Teacher s Notes Types of reserves and protected areas Types of ecosystems Threatened species Threatened species some examples Contacts and websites
Teacher s Notes 1 Types of Reserves and Protected Areas in NSW Type of reserve purpose Managed by National parks Relatively large areas that protect unspoiled landscapes and native plants and animals. They are set aside for public education and usually offer visitor facilities. protect scenic and natural features conserve wildlife and ecosystems preserve Aboriginal and historic sites encourage scientific and educational enquiry provide outdoor recreation opportunities NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service () Nature reserves Areas of special scientific interest, established to conserve native plants and animals. Permits are required for entry and outdoor recreation is not permitted. propagation and conservation of wildlife preservation, conservation and study of natural environments and natural phenomena education and scientific research State recreation areas Large areas which have been set aside mainly for outdoor recreation purposes. They often contain important natural environments. provide a range of outdoor recreation opportunities maintain scenic values protect natural and cultural areas Regional parks Parks situated near urban centres, that offer recreational opportunities in open space and bushland. Their environments have often been largely altered since European occupation. provide open space and bushland for recreation opportunities protect and regenerate remnant bushland within urban centres Historic sites Areas that protect buildings, objects, monuments, landscapes or places of special significance in the history of NSW and Australia. Historic sites are generally open to visitors. conserve features of cultural significance provide educational opportunities for the public historic, archaeological and architectural research Aboriginal areas Places that are important to Aboriginal people, or sites that preserve Aboriginal culture. Aboriginal areas and sites may be located in national parks, state forests, crown land, or private property. preserve, protect and prevent damage and desecration to objects or Aboriginal places protect other features having cultural value to the Aboriginal community promote understanding of Aboriginal culture Karst conservation areas Above- and below-ground landforms of cave systems. These landforms can include surface features, caves and their decorative contents. preserve, protect and prevent damage to cave systems provide opportunities for education and research
Types of Reserves and Protected Areas in NSW Type of reserve purpose Managed by State parks Large areas of land set aside for a variety of recreation and nature study opportunities. Some have camping and low key accommodation. State forests Areas of natural forest and softwood and hardwood plantations dedicated for the supply of timber resources. Within State forests there is a system of flora reserves that provides special protection for areas considered to have high conservation values. Special areas Inner catchments surrounding the water storages for Sydney, Blue Mountains and Illawarra water supply. Special areas are virtually untouched areas of natural bushland which act as a natural filter for water entering storage dams. Marine parks Unique and outstanding marine areas, set aside to conserve aquatic plants and animals. Marine parks are divided into zones that allow different sustainable levels of commercial and recreational activities. Wilderness areas Large, remote areas of land which have remained essentially unchanged by modern human activity and are large enough to allow natural systems to develop and evolve without interference. World Heritage areas Areas ranked among the most important examples of natural and cultural heritage in the world. Protected by international convention, they are part of a global list of treasures that includes the Great Barrier Reef, Mount Everest, the pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China. provides a unique natural setting for affordable recreational and leisure experiences consistent with the protection and enhancement of natural, cultural and scenic values provide forest products on a sustainable basis provide opportunities for public recreation manage and protect water catchment areas protect and enhance quality of water catchment research conservation of aquatic animals, plants and habitats enhancement of research and recreation opportunities public education about the importance of conserving marine environments increased fisheries productivity protect landscapes, native plants and animals managed so that native plant and animal communities are disturbed as little as possible, eg horses, vehicles and bicycles are not permitted ensure the protection and conservation of natural and cultural heritage of international significance Department Of Lands State Forests of NSW The Sydney Catchment Authority and are jointly responsible The Marine Parks Authority, which is a joint management arrangement between the and NSW Fisheries and other organisations depending on location and land use
Teacher s Notes 2 Types of Ecosystems The What is a national park? poster includes seven general types of natural ecosystems. Semi-arid These ecosystems are found in western NSW and are characterised by low rainfall and high daytime temperatures that can drop substantially overnight. The plant species in these areas, including saltbush, mulga and river redgums, are drought tolerant and have adapted to poor soil and drainage. Grassland Grassy ecosystems are dominated by native grasses, often interspersed with native wildflowers. They may contain widely spaced tree cover or shrubs, creating a grassy woodland. Wetland Wetlands are found on land that is temporarily or permanently covered by fresh, brackish or saline water. Wetlands include rivers, streams, creeks, lakes, dams and ponds, billabongs, swamps, marshes, bogs, fens, lagoons, floodplains, estuaries and mangrove swamps. Woodland and forest Woodlands and forests are areas with trees, shrubs and grassy areas. Trees in woodlands and forests grow far enough apart to allow light to enter through the canopy to support a diverse shrub and groundcover layer. Woodlands and forests can be divided into dry sclerophyll and wet sclerophyll. The latter grows on moister soil, has taller and more closely spaced trees and a less obvious shrub layer. Alpine Alpine ecosystems occur in NSW at altitudes over 1800 metres where snow covers the ground for a substantial part of the year and it is too cold for trees to grow. The sub-alpine area immediately below this is distinguished by the predominance of snow gums. Rainforest Rainforest ecosystems grow where there is high rainfall and high soil moisture content. They have a closed canopy in which the interlocking branches and leaves at the top of tall trees completely shade the forest floor. Coastal Coastal ecosystems are found where the sea meets the land. They may involve rugged, eroded headlands, sand dunes, sandy beaches, saltmarsh, mangrove mud flats, coastal heath, seagrass beds, rocky shores, beaches and estuaries. They are influenced by the tides, waves and wind.
