. Describing where volcanoes and earthquakes occur pages, 4 When you are writing descriptions, you should use the Report Genre of writing. Reports are factual texts that present information about what something is like clearly and in an organised way. Discuss the key vocabulary you might need for each part of the report. Write these terms down in the right-hand column of the table below. Good geographical descriptions include: l named countries, continents and oceans to locate the features l compass orientations to help describe the patterns, e.g. north south, east west. Add these to the correct boxes in this column. Use the key vocabulary to help you complete the writing frame in the left-hand column of the table. Once you have drafted your report, copy it up neatly. Report Plan Title: A description of Report Framework b lassification or Generalisation: what is the focus? b Description:what are the important features you need to describe? b Summarising comment. Structure Opening generalisation: The map shows that volcanoes and earthquakes occur Key vocabulary Description: Belts of volcanoes and earthquakes can be found They can also occur and In some places volcanoes occur without earthquakes, for example Earthquakes and volcanoes are not found Summarising comment I can sum up the main points above by saying that
.4 Maps from memory pages, 4 4
.5 Why do volcanoes and earthquakes occur where they do? pages, 4 You are going to compare where earthquakes and volcanoes occur with active zones found on the edges of tectonic plates. 4 ut out the cards below. olour the cards that are about the world pattern of earthquakes and volcanoes in red. Then colour those that are about tectonic plates and active zones in blue. hoose a red card containing one fact about earthquakes and volcanoes. Now find a blue card with a fact about tectonic plates and active zones that can be linked with it. Use Figure A on page and Figure A on page 4 of the and an atlas to help you. Use your pairs of statements to write a comparison of where earthquakes and volcanoes and active zones can be found. Finish with a sentence that starts: This comparison suggests that volcanoes and earthquakes are caused when In places, the North American and the Pacific Plates are moving past one another.! Many earthquakes happen in the Himalayan Mountains to the north of India. The east coasts of North and South America are not close to active zones. There is an active zone where the Nazca and the South American Plates move together.! Volcanoes and earthquakes occur along the west coast of North America. A belt of volcanoes and earthquakes is located along the west coast of South America. Active zones are found around the edges of many of the world s tectonic plates. The North American and Eurasian plates are moving away from one another.! Many volcanoes and earthquakes are clustered together on islands and continents around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Volcanoes can be found in a line running north to south, down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in linear patterns in some parts of the world. Australia is found in the middle of the Indo-Australian Plate. There are no volcanoes or earthquakes on the east coast of North or South America. Around the edge of the Pacific Plate is an active zone called the ring of fire. Volcanoes and earthquakes are not found in Australia. The Eurasian and Indo-Australian Plates are moving towards each other. 5
!.6 What are volcanoes? page 5 ut out the nouns and adjectives printed at the bottom of this sheet. Look at the photograph of a volcanic eruption on the island of Heimaey on page 5 of the Student Book. hoose fifteen word cards that describe features shown on the photograph. Place each one on the appropriate area. Add at least three labels of your own. The outline sketch right was drawn from the photograph of Heimaey. reate a wordscape by carefully writing in the words you have chosen. Try to shape each word to fit its space. steam suffocating! molten lava volcanic cone sea ice-cold hot dangerous crowded port flat land evaporation populated distant dark black modern ash cloud settlement hilly white hissing active lava flow vent grey threatening rumbling Extension 6 4 reate a wordscape for a photograph of the area around a dormant or extinct volcano. H
.7a What happens when a volcano erupts? page 6 The activities on Activity Sheets.7a d will help you produce a brochure for the Angeles ity Tourist Information Office about the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 99. A hot gas and ash cloud 0km high Main vent The base of the volcano is about 0km across. Layers of lava and ash from previous eruptions provide soils that are good for farming. A cross-section through Mount Pinatubo showing what happened during the eruption A flow of hot rocks, ash and gases Magma chamber a store of molten rock inside the Earth A crater the funnel-shaped hollow at the top of the vent Volcanic bombs hot rocks thrown into the air Although the diagram shows that Mount Pinatubo caused many hazards when it erupted, thousands of people still choose to live near it because 4 5 Rule straight lines to link the text boxes to appropriate places on the diagram. olour in red the boxes which give information about how the volcano caused a hazard to people and places in the Philippines. olour in blue the boxes which give information that explains why so many people lived on Mount Pinatubo s slopes. Are there more red or blue boxes? What does this suggest? omplete the text box below the diagram to explain why so many people live close to Mount Pinatubo even though it can cause hazards that may kill or injure people. Words Matter Hazard a risk that may involve danger for people and places 7
.7b What happens when a volcano erupts? page 9 The activities on Activity Sheets.7a d will help you produce a brochure for the Angeles ity Tourist Information Office about the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 99. Use the satellite image on page 9 of Geography Matters to colour in the map above. It should show how the area around Pinatubo was affected by the eruption. Make sure you colour in the key as well. The American Air Force base Dust and ash One of the annotation boxes around the map has already been filled in for you. omplete the other five boxes, giving information about the effects of the eruption on the area. Draw straight lines to link the text boxes to appropriate places on the map. Lahars or mudflows spilled into the South hina Sea. Rain mixed with the ash to create lahars which flowed An annotated map showing the effects of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo Mount Pinatubo s new crater lake Words Matter Annotate label a map, sketch or text with notes about important features KEY Main crater and crater lake South hina Sea Ash lark Air Base Lahars (mudflows) Angeles ity Highland 0 0km Angeles ity 8
.7c What happens when a volcano erupts? page 6 The activities on Activity Sheets.7a d will help you produce a brochure for the Angeles ity Tourist Information Office about the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 99. Use the story board boxes to help you organise your information to show the different ways in which the eruption affected the area. Fill in the during the eruption boxes using information from the story-telling session. Fill in the before and after boxes using information on pages 6 9 of Geography Matters. Add more information to the during boxes if you can. Deaths, injuries, homes People s jobs, businesses Settlements: roads, 4 The countryside and and people s feelings and farmland buildings, communications wildlife Before the eruption During the eruption After the eruption 9
.7d What happens when a volcano erupts? page 6 Follow the stages below to write information for the tourist brochure about the Mount Pinatubo area before, during and after the eruption. When you are writing an account of what happened, you should use the Recount Genre of writing. Number the boxes in the story board on sheet.7c so that they are in a logical sequence that gives the events in the order they occurred. Write your first draft using the information in the story board boxes. l Include three sections:before, during and after the eruption. l Use the starting and connecting words in the box below to begin sentences and to link information in and between text boxes. l Make information about the people, buildings / settlements, jobs and countryside clear by highlighting these words when you use them. When you have drafted your recount, copy it neatly into your brochure. help! Use this recount framework when you need to retell events in order to inform someone. Remember to write in the past tense. J Scene setting / opening: Mount Pinatubo had not erupted for over 600 years until J Recount of the events in the order they occurred: Before Pinatubo erupted The first thing that happened as the volcano erupted J losing statement: Today the area around Mount Pinatubo Starting and connecting words and phrases for recounts Starting Listing and connecting In words addition and... phrases for recounts Firstly (first)... Another... Secondly... Following this... Next... ause and effect Finally...... so... In the first place...... as a result of... To begin with...... because... Before... This means that... Previously...... due to... Later...... therefore...... this caused... Adding... and...... also...... too... as well as...... and then... ontrasting... however...... on the other hand...... although...... despite this... Emphasising mainly mostly usually unfortunately Examples For example,... For instance,...... such as...... as can be seen (when)...... as shown by... Rephrasing In other words... That is to say... To put it more simply... oncluding, summary In conclusion,... In summary,... To sum up,... Overall,... On the whole,... Finally,... 0