1. A NOUN is a word that names a a. p - b. p - c. t - d. i /quality- The Super Noun 2. In a sentence, a noun functions or acts like a a. s or b. an o 3. Nouns as a Subject a. A s is who or what the sentence is about b. A noun is usually found in the first half of a sentence. 4. Nouns as an Object a. Nouns as objects take different forms b. Object of a Preposition- is a noun found at the end of a p phrase. c. Direct Object is found after an action verb, and it receives the action of the v d. Indirect Object is in a sentence with an action v and a direct o, and it answers the question, to whom? 5. Examples include: 1
Plural and Possessive Nouns 1. Nouns can be s or nouns can be p a. Singular means there is o of the noun. b. Plural means there is m t one of the noun. 2. Plural Nouns a. add - or - to the word, depending on the ending of the word. b. No apostrophe is used when making a word plural!!! c. 3. Irregular Plural Nouns- some nouns have irregular spellings when made plural. Examples include: 4. Possessive Nouns a. Possessive nouns show o or belonging. b. To make a singular noun show possession, one must add an Singula r Nouns Plural Nouns a and a to a singular noun or an irregular plural noun. c. Examples include: d. To show possession with a plural noun, one needs to add only an a to the end of the word. e. Examples include: 2
Action Verbs 1. An action verb is what the subject is d. a. Physical Action- b. Mental Action- 2. Transitive (Action) Verb a. A verb that has a direct object is known as a transitive verb, which means the verb shows action and has a noun or pronoun following it. b. This happens when a direct o follows a verb. A direct object is a n or pronoun that r the a of the verb. c. Examples include:. Verb Agreement 1. Verb agreement is when the verb and the subject of the sentence are the same n a. both are s or b. both are p. 2. Examples include:. Verb Tense 1. Verb tenses tell w the action (verb) takes place. They include p, p, and f. 2. In academic writing, the tense of the verb should stay the same for the entire piece. 3
State of Being Verbs 1. State of Being Verb a. A state-of-being verb is what the subject is, but this type of verb is inactive. It simply shows existence. b. The state of being verbs are the different forms of t b c. The verbs include: W W A A B B B I 2. The state of being verbs are used as either or verbs. But, Mom! I am doing something! I m existing! Linking Verbs 1. A Linking Verb is used to link the s of the sentence to a n or an adjective. 2. It is the only verb in the sentence. 3. These are intransitive verbs because they do NOT take a direct object because they have no action. They are verbs of being or existing. 4. Examples include: 3. The nouns or adjectives to which the subject is linked are known as the p adjectives and p nouns. These are also called subject complements. 4. Examples include: 4
Helping Verbs 1. Helping verbs h a main verb do its job 2. Helping verbs are placed b other verbs to form v p 3. Helping verbs change the m or the tense of the main verb of the sentence (Example- Could have built, would build, may build) May Be Do Should Have Will Infinitive verbs 1. An infinitive is the word + a. 2. The two words together function as a. 3. Examples include Irregular Verbs Definition- Verb Present Past Past Participle To become become became become To keep keep kept kept To tell tell told told To forbid forbid forbade forbidden To forget forget forgot forgotten To strive strive strove striven To hurt hurt hurt hurt To wed wed wed wed To know know knew known To throw throw threw thrown 5
Troublesome Verbs Do not confuse these pairs of verbs. Use the chart at the bottom of the page to help you! 1. lie/lay a. Lie means to rest or recline. It does not take an object. b. Lay means to put or place something. It does take an object 2. set/sit a. Sit means to be in a seat or to rest. It does not take an object. b. Set means to put or place something. It does take an object. 3. rise/raise a. Rise means to move upward or to get up. It does not take an object. b. Raise means to lift (something) up. It usually takes an object. 4. may/can a. Use may when you are asking permission or if something is possible. b. Can means able to do something. Can and may do not have principal parts. They are used only as helping verbs. c. May we help you? We can carry your packages. Verb Pairs Present Past Past Participle Lie and Lay lie Rover lies at my feet. lay Rover lay here earlier. lain Rover has lain there. lay Ted lays a cup here. laid He laid a cup on the counter. laid He has laid two cups on the counter. Sit and Set sit The cat sits there. sat The cat sat there. sat The cat has sat there. set She sets the box down. set She set it down before. set She has set it down. Rise and Raise rise We rise at 8 rose We rose risen You have A.M. raise Lee raises her hand. early. raised Lee raised it. risen early. raised Lee has raised it. 6