Teacher s Notes 3 Threatened Species A threatened species is any species of plant or animal that is facing possible extinction, is declining in numbers or is considered at risk. Considering the huge impact on our native biodiversity since European settlement, it is very important that every effort is put into saving plants and animals from extinction. Major threats to survival Every organism needs food and shelter. In addition to being eaten by another animal, the major factors that threaten the survival of native species are actions that destroy their habitats and food supplies. If these things are taken away from plants or animals they will die. On a large scale it becomes a threat to the species survival. Major threats to the survival of our native animals and plants. Loss and disturbance of habitat, such as: land clearing vegetation removal bush rock removal timber removal over grazing by introduced animals, eg rabbits, sheep, cattle, goats invasion by weeds high frequency fire pollution of soil and water Predation by introduced animals, such as: foxes pigs goats mosquito fish cats dogs rats starlings cane toads The term threatened covers different categories of animals, plants, populations and ecological communities. Presumed extinct are species that have been searched for but not seen for more than 50 years (40 animals and 38 plants species are currently presumed extinct in NSW). Endangered species means the species is likely to become extinct or is in immediate danger of extinction if threats continue (about 76 animal and 300 plant species are currently endangered in NSW). Vulnerable species means that the species is likely to become endangered if the factors threatening its survival or continue (168 animals and over 200 plants species are currently vulnerable in NSW). The Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 provides additional protection for threatened species and their habitats, and promotes their recovery and the abatement of threats. In NSW there are currently over 700 species of animals and plants listed as threatened under the Threatened Species Act.
Teacher s Notes 4 Threatened Species - Some Examples Presumed extinct Bilby Bilbies are marsupials and the largest of the bandicoot family. They are covered in silky, grey fur, have a long snout and a slender tongue. Up until the 1930s, the bilby was common in the drier parts of NSW. Their decline, due to habitat destruction by cattle and rabbits as well as from predation by cats, dingoes and foxes, was sudden and dramatic. The bilby is now presumed extinct in NSW. Its range was once 70% of mainland Australia, and is now reduced to isolated pockets in the Northern Territory and Queensland. Paradise parrot The highly coloured paradise parrot was highly prized and many were captured. Sale of the parrot and its export to England was one factor in its decline. Another factor was by the reduction in the growth of native grass seeds caused by drought and heavy grazing by cattle this led to the bird s starvation or failure to breed. The paradise parrot dug chambers in termite mounds as nest sites, and this made them easy to capture. Once found in Queensland and northern NSW, the paradise parrot has not been seen since the early decades of the 1900s. Endangered species Malleefowl Once common in the mallee country, the malleefowl has had to cope with major threats over the years, including clearing of its habitat and predation by foxes. Not surprisingly, it has been disappearing at an alarming rate and is now classed as endangered. Wollemi Pine The wollemi pine is a living fossil because it belongs to a genus of plants previously known only as fossils that date back to the age of the dinosaurs, 150 million years ago. It is a 30 metre high tree that is only found in sheltered rainforest gorges in the rugged mountainous Wollemi National Park. It is one of the world s rarest species with only 43 adult trees known in three small stands. The major threats to the wollemi pine are people visiting the site where they grow, potential diseases and catastrophic fire. Vulnerable Koala An Australian icon and on the must-see list of every overseas visitor, the koala has quite specific habitat requirements. It needs particular types of forest with particular species mix of eucalypts. Studies in the 1980s showed that the koala had disappeared from 50-75 per cent of its range. Loss and fragmentation of habitat is the prime cause. Some populations also have added threats from disease, fire, drought, dogs and vehicles. The koala is now considered vulnerable. If threats continue, the koala is likely to become endangered. Red-crowned toadlet This small frog has a red t-shaped pattern on the top of its head. It can be found in restricted areas of mid-eastern NSW, generally near ridge tops in steep escarpment areas, plateaus and low undulating ranges. It lives under flat sandstone rocks, under logs, in damp loamy soils and leaf litter. Due to threats such as high frequency fire, bush rock removal, expanding urbanisation and habitat degradation, disease and water pollution, this species is now considered vulnerable. Many more examples of threatened species can be found on various websites listed in the following section.
