of Global Climate Change
2009 TECHNICAL STUFF... WHERE ON THE EARTH IS THAT??? Students should understand various geographic coordinate systems used to locate images, and how to translate these into distances HOW IN SPACE DID WE OBTAIN THAT??? Students should understand NASA s earth resources satellites, basic science objectives, orbits, sensor systems, and electro-magnetic spectrum s Interaction with the atmosphere and earth surface. HOW ON EARTH DID THAT PRETTY IMAGE COME FROM ONES AND ZEROS??? Students should understand the basics of digital image processing. APPLICATION STUFF... OBSERVABLE CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE??? Retreat of GLACIERS shrinkage of ICE SHEETS Severe FOREST FIRES DESERTIFICATION CHANGING SEA LEVEL SEVERE natural disasters Changing ICE THICKNESS Slide 2 HUMAN CONTRIBUTORS TO CLIMATE CHANGE??? DEFORESTATION URBANIZATION / HEAT ISLAND MORE GREENHOUSE GAS NATURAL CONTRIBUTORS TO CLIMATE CHANGE??? MORE SUN OUTPUT MORE GREENHOUSE GAS ORBITAL PRESCESSION CYCLES
Mapping and Basics (hour one) Examples of Maps, coordinates, scales, measurements and proportions Aerial Photography... focal length and altitude ratios Electromagnetic spectrum... capturing and counting photons Converting data to visual images (RGB) Atmospheric Windows... absorption and scattering effects Passive and Active systems Sensor Resolution... spatial, spectral and temporal Getting the most from the data... digital signal enhancement of Global Climate Change (hour two) Earth Resource missions (currently operational) Sensor systems and characteristics Internet-accessible images and studies Slide3
Mapping and Basics Examples of discuss differences between in situ and remote sensing... at a distance electromagmetic radiation (sight) physical vibrations (sound) Instruments used for discuss how we capture and interpret remotely sensed data instruments used means for transmitting data interpretation of data Slide 4
Mapping and Basics Maps, coordinates, scales, measurements and proportions Discussion of maps, coordinate systems and scales English and metric scales Coordinate grids... Cartesian, Geographic, UTM Problem: determine coordinates of a feature on a map. Problem: determine dimensionless map scale Problem: convert a map measurement to a real distance Problem: proportion measurements from map to image Slide 5
Mapping and Basics Geographic Coordinate System Familiar Latitude and Longitude LATITUDE... 0-90 degrees north and south of Equator Latitude distance per degree is constant LONGITUDE... 0-180 degrees east and west of Prime Meridian Longitude distance per degree is constant Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Distances in METERS north of Equator and north of South Pole Southern Hemisphere starts at 10,000,000 m Distances in METERS east of false baseline 500,000 m EASTING at center of ZONE 60 Zones worldwide, each 6-degrees wide Right-angle system allows direct computation of distances in zone Slide 6
Mapping and Basics Aerial Photography... focal length and altitude ratios Discussion of focal length, film/sensor dimensions and relationship to distances on the ground Diagram showing focal ratios. Problem: determine ground frame width of an aerial photo (use examples of 9x9 negatives) Problem: determine altitude needed for a scaled photo (use examples of 9x9 negatives) Discussion of proportionality relationships and scale ratios for digital sensor systems with the PIXEL as the smallest unit of data capture Slide 7
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/sect10/sect10_1.html Slide 8
Mapping and Basics Electromagnetic spectrum... capturing and counting photons Discussion of energy versus wavelength; gamma, x-ray, UV, visible, IR, and radio waves. E-M Spectrum Diagrams Discussion of analog (film) and digital data collection; multi-spectral versus frequency-specific data capture Discussion of visualizations of data, and false color images Color Infrared RGB assignments Slide 9
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Mapping and Basics Absorption and scattering effects... http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter1/04_e.php Mie scattering, Raleigh scattering, non-selective scattering absorption Relationship between wavelength and particle/molecule size Atmospheric Windows... Restricts wavelengths available for remote sensing use Visible, Near IR, Far (thermal IR), Radio Function of atmospheric composition and density Slide 11
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Mapping and Basics Passive Sensor Systems... Discuss energy sources for passive systems Discuss energy levels (radiometric resolution) Affects time available for data acquisition Affected by atmospheric effects (moisture, cloud cover) Active Sensor Systems... RADAR LIDAR Can choose penetrating wavelengths to see through clouds Requires higher power level onboard sensor platform http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter1/06_e.php Slide 13
Mapping and Basics Sensor Resolutions... Big tradeoff in mission design. Increasing one usual decreases another Juggling diagram Discuss the various sensor resolutions and how they vary Spatial... Limiting object size Spectral... Frequency discrimination Radiometric... range of values, gray levels Temporal... Revisit frequency Diagrams with digital sensor arrays and pixels Scanner Systems... Cross Track... Along Track Diagram with scanner types Orbits and Swaths... Cross Track... Along Track Diagram with orbital paths http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter2/02_e.php Slide 14
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http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec10.html Slide 16
Image Type Pixel Value Color Levels 8-bit image 2 8 = 256 0-255 16-bit image 24-bit image 2 16 = 65536 2 24 = 16777216 0-65535 0-16777215 2-bit image 4 gray levels 8-bit image 256 gray levels http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec10.html Slide 17
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http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter2/02_e.php Slide 19
