Math HW #0 Solutions. Exercise 4.5.4. Use the guidelines of this section to sketch the curve Answer: Using the quotient rule, y = x x + 9. y = (x + 9)(x) x (x) (x + 9) = 8x (x + 9). Since the denominator is always positive, the sign of y is the same as the sign of the numerator. Therefore, y < 0 when x < 0 and y > 0 when x > 0. Hence, y is decreasing for x < 0, y is increasing for x > 0 and, by the first derivative test, y has a local minimum of 0 at x = 0. Taking the second derivative using the quotient rule, y = (x + 9) (8) 8x((x + 9)(x)) (x + 9) 4 = 8 (x + 9) ( 4x ) (x + 9) 4 = 8 4x (x + 9). Notice that y is positive for < x < and y is negative for x < and x >. Hence, y is concave down on (, /) and (/, ), y is concave up on ( /, /), and both / and / are inflection points. Finally, notice that and, likewise lim x lim x x x + 9 = lim x x x + 9 = lim x + 9/x = + 9/x =, so y has a horizontal asymptote at y = in both directions. Putting all the above information together yields a sketch of the curve:.5.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 0-5 -0-5 0 5 0 5 0
. Exercise 4.5.8. Use the guidelines of this section to sketch the curve Answer: Using the quotient rule: y = sin x + cos x. y = ( + cos x) cos x sin x( sin x) ( + cos x) = cos x + cos x + sin x ( + cos x) = cos x + ( + cos x). Since the denominator is always non-negative, the sign of y is the same as the sign of the numerator, cos x +. Thus, y < 0 when cos x + < 0, meaning when cos x <, which occurs when π < x < 4π or 8π < x < 0π or, in general, when (6n+)π < x < (6n+4)π for some integer n. Therefore, y is decreasing on the intervals ( (6n + )π, 6 + 4)π ) and increasing everywhere else. Also, from the first derivative test, we see that y has local maxima at x = (6n+)π and local minima at x = (6n+4)π. Using the quotient rule again, y = ( + cos x) ( sin x) ( cos x + )(( + cos x)( sin x)) ( + cos x) 4 4 sin x sin x cos x + 4 sin x cos x + sin x = ( + cos x) ( + cos x) 4 sin x(cos x ) = ( + cos x) Since the denominator is non-negative, the sign of y is the same as the sign of the numerator, sin x(cos x ). In turn, since cos x is always non-positive, the sign of the numerator is opposite the sign of sin x. Therefore, y < 0 (meaning y is concave down) when sin x > 0, which happens when x is above the x-axis; i.e. when nπ < x < (n + )π for any integer n. Likewise, y > 0 (and, thus, y is concave up) when x is below the x-axis; that is, when (n + )π < x < (n + )π for any integer n. Since y changes sign at such points, we see that y has inflection points at x = nπ for any integer n. Putting all this together should give a sketch like:. Exercise 4.7.. A box with a square base and open top must have a volume of, 000 cm. Find the dimensions of the box that minimize the amount of material used. Answer: We will use the surface area of the box as a proxy for the amount of material used, so we want to minimize the surface area for the given volume.
0.5 5-4 - - - 0 4 5-0.5 - To that end, let x denote the length of the sides on the base, and let h be the height of the box. Then the volume of the box is given by Since the V =, 000, we have that V = x h., 000 = x h, or h =, 000 x. Now, the surface area of the box is (since it has an open top): A = x + 4xh = x, 000 + 4x x = x + 8, 000. x In other words, our goal is to minimize the function A(x) = x + 8,000 x. Note that A 8, 000 (x) = x x, so we have a critical point when Multiplying both sides by x yields 0 = x Hence, x = 64, 000, meaning that x = 40. 8, 000 x. 0 = x 8, 000. Note that A (x) = + 56,000 x, so A (40) = 4 > 0, so x = 40 is a minimum of the function A. Therefore, the box uses the minimum amount of materials when x = 40 and h =,000 40 = 0.
