Design of Future Pumped Storage Hydropower in Norway Professor Ånund Killingtveit
2 Centre for environmental design of renewable energy CEDREN
1 184 367 550 733 916 1099 1282 1465 1648 1831 2014 2197 2380 2563 2746 2929 3112 3295 3478 3661 3844 4027 4210 4393 4576 4759 4942 5125 5308 5491 5674 5857 6040 6223 6406 6589 6772 6955 7138 7321 7504 7687 7870 8053 8236 8419 8602 Simulated Wind Power production in North-Sea Region Stadium 2030 94 000 MW installed capasity (Data from Trade Wind project) 90000,00 80000,00 70000,00 60000,00 50000,00 40000,00 30000,00 20000,00 10000,00 0,00 Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Wind and hydropower is a good match Professor Ånund Killingtveit
1 35 69 103 137 171 205 239 273 307 341 375 409 443 477 511 545 579 613 647 681 715 749 783 817 851 885 919 953 987 1021 1055 1089 1123 1157 1191 1225 1259 1293 1327 1361 1395 1429 1463 1497 1531 1565 1599 1633 1667 1701 1735 1769 1803 1837 1871 1905 1939 1973 2007 2041 2075 2109 2143 2177 + 30 000 MW Wind Power North-Sea Region - Jan March 2001 90000 80000 7 x 24 h 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000-30 000 MW 7 x 24 h 20000 7 x 24 h 10000 0
Large volumes of energy needs to be stored up to +/-5 TWh in each cycle 6 No existing storage technology in Europe can handle such volumes (Bulk storage) Can Norway contribute? How much? Cost? Studied in CEDREN projects HydroPEAK and HydroBALANCE
Some facts about Hydropower in Norway Total installed hydro generation capacity in Norway: 29 600 MW (2011) Total installed capacity in reservoir power stations 23 400 MW Total reservoir capacity: 84 TWh (or 62 bill. m 3 ) 70 % of the annual generation 50% of all hydropower storage in Europe (Energy) Average annual generation ca124 TWh Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Hydropower Plants in Norway
Some characteristics for Hydropower in Norway Typical Norwegian hydropower system layout Underground power stations Reservoirs and power plants interconnected by tunnels Many natural lakes used for storage High head Relatively low water flow Tunnels usually unlined Even pressure shafts unlined up to > 800m Tunnel size up to 140 m 2 Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Unlined pressure shafts and tunnels in Norway Some pilot projects
Hydropower Storage in Norway Often using existing natural lakes in combination with: Dams for raising storage above natural level Underwater lake piercing for lowering reservoir below natural level (> 600 such lake taps since 1890) Relatively inexpensive storage (when it was constructed) But today building new storage is always controversial Difficult to build new reservoirs Need to use existing reservoirs Need to find pairs of reservoirs with high head difference and large storage volumes within small distance Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Lake Totak in Telemark Natural reservoir Regulated 680-687.3 masl Reservoir volume 258 Mill.m 3 Reservoir area 37.3 km 2 Reservoir created by a small dam and lake tap at 15 m depth Connected both to reservoirs at higher (970 masl) and lower levels (460 masl)
The reservoir capacity of Lake Blåsjø is 7.8 TWh This is 1000 times storage in Goldisthal PSP in Germany
Status for Pumped Storage in Norway Few existing pumped storage plants today Mostly (Only?) for seasonal storage No need for daily pumped storage plants today (98% hydro) But what about the future? Pumped storage used for balancing unregulated renewables Wind Solar Small hydro Potential for development in Norway? Some design challenges
Potential for new Pumped-Storage Hydropower in Norway Many (> 100) systems with existing large Upper and Lower reservoir Many (>20) with both Upper and Lower reservoirs > 100 Mill.m3 Good rock quality makes tunnelling possible and cost-effective Many projects could be increased 1000-2500 MW (or more) Low environmental impact using only existing reservoirs Preliminary studies have identified that probably at least 20 000 MW new capacity could be developed 12 Projects have been studied in more detail Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Characteristics for future Pumped Storage Hydropower in Norway Will probably be using only existing reservoirs This will often give very long tunnel systems (5-50 km) Costs for Tunnels and Rock caverns will usually be dominating (> 50%) Using mainly unlined tunnels and pressure shafts Low water velocity and low friction losses Large volumes of rock excavation and deposition Peaking power or pumped storage can be built at relatively low cost 3000-6000 NKO/KW (500-1000 USD/KW) Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Case 1: Botsvatn - Vatnedalsvatn Average Head 200 m Max storage: 296 Mm3 Potential storage 150 GWh Upper reservoir: Vatnedalsvatn 700-840 m.a.s.l Volume: 1150 Mill m3 Distance: 13 km dh/dl = 15.4 m/km Lower reservoir: Botsvatn 495-551 m.a.s.l Volume: 296 Mill m3 Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Existing Tonstad power station 960 MW and 3600 GWh/year
Case new Tonstad Pumped Storage Plant (1000MW) Tonstad pumped storage plant: Two new turbines each 480 MW 14 000 meters of new tunnels Two steel lined shafts of 600 m each 125 m 3 /s each unit in turbineing mode 100 m 3 /s each unit in pumping mode
Design challenges Market What is the need? Selecting the best location (Cost, Environment, Transmission) Grid connection in Norway Grid connection to Europe Optimal layout of Hydraulic system minimizing losses Reversible turbines or separate pump and turbine? Environmental effects in reservoirs
? Environmental impacts in the reservoirs Professor Ånund Killingtveit
Summary - Pumped Storage Hydropower in Norway Many possible sites capacity from 250 to 2500 MW Using only existing reservoirs Capacity for bulk storage Up to 5000 GWh per cycle Potential for 20 000 MW (or more) Very long tunnel systems from 5 to 50 km Large volumes of water in movement what about stability during operation? Main challenges: Market, Environment, Transmission
Centre for Environmental Design of Renewable Energy CEDREN 23 http://www.cedren.no/