Pronouns 1. A pronoun is a word that r a n. a. Bocifus chewed on Bocifus toy on Bocifus dog bed. b. 2. Pronouns can be either s or p. a. The class listened as the firefighters explained how they put out fires. b. Brittany and Kennedy bought their matching t-shirts at A&E. c. 3. An antecedent is the n that the p replaces a. A pronoun must agree in person, number, and gender with its antecedent b. Types OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1. Subjective Pronouns usually refer to people but may also refer to places, things, or ideas. They can be s or plural. When these pronouns are used as the s of a sentence, they are called the Subjective Case or the Nominative Case Pronouns. Subjective or Nominative Case Pronouns Singular Plural First person Second person Third person 7
2. Objective Pronouns are personal pronouns used as objects. For example, they can be d objects, objects of the p, OR i objects.. Objective Case Pronouns Singular Plural First person Second person Third person 3. Possessive Pronouns Like nouns, pronouns can also show belonging or. These are the case pronouns. The possessive pronouns are broken into two different categories. Possessive Pronouns (Stand Alone) Singular Plural First person Second person Third person Possessive Pronouns (Precede Noun) Singular Plural First person Second person Third person 8
4. Reflexive PRONOUNS a. RPs are pronouns that end in s or s b. They emphasize a n or a p in the same sentence (often a person or the people to which they refer) c. Examples: i. You fix the sink yourself! ii. You outdid yourself when you wrote that song. iii. Cathy always timed herself when jogging. iv. In dancing class, we watch ourselves in the mirror. First person Second person Third person Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Singular Plural 5. Intensive pronouns a. Intensive pronouns are pronouns that end in -s or -s b. They add emphasis to or intensify another n or p in the same sentence. c. Examples: i. I myself ate the pizza. ii. The team itself chose the captain. iii. Maria herself opened the door. iv. George and Pedro planned the party themselves. d. Note- An intensive pronoun does NOT add any new information to a sentence. In fact, if the intensive pronoun is left out, the sentence still has the same meaning. 6. Demonstrative Pronouns a. They help us demonstrate or p out which things or people we re talking about. b. Demonstrative pronouns answer the question W? c. Examples: i. These are your classmates. ii. That will be your seat. iii. Molly s desk is cleaner than those. Singular Plural 9
7. Interrogative Pronouns a. Interrogative pronouns are used in q. b. You can use interrogative pronouns in direct questions (the ones with question marks) OR in indirect questions (I wonder what Dana is thinking about.) c. W, W, W, W, W d. Example sentences for each interrogative pronoun: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 8. Relative Pronouns a. Relative pronouns begin dependent clauses. b. Dependent clauses are also known as s clauses. c. They include w, t, w, w, and w d. Examples: 9. Indefinite Pronouns a. Indefinite pronouns refer to nouns that are non-s. b. Like demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns answer the question W? c. Most indefinite pronouns tell about the n of people or things. d. Indefinites that can be either singular or plural rely on the antecedent to determine the singular or plural verb. Indefinite Pronouns Singular Plural Singular or Plural Another Much Both All Anybody Other Few Any Anyone Neither Many More Anything Nobody Others Most Each No one Several None Either Nothing Some Everybody One Everyone Somebody Everything Someone Little Something 10
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 1. Preposition Words 2. Prepositional Phrase a. A group of words that begin with a p and ends with a n or a p b. In a sentence, a prepositional phrase is used as an a or an a c. Writers used these phrases to change the s structure d. They are called v sentence b or VSBs e. Examples: i. A story in the newspaper described her life (adjective). ii. The story begins in Canada (adverb). iii. In the beginning, we meet the main characters. 11
Adjectives 1. Adjectives d a n or a p. Adjectives add d and s to a piece of writing. 2. Adjectives answer one of four questions: a. What k - Hungry, little pigs roasted meaty wolf ribs b. Which o -This meal would be tasty! c. How m -Three little pigs knew what to do with one, bad wolf d. H much-some wolves ran away. 3. Articles are also adjectives because they tell us about a noun or pronoun a. The articles are,, and. b. Use an if the noun or pronoun begins with a v sound c. Examples- The main ingredient is a secret! 4. Some nouns and pronouns can also be used as adjectives. a. Examples: i. Few pigs can resist this treat. ii. Put wolf ribs on your dinner menu tonight! 5. Prepositional phrases may function as adjectives. They are known as adjective phrases. (See prepositional phrases notes for examples!) 6. Proper adjectives are specific adjectives a. They are like p n. b. They are capitalized! c. Examples: i. I want to visit the Arizona desert. ii. He enjoys visiting the city for its Bostonian architecture. 7. The words that are used as demonstrative pronouns, which are,,, and, are many times used as adjectives. 12
