IFHP/DAC/NCN. October 2. 2014 Two countries one regional powerhouse Christian Wichmann Matthiessen Professor of Geography University of Copenhagen
The South Scandinavian Missing Links Distance between Sealand and the European continent indicated as time Source: The European Round Table of Industrialists 1989
Great Belt (1997/1998) Transport substituted communication Domestic air traffic reduced with 33 % Railroad traffic boosted Danish logistics change Day-tourism: increase Ferry towns lose activity but compensation
Öresund (2000)
The Öresund Area: Pre-bridge Untill July 1. 2000 Ferry lines 25 km Distance between coasts measured as time
Regional development: Object Pre-bridge Post-bridge
Copenhagen-Malmö-Lund Growth factors motivated by cross-border development Cross point: enforcement Centrality Hinterland boundary for metropolitan product of CPH and STC: Under pressure towards Stockholm General metropolitan competition Synergy Cross border integration Accessibility to specialisations in the other country Utilisation of resources in one functional system Economy of scale New mass: further specialisation Purpose of the bridge: regional development Not international transport
Regional railroads
Persons per year 5000 Migration between Sealand and Scania 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 Bridge opens 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Scania (S) to Sealand (DK) Sealand (DK) to Scania (S)
20000 Persons per day Commuting between Sealand and Scania 15000 10000 Bridge opens 5000 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Scania (S) to Sealand (DK) Sealand (DK) to Scania (S)
5.000.000 Persons crossing Øresund per month: Ferries and bridge 4.500.000 4.000.000 3.500.000 3.000.000 2.500.000 2.000.000 1.500.000 1.000.000 500.000 Bridge opens -
Regional development: Reality Pre-bridge 2013
Pre-bridge: Two balanced systems 2014: A new balance
Metropolitan Competition Attraction of activity: Tourists Family Business Investments Qualified labour Framework for business Competitors (North Europe): Copenhagen Stockholm Hamburg Berlin Warsaw (upcoming) South Scandinavia the grand strategies: Cross border regional development The Öresund Region a new metropole The Hamburg-Öresund corridor a new powerhouse
Metropolitan competition (North Europe around 2010) Cph Ber Ham Stc Öre Population, mio. 1,8 5,1 2,6 1,8 2,5 Rank 27 7 19 30 23 Economic strength (RGP) Billion US $ per year 70 86 89 58 86 Rank 13 10 8 16 9 Position in international networks Air traffic: Arriving plus departing passengers, mio. 20,1 12,1 7,3 13,0 20,9 Rank 13 22 35 20 12 Creativity research Papers in SCI 3 years 27.656 41.923 14.725 35.275 38.703 Rank 16 6 36 10 7
International flights per day 2013: Stockholm Trondheim Reykjavik Vaasa Bergen Oslo Oulu Stavanger Mariehamn Tampere Chicago Turku New York Helsinki Dublin Pori Manchester St. Petersburg Birmingham London Talinn Minsk Riga Moscow Amsterdam Billund Beijing Copenhagen Brussels Dusseldorf Lisbon Paris Las Palmas Madrid Frankfurt Barcelona Zurich Milan Vienna Hamburg Prague Munich Geneva Warsaw Krakow Berlin Bangkok Cairo Istanbul Budapest Kuwait Doha
International flights per day 2013: Copenhagen Reykjavik Faroe Islands Chicago Toronto Washington Aberdeen Glasgow Edinburgh New York Dublin Manchester Birmingham London Amsterdam Bremen Brussels Dusseldorf Lisbon Paris Las Palmas Madrid Malaga Luxembourg Ålesund Trondheim Haugesund Sandefjord Kristiansand Kangerlussuaq Bergen Stavanger Oslo Gothenburg Frankfurt Lyon Geneva Barcelona Nice Zurich Stuttgart Milan Hamburg Cairo Rome Basel Bologna Hanover Zagreb Örebro Joenkoeping Linkoeping Norrkoeping Stockholm Tampere Turku Waasa Budapest Doha Vienna MunichPrague Athens Helsinki Berlin Bangkok Istanbul Dubai Bahrain St. Petersborg Talinn Riga Kaliningrad Lodz Moscow Wroslaw Vilnius Poznan Gdansk Warsaw Tokyo Beijing Shanghai Palanga
Barriers 1999: Danish-Swedish barrier reports Thousands of s identified which blocks for integration Labor market, social laws, taxation systems, housing Legal changes 1999-2014 No. of s altered 1999-2003 to facilitate integration: 0 2004: New taxation rules for cross border commuters No. of s altered 2004-2014 to facilitate integration: 0 Toll on bridge: High (half price for regulare travelers) Organisational hindrances No change 1999-2005 Regional government reform Denmark 2006: Weakens regional level Regional government reform Sweden 2007: Strengthens regional level Responsible for integration: National governments
Governance around Øresund Construction and operation of the link was agreed upon in 1991 between the Kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden A 50/50 ownership of the Øresund Consortia ensured that control and risk were equally shared The construction phase 1995-2000 was successfull: on time and on budget The regions/municipalities formed the Øresund Committee in 1993 the states as observers initially. Responsible for cooperation projects and INTERREG In 1998 an Interreg project The Birth of A region was started in order to ensure a common branding. A brandholder was established in 2000, Øresund Network with almost no funds and no political understanding/backing Øresund University was established 1997 collaborating mainly on exchange of students. Board of directors: Universities, local and regional politicians. The Øresund University was closed down 2010 due to lack of internal trust Øresund Science Region was established 2002 with clusters/platforms within Life Science, Transport & Logistics, Food, Energy/environment and ICT. Board of directors: Politicians from all levels, Business leaders. Reduced in funding 2010
Metropolitan Øresund Region post-bridge 2.4 mio. inhb. 1500 km 2
Fehmarnbelt Tunnel 4 October 2011 Ajs Dam 21
Femernbelt Link 2021 What we know! The project is owned, built, financed and operated by Denmark 18 kilometres immersed tunnel. Price: 4,5 billion Euros Direct + indirect jobs: 30.000-60.000 man years Copenhagen Hamburg: from 4½ to 2½ hours = 40 % improvement Potential metropolitan dynamics Crosspoint location enforcement Complementarity New interaction High speed railroad network Metropolitan competition Large research facilities cooperation: ESS Niels Bohr Institute MAX IV DESY
The South Scandinavian Links Distance between Zealand and the European continent indicated as kilometres 2000 1997/1998 2021
The South Scandinavian Links Distance between Zealand and the European continent indicated as kilometres 2000 1997/1998 2021