Mapping and Basics Getting the most from the data... digital signal enhancement Diagrams and Images for stretch example and false color Problem: determine min and max values for 2-bit and 8-bit processors Problem: determine gray levels for 6-bit processor Problem: what wavelengths are usually combined for Color Infra-Red images? Discuss comparison with Ansel Adams ZONE SYSTEM for black and white film photography http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec10.html Slide 20
Linear Contrast Stretch R-G-B False Color Image Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Slide 21
Mapping and Basics Canada Center For Fundamentals of Tutorial http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/chapter1/01_e.php Digital Images and Digital Analysis Techniques Tutorial http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/digitech/index_e.php Glossary of Terms http://ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php NASA Tutorial http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/front/tofc.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/intro/part2_1.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/intro/part2_4.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/intro/part2_5a.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/intro/part2_10.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/intro/part2_16.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/intro/part2_20.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/intro/part2_24.html Slide 22
Earth and Climate Change What s the next part of this presentation??? NASA / ESA Earth Resources Satellite Missions Where to find this information Sensor Systems carried onboard Where to find this information Images from Internet-accessible NASA collections Where to find this information Slide 23
and Climate Change INTERNET PORTALS NASA Earth Satellite Programs http://www.nasa.gov/missions/index.html http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/log/ http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/mission_list Earth Observing Sysem http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/ Ocean Surface Topography from Space http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov Satellites http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions IMAGE Collections http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/ Coaches Institute This Coaches Institute presentation will be posted on NCSO webpage along with the 2007 and 2008 State Mars RS Test (w/ answers, explanations and internet resource links) Slide 24
Earth Observing System LANDSAT 7 http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ QuickSCAT TERRA http://terra.nasa.gov/ ACRIMSAT JASON-1 AQUA http://aqua.nasa.gov/ SEAWINDS ICESat http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ SORCE AURA http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/ OSTM http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=36 http://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/index.htm http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ostm/main/index.html http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission_list.php?id=2 Slide 25
AQUA AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) AMSR (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer) AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A) CERES (Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System) HSB (Humidity Sounder for Brazil) MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ) http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/index.html http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=11 Slide 26
TERRA ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) CERES (Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System) MISR (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer) MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=35 Slide 27
MODIS... (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) http://modarch.gsfc.nasa.gov/ ASTER... (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ CERES... (Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System) http://science.larc.nasa.gov/ceres/index.html MISR... (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer) http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/ MOPITT... (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere) http://mopitt.eos.ucar.edu/mopitt/ SENSORS FLOWN ON TERRA http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=35 Slide 28
ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) LANDSAT-7 http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov/handbook/handbook_toc.html http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/mission_profiles/show_mission.php?id=33 Slide 29
Satellite Altimetry http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/missions/index.html Slide 30
TOPEX-POSEIDON OSTM-JASON 1 & 2 http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/overview.html http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission.html http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/instrument.html Slide 31
Orbital Information from heavens-above.com http://www.heavens-above.com/selectsat.asp?lat=40.015&lng=-105.270&loc=boulder&alt=1646&tz=mst Orbit: 645km, 40 inclination Perigee Height: 605 km Apogee Height: 640 km Slide 32
Orbital Information from heavens-above.com http://www.heavens-above.com/selectsat.asp?lat=40.015&lng=-105.270&loc=boulder&alt=1646&tz=mst Orbit: 701 x 703 km, 98.2 Polar, Sun-synchronous Slide 33
Image Collection Portal... http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/ October 24 25, 2007 Slide 34
Earth Observatory Features... http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/study/ October 24 25, 2007 Slide 35
Earth Observatory Features... http://terra.nasa.gov/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/library/globalwarmingupdate/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/study/icemoving/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/library/deforestation/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/study/arcticreflector/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/study/firealerts/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/study/highwater/ October 24 25, 2007 Slide 36