Adverbs 1. Adverbs describe or modify v, a, or other a 2. Adverbs answer one of the following questions in a sentence a. H?- Meg walked slowly. b. W?- He will arrive soon. c. W?-Tim stood there. d. To what e?- She completely believed Todd s excuse. e. How o?-she works out daily. 3. When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, it usually comes directly before the word it modifies. a. Grammar is an extremely important subject (adv. Modifying adj.) b. You must speak very clearly into the microphone. (Adv. Modifying adv.), it 4. Prepositional phrases may function as adverbs. (See prepositional phrase notes) 5. Adverbs can also be used as VSBs or. 13
Conjunctions 1. Coordinating conjunctions a. Coordinating Conjunctions: i. F A N B O Y S b. Coordinating conjunctions are used to j different parts of speech within a s i. Tom and Jerry are cartoon characters. ii. Apples or Bananas is a great novel! c. Also, they are used to c two or more c together to form a c sentence. To punctuate correctly, use a c before the coordinating conjunction or a s -colon to join the clauses. i. Kevin wants to be class president, but he doesn t have any experience. ii. iii. 2. Correlative Conjunctions a. Like coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions connect equal words, g of words, or s. b. However, these conjunctions work in p. c. Correlative Conjunctions: both and either or neither.nor not only but also whether or d. Examples: i. Neither Chris nor Kate wanted to sit next to the wet dog. ii. While Jan watches, Herb eats both slowly and neatly. iii. I don t know whether the keys are one the counter or in the drawer. iv. Either pay for the magazine or quit reading it in our store! 14
Types of Sentences 1. Declarative Sentence a. Is a sentence that makes a s. b. It ends with a p. c. Examples: i. I m looking for Roosevelt Avenue. ii.. 2. Imperative sentence a. Is a sentence that gives a c b. It ends with a p or a an e point c. Examples: i. Go three blocks ahead and turn right. ii.. 3. Interrogative Sentence a. Is a sentence that asks a q. b. It ends with a question mark. c. Examples: i. Are you sure that is how you get to Roosevelt? ii.. 4. Exclamatory Sentence a. Is a sentence that shows strong f. b. It ends with an exclamation mark. c. Examples: i. Of course I m sure! ii.. 15
Parts of a Sentence: Subject/Predicate 1. A complete, simple sentence has a, a, and expresses a complete. 2. The subject of a sentence is the word or group of words that answers the questions or before the verb in a sentence. a. It s usually a noun or a pronoun b. The subject also performs the verb. c. Examples: i. Jenson trudged into the classroom Monday morning. ii.. 3. The simple subject of a sentence is the most important subject word(s) i. The apples in the orchard are going bad! 4. The complete subject of a sentence is the most important word(s) and ALL of the other words that go with it i. The apples in the orchard are going bad! 5. The compound subject of a sentence uses and or or to join two or more simple subjects together. i. The apples and the oranges in the orchard are going bad! 6. The verb or predicate in a sentence tells what the subject, what is to the subject, or what the condition or state of being the subject is in. a. Examples: i. Jenson trudged into the classroom Monday Morning. ii.. 7. The simple predicate is the m verb or verb phrase that tells us what the subject does. a. The snow will fall throughout the night. 8. The complete predicate of a sentence includes the main verb or verb p and all of the words that go with it. a. The snow will fall throughout the night. 9. The compound verb(s) or predicate is when there are two or more simple predicates in the sentence. a. The runner jogs, runs, and sprints during the marathon. 16
1. Simple: subject and a verb a. The cat jumped up. 2. Compound: two simple sentences linked with a comma and a conjunction or with a semi-colon (;) a. The cat watched the bird, and the feline made a noise. b. The bird heard the noise; it warily watched the cat. 3. Complex: a sentence with a dependent clause attached either at the beginning or the end a. When the bird flew away, the cat leaped at the window. 4. Compound ompound-complex: a compound sentence in which at least one of the sentences is complex a. Although the cat tried to catch the bird, the glass stopped it from getting closer, and the cat lost its interest. 5. Gerund phrase: a sentence that starts with a gerund, an ing verb a. Allowing the cat to slay the bird would have been cruel. 6. Appositive phrase: an explanatory phrase, set off by commas, is used to add detail to the sentence a. Cats, or felis domesticus, do enjoy hunting. 17
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