The Carbon Footprint of Fat Tire Amber Ale

THE CLIMATE CONSERVANCY 2 Th Carbon Footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al Som propritary contnt (i.. trad scrts) has bn withhld from this vrsion.

Contnts Excutiv Summary 01 Downstram 26 Distribution 26 Dfinition of Trms 02 Rtail 27 Us 28 Introduction 04 Th Climat Consrvancy 04 Lif Cycl Assssmnt (LCA) 04 Background of Br LCA 04 Disposal 29 Conclusions 31 Rfrncs 32 Upstram 05 Packaging & Non-consumabl Matrials 05 Consumabl Matrials 09 Entity 20 Brwing Oprations 20 Manufacturing Wast Disposal 22 Corporat Bhavior 24

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 01 Excutiv Summary 3,188.8 g This rport contains th rsults of work prformd by Th Climat Consrvancy in coopration with Nw Blgium Brwing Company to assss grnhous gass mittd across th full lif cycl of Fat Tir Ambr Al. Systm boundaris of th assssd lif cycl ncompass acquisition and transport of raw matrials, brwing oprations, businss travl, mploy communting, transport and storag during distribution and rtail, us and disposal of wast. Th carbon footprint of a 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al (FT), or th total grnhous gas (GHG) missions during its lif cycl, is 3,188.8 grams of quivalnts (g ). Of this total, missions from Nw Blgium Brwing Company s own oprations and th disposal of wast producd thrfrom account for only 173.0 g, or 5.4%. Upstram missions during production and transportation of packaging matrials and br ingrdints add up to 1,531.3 g, or 48.0% of total missions. Downstram missions from distribution, rtail, storag and disposal of wast account for th rmaining 1,484.6 g, or 46.6% of th total. Th largst lin itm in th tally of GHG missions is lctricity usd for rfrigration at rtail: 829.8 g. Th nxt largst sourcs ar production and transportation of glass and malt (including barly): 690.0 and 593.1 g, rspctivly. Ths thr sourcs alon account for 68.4% of all missions mbodid in a 6-pack of FT. Th bulk of rmaining missions ar accountd for by production and transportation of papr and for carbonation, rfrigration in consumr s homs, distribution transport, and natural gas consumd during brwing oprations. Ths six sourcs account for anothr 25.1% of total missions pr 6-pack of FT. 6.6% 3.9% 8.2% 8.4% 6.0% 12.6% 21.6% 28.1% 2.3% 2.3% All Othr Sourcs Papr Brwing Oprations Us Distribution Malt Barly Glass Rtail Figur 1. Carbon Footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al showing major sourcs of GHG missions by prcntag of total missions.

02 Th Climat Consrvancy Dfinition of Trms Whil w hav trid to kp this rport as fr of jargon as possibl, following ar som abbrviations, trms and units that may not b familiar to all radrs. 6-pack Six glass bottls of 12 fluid ounc capacity ach, packagd togthr in a paprboard carrir. Carbon Crdits S Offsts Carbon Footprint Th carbon footprint, or mbodid carbon, of a product or srvic is th total amount of GHGs mittd across th lif cycl of a product. Though thr ar non- GHGs that ar includd in th carbon footprint, th trm ariss from th most significant GHG: (carbon dioxid). Carbon Emission Factor s Emission Cofficint Carbon dioxid quivalnt. A unit of GHG missions including non- gass that hav bn convrtd to an quivalnt mass of according to thir global warming potntials (s GWP blow). Dirct/Indirct Ths trms ar usd to rfr to grnhous gas missions that ar immdiatly rlatd to an opration or procss, such as by combustion of ful or lakag of rfrigrant hydrofluorocarbon (dirct), or rlasd during th prior production of matrial or gnration of lctricity (indirct). In th contxt of th GHG Protocol of th World Rsourcs Institut and World Businss Council for Sustainabl Dvlopmnt (WRI/WBCSD), ths trms ar intrchangabl with Scop 1 Scop 2/3 missions, rspctivly. Emission Cofficint Fossil sourcs of nrgy ntail GHG missions. Th mass of GHGs mittd during combustion of ful or consumption of lctricity that is drivd from combustion of fossil fuls lswhr can b calculatd using an Emission Cofficint or carbon mission factor. Th US Enrgy Information Administration (EIA), th UK s Dpartmnt of Environmnt, Food and Rural Affaris (DEFRA), and th World Rsourcs Institut (WRI), all provid databass of Emission Cofficints. But not that th Emission Cofficints providd by ths sourcs rlat only to GHGs producd during combustion of ful or consumption of lctricity, and NOT th GHGs mittd during th production and dlivry of that ful or lctricity. Entity Th businss opration rsponsibl for manufactur of th product bing assssd FT Fat Tir Ambr Al, a product and rgistrd tradmark of Nw Blgium Brwing Company g or gram 0.035 ouncs or 0.0022 pounds GHGs Grnhous Gass. TCC s assssmnt tracks th six Kyoto gass rgardd as most significant in trms of thir climat impact: carbon dioxid ( ), mthan (CH 4 ), nitrous oxid (N 2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), prfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hxafluorid (SF 6 ). GWP Global Warming Potntial. A numbr that is a nondimnsional masur of th warming causd by non- grnhous gass rlativ to an quivalnt mass of, dfind ovr a spcific priod of tim. For instanc, mthan has a 100-yar global warming potntial of 25, maning that ovr 100 yars, a givn mass of mthan has th quivalnt warming ffct of 25 tims as much. Hrin, w apply th 100-yar global warming potntials prscribd in th Fourth Assssmnt Rport of th Intrnational Programm on Climat Chang (IPCC) in 2002. Hctar 2.47 acrs Kg or kilogram 1,000 grams or 2.2 pounds LCA Lif Cycl Assssmnt. An acadmic fild concrnd with th accounting of matrial and nrgy flows involvd in th lif cycl of a product or srvic, and th assssmnt of associatd nvironmntal impacts. TCC s Climat Conscious Assssmnt is an LCA of GHGs. Mt or Mtric Ton 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds NBB Nw Blgium Brwing Company of Fort Collins, Colorado

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 03 Offsts GHGs rmovd from th atmosphr (.g. by growing trs) or prvntd from scaping to th atmosphr (.g. by capturing xhaust from powr plants or gass rlasd from landfills) hav bn commoditizd by companis and organizations which markt thm as a mans of offstting comparabl masss of grnhous gass mittd lswhr. Purchasrs of offsts oftn sk to obtain amounts sufficint to compnsat for all thir dirct missions, thus making thir product/srvic/activity carbon nutral. TCC s assssmnt dos not considr offsts, sinc w ar sking to quