Monitoring Fecal Coliform Bacteria for the Industrial Stormwater General Permit Rob Zise)e, Herrera Environmental Consultants Fecal Coliform Conference, October 20, 2011
Presenta;on Outline n Permit Requirements and Effluent Limits n Source Iden;fica;on Sampling/Tracking n Sampling Procedures n Analy;cal Procedures n Quality Control Procedures n Data Review and Repor;ng Procedures 2
Permit Sampling and Analysis Requirements n Sampling LocaAons: All oumalls to a waterbody on 303 (d) list Category 5 for fecal coliform bacteria htp://apps.ecy.wa.gov/wats08/default.aspx n Sampling Frequency: Quarterly including first fall storm axer October 1 un;l consistent atainment of effluent limit in four consecu;ve quarters n Sampling Method: One representa;ve grab sample/ oumall during business hours within 12 hours of discharge start ;me n Sample Analysis Method: Membrane filter method (SM 9222D) with 20 CFU/100 ml lower repor;ng (detec;on) limit and maximum holding ;me of 6 hours at accredited lab 3
Effluent Limits for Fecal Coliform (Water Quality Standards) RecreaAon Use ClassificaAon of Receiving Waterbody Single Sample Limit (CFU/100 ml) Geometric Mean Limit (CFU/100 ml) a Extraordinary Primary Contact 100 50 Primary Contact 200 100 Secondary Contact 400 200 Beach Closure Standard 1,000 200 a Permit allows averaging of all samples/outfall in one quarter. Water Quality Standards specify averaging 5 sampling events per season, or per month if averaging masks noncompliance periods. 4 no facilities under the ISWGP are currently subject to additional sampling or effluent limitations related to TMDLs. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/stormwater/industrial/permitdocs/ iswgpapp5.pdf WATER RESTORATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Supplemental Source Sampling 5 n Supplemental oumall grabs n Upstream loca;ons n Sanitary wastewater cross- connec;ons n Animal fecal deposit areas n Roof drains n Street dirt/sweeper waste n Catch basin sediment n Wood/vegeta;on waste n Structural BMP removal
Green Lake Source Control Study After Outfall Fecal = 106 Before Outfall Fecal = 21,500 Synthetic Turf Soccer Fields Wood Chip Pile Removal 6 WATER RESTORATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Microbial Source Tracking n Iden;fy fecal source organisms using readily available molecular methods: n Bacteroidales, Enterococcus, or virus DNA using Polymerase Chain Reac;on (PCR) (presence or quan;ta;ve in en;re water sample; ~$200-400/sample) n E. coli DNA using Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) (fecal culture isolate iden;fica;on; ~$100/isolate) n Expensive and limited value or acceptance for regulatory compliance (not all sources and high uncertainty) 7
Green River MST Study High Density Residential Low Density Residential Agriculture 8 WATER RESTORATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sampling Procedures n Sample Collec;on Techniques n Sampling Supplies n Sample Containers n Sampling Equipment n Representa;ve Sample Collec;on n Field Quality Control Procedures How to do Stormwater Sampling: A guide for industrial facilities (March 2010) http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0210071.pdf Standard Operating Procedures for the Collection of Fecal Coliform Bacteria Samples in Surfacewater (Version 2.1, February 9, 2011). http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/qa/docs/ ECY_EAP_SOP_030FecalColiformSampling_v2_1.pdf 9
Sample Collec;on Techniques Catch Basin Existing Ditch Manhole Overland Flow Sampling Ditch 10 WATER RESTORATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sampling Supplies n Sample containers (pre- labeled + spares) n Sampling equipment n Decontamina;on supplies n Field logbook or form n Waterproof pen n Cooler with ice n Gloves (powder- free disposable nitrile/latex) n An;bacterial hand sani;zer 11
Sample Containers n Sterile (autoclaved) 250 or 500 ml glass or polypropylene botles n Sterile disposable botles or Whirl- Pak bags n No preserva;ve: n Sodium thiosulfate to neutralize chlorine n EDTA to neutralize high metals (>1 mg/l Cu or Zn) 12
Sampling Equipment 13 n Direct fill by hand n BoTle clamp on extension pole n Swing botle holder on extension pole n Whirl- Pak bag sampling pole or line n No dipper on pole n No pump tubing
Representa;ve Sample Collec;on 14 n Turbulent flow in mid- channel without sediment disturbance n Sterile technique (no cap on ground or touching botle rim) n No rinse, orient upstream, plunge to mid- depth, sweep up n Leave ½ inch headspace in botle for mixing n Immediately store in cooler in dark at 2-6 ⁰C n Deliver to lab within 6 hours with chain- of- custody and request immediate analysis (with warning) n Field filtra;on and delayed incuba;on procedure (SM 9222E)
Field Quality Control Procedures 15 n Detailed notes on procedures and condi;ons n Chain- of- custody form specifying analysis method, dilu;on volumes, and immediate analysis n Field duplicate/replicates: n Split (lab precision) n Sequen;al (lab precision + site variance) n Equipment decontamina;on: n 1 percent bleach or alcohol spray, 5 minute contact ;me, sterile water rinse, source water rinse
Laboratory Procedures 16 n Membrane filter method n Filter 2-4 separate dilu;on volumes/sample n Incubate 24 hours at 44.5 ⁰C n Select count in ideal range of 20-60 blue colonies n Use all counts 200 if none in ideal range n Confluent growth n Too numerous to count (TNTC if all counts > 200) Filter Volume (ml) Total Range (CFU/100 ml) Ideal Range (CFU/100 ml) 100 1-200 20-60 10 10-2,000 200-600 1 100-20,000 2,000-6,000 0.1 1,000-200,000 20,000-60,000
Laboratory Quality Control Procedures n Filter immediately upon delivery n Posi;ve control (not reported) n Nega;ve control (1 blank/batch) n Laboratory duplicate (1/batch) n Field duplicate (1/batch or 20 samples) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 9222 D Fecal Coliform Membrane Filter Procedure http://www.umass.edu/tei/mwwp/acrobat/sm9222dmft.pdf 17 WATER RESTORATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Data Review Procedures Element Holding ;me Lower repor;ng limit Nega;ve control Laboratory duplicate Field duplicate Raw data calcula;ons ObjecAve 6 hours from collec;on to delivery 20 CFU/100 ml blank 5 x sample values RPD 35% or ± 2 x RL if < 5 x RL same if split, none if sequen;al count in ideal range 20-60 or all counts 200 18 n n n n Correct reported values based on raw data calcula;ons Flag applicable values as es;mated (J) if outside objec;ves or ideal count range Flag values as greater than (>) if count > 200 Report > upper repor;ng limit if TNTC using a 200 count at lowest volume
Raw Data Review Example 19 Result = count/ volume*100 WATER RESTORATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Repor;ng Procedures n All sample results on Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) n Include field duplicates but no other QC data n Include data flags n Include geometric mean if > 1 sample/quarter n Retain all records 20
Ques;ons? Rob ZiseTe Principal Scien;st Herrera Environmental Consultants www.herrerainc.com Contact: rzisete@herrerainc.com 206-441- 9080 21