration and outmigration Daily or seasonal movements commuting;work;travel Forced famine;war;poverty Voluntary search for better jobs; education
MIGRATION TRIGGERS The processes of... 17 URBANISATION - a large proportion of the population lives in towns and cities people migrate from the rural to the urban Urbanisation Suburbanisation SUBURBANISATION - people migrate in the outer district within the commuting zone of the urban area Counterurbanisation COUNTERURBANISATION - people move away from large urban settlements migration from urban to rural
MALTESE POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY IN THE 2OTH CENTURY 18
Density comparison table 1995-2005 by district District MALTA Malta Gozo and Comino 19 1995 2005 Population per km 1,200 1,417 422 Population per km 1,285 1,517 452 Change 1995-2005 per km 85 100 29 Southern Harbour 3,186 3,097-89 Northern Harbour 4,920 4,967 47 South Eastern 1,019 1,184 165 Western 713 787 74 Northern 609 776 167 Gozo and Comino 422 452 29
Factors acting as measures on the quality of life inedx in the Maltese Islands POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY 14 censuses from 1842-2005 1842,1851,1861,1881,1891,1901,1911,1 921,1931,1957,1967,1985,1995, 2005 Population in 1842 114,499 Population in 2005 404,962 Doubled 3.5 times in 163 years 20 MEASURING THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX Health improved health facilities leading to a low infant mortality rate, life longevity Education high literacy rate, lifelong learning, higher percentage of a graduated workforce, high percentage of women working Housing rise in persons owing their own personal dwellings, increase in dwellings due a large number of persons living independently - second demographic transiton:rise in separation leads to an increase in single households Economic activity shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary and quaternary sectors
References 21 Bogue, D.J., (1969) Introduction to the Study of Demography in Principles of Demography (Chapter 1 pg 1); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York Bogue, D.J., (1969) Population Change and Its Components in Principles of Demography (Chapter 2 pg 37-38); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York Haggett, P., (2001) Ester Boserup and Agricultural Intensification in Geography A Global Synthesis (Chapter 9 pg 283); Pearson Education Limited, England Ogden, P., (1984) Migration and Urban Growth in Migration and Geographical Change (Chapter 4 pg 51); University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain Pacione, M., (2001) Urban Geography from local to global in Urban Geography ; 2nd ed. (Chapter 1 pgs4-5); Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Great Britain Winch, D., (1987) The Principle of Population in Malthus (Chapter 3 pg 19); Oxford University Press, Great Britain INTERNET SOURCES Census 2005 accessed on http://www.nso.gov.mt/docs/censusvol2.pdf Definitions of geography accessed on http://www.tuition.com.hk/geography on 15th March 2010
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 22