4. Exercise 4.7.0. A Norman window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle (Thus the diameter of the semicircle is equal to the width of the rectangle. Se Exercise 56 on page.) If the perimeter of the window is 0 ft, find the dimensions of the window so that the greatest possible amount of light is admitted. Answer: Let x denote half the width of the rectangle (so x is the radius of the semicircle), and let h denote the height of the rectangle. Then the perimeter of the window is Since the perimeter is 0, we have that y + x + (πx) = y + ( + π)x. y = 0 ( + π)x ( = 5 + π ) x. Therefore, the area of the window (which is proportional to the amount of light admitted), is given by A = (x)y + (πx ) = xy + πx. Substituting the above value for y yields [ ( A(x) = x 5 + π ) ] x + πx ( = 0x + π ) x. This is the quantity we re trying to maximize, so take the derivative and find the critical points: ( A (x) = 0 + π ) x = 0 (4 + π)x. Therefore, A (x) = 0 when 0 (4 + π)x = 0 or, equivalently, when x = 0 4 + π 4.. [ ] 5 Since the domain of A is 0, +π/ (since both x and y must be non-negative), we evaluate A at the critical point and the endpoints: A(0) = 0 ( ) 0 A 6.0 4 + π ( ) 5 A 5.5 + π/ Therefore, the maximum comes at the critical point x = 0 4+π 4., which implies the other dimension yielding maximum area is ( y = 5 + π ) 0 4 + π 4.. Hence, the window allowing maximal light in is the one with square base. 4
5. Exercise 4.7.58. The manager of a 00-unit apartment complex knows from experience that all units will be occupied if the rent is $800 per month. A market survey suggests that, on average, one additional unit will remain vacant for each $0 increase in rent. What rent should the manager charge to maximize revenue? Answer: First, we want to determine the price (or demand) function p(x). Assuming it is linear, we know that y = p(x) passes through the point (00, 800) (corresponding to the building being full when $800/month is charged), so we just need to determine the slope of the line. price slope = occupancy = +0 = 0. Therefore, we want the equation of the line of slope 0 passing through (00, 800): or, equivalently, Therefore, p(x) = 0x + 800. y 800 = 0(x 00) y = 0x + 800. Now, revenue equals the price charged (in this case, p(x)) times the number if units rented (x), so R(x) = xp(x) = x( 0x + 800) = 0x + 800x. We want to maximize R, so we find the critical points: so R (x) = 0 when R (x) = 0x + 800, 0 = 0x + 800. Therefore, the single critical point occurs when x = 800 0 = 90. Since R (x) = 0, we see that R is concave down everywhere and so the absolute maximum of the function R must occur at this critical point. This says that the manager maximizes his revenue when he has 90 tenants, which means he ought to charge to rent a unit. p(90) = 0(90) + 800 = 900 + 800 = $900 per month 6. Exercise 4.7.68. A rain gutter is to be constructed from a metal sheet of width 0 cm by bending up one-third of the sheet on each side through an angle θ. How should θ be chosen so that the gutter will carry the maximum amount of water? Answer: The amount of water that the gutter can carry is proportional to the area of a cross section of the gutter. If h is the height that the tip of one of the bent-up segments rises above the base, then the cross-sectional area is ( ) A = 0h + bh. 5
Now, by the definition of the sine, sin θ = h, so h = 0 sin θ. 0 Likewise, Therefore, cos θ = b, so b = 0 cos θ. 0 A(θ) = 0(0 sin θ) + (0 sin θ)(0 cos θ) = 00 sin θ + 00 sin θ cos θ. This is the function we re trying to maximize, so differentiate and find critical points: A (θ) = 00 cos θ + 00(sin θ( sin θ) + cos θ(cos θ)) = 00(cos θ sin θ + cos θ). Using the fact that sin θ + cos θ =, we can write sin θ = cos θ, so A (θ) = 00(cos θ ( cos θ)+cos θ) = 00( cos θ+cos θ ) = 00( cos θ )(cos θ+). Therefore, A (θ) = 0 when or, equivalently, when either 00( cos θ )(cos θ + ) = 0 cos θ = or cos θ =. Thus, θ = π or θ = π. Now, θ can range from 0 to π, so we just plug in critical points and endpoints into the area function: A(0) = 0 A(π/) = 00 A(π) = 0. + 00 = 00 4 9.9 Therefore, the gutter can carry the maximum amount of water when θ = π/. 6