Teacher s Notes 5 CONTACT DETAILS NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service For information on national parks contact the National Parks Centre 102 George Street, The Rocks Ph 1300 361 967 email: info@nationalparks.nsw.gov.au www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au State Parks www.stateparks.nsw.gov.au Environmental Education Centres, NSW Department of Education and Training Information on each environmental education and zoo education centre can be found at: www.curriculumsupport.nsw.edu.au/enviroed/index.cfm Environment Australia (manages commonwealth national parks) www.ea.gov.au/parks/commonwealth/index.html NSW Aboriginal Land Council Contact details for regional land councils can be found at: www.alc.org.au/about/organisation/ralcs/ralcs.html WEBSITES General resources: NSW Board of Studies resources list for State and national parks unit www.bosnswk6.nsw.edu.au/hsie/resourcelist/k6hsie_s2_nparks.html Department of Education and Training Environmental Education Policy for Schools www.curriculumsupport.nsw.edu.au/enviroed/files/env_ee_policy.pdf Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife www.fnpw.com.au Animal factsheets: Australian Museum Wildlife of Sydney www.wildlife.faunanet.gov.au/index.html Australian Museum general factsheets www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/index.htm wildlife fact sheets www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/content/native+animal+fact+sheets+by+title Backyard Buddies www.backyardbuddies.net.au Threatened species information Community Biodiversity Network www.nccnsw.org.au/member/cbn/projects/educationcentre/index.html Environment Australia threatened species fact sheets www.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/information/ factsheets/index.html threatened species profiles www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/content/threatened+species+publications Threatened Species Network factsheets www.wwf.org.au/default.asp?p=../tsn/index.htm Biodiversity NSW Environment Protection Authority biodiversity page www.epa.nsw.gov.au/envirom/biodiversity.htm Australian Museum biodiversity page www.austmus.gov.au/biodiversity/
GLOSSARY Aboriginal cultural heritage the culture, traditions and relationship with the natural world which belongs to members of the Aboriginal community and is passed from one generation to the next. Aboriginal site any place which has the remains of Aboriginal occupation or is of contemporary significance to the Aboriginal community. archaeology the study of any culture by excavation and description of its remains. artefact an object made by humans and used for a specific purpose. biodiversity the variety of all living things on Earth. boardwalk a raised walkway built to protect the surrounding environment. brush cutter a hand-held electric or petrol-driven machine used for cutting underbrush and small shrubs. culture the body of beliefs, attitudes, skills and tools by which communities structure their lives and interact with their environment. cultural heritage the value people have given to items through their associations with those items, such as cultural practices, knowledge, songs, stories, art, buildings, paths and human remains. When natural elements of the landscape acquire meaning for a particular group, they may become cultural heritage. These may include landforms, flora, fauna and minerals. (the) Dreaming the embodiment of Aboriginal creation that gives meaning to everything: the essence of Aboriginal belief about creation and spiritual and physical existence. ecosystem a community of plants and animals interacting with one another and the surrounding environment. endangered at risk of becoming extinct. environment the combination of all the conditions that influence the life of an individual or population: the natural environment, built environment and social/cultural environment. European settlement settlement of Australia after the arrival of the First Fleet from England. extinct a species with no living representative. facility a building or complex of buildings designed for a specific purpose. fauna animals. feral a plant or animal that is a pest. flora plants. GPS global positioning system. A tool that can determine and display its geographical location (latitude and longitude) by measuring the distance to several satellites. habitat the place where a plant or animal naturally lives or grows. historic heritage all sites, places and cultural landscapes that contain examples of the cultural heritage (physical and non-physical) of human occupation and settlement after the arrival of non-indigenous people in Australia (including both non-indigenous and Aboriginal cultural heritage). historic site areas that protect buildings, objects, monuments, landscapes or events of national significance. landforms the features that make up the surface of the earth, such as mountains, valleys, plains, rivers, canyons. national park an area of land set aside for the protection and conservation of natural and cultural heritage. native environments, plants and animals that are original inhabitants in an area. nature conservation conserving the natural environment by protecting biodiversity and maintaining ecological processes and life support systems. pest a plant or animal that is troublesome, destructive and a nuisance. population the total number of people, animals or plants living in a particular area. predation the hunting or preying of one animal upon another. protected areas areas that are set aside for conservation purposes. species a distinct sort of plant or animal, having a unique set of common characteristics. state park an area of land that is reserved for outdoor recreation activities in a natural setting. sustainable development development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. threatened species A plant or animal that is facing possible extinction; threatened species may be classed as either vulnerable, endangered or presumed extinct. Threatened Species Conservation Act a law that protects biodiversity and aims to prevent extinction of threatened species by protecting them and controlling processes that threaten them. totem an object or thing in nature that is the token or emblem of an Aboriginal person or group. two-way radio a radio system in which two people can talk to one another from separate locations. vulnerable species a threatened species that is at lower risk of extinction than an endangered species. weeds a plant that grows in the wrong place and is a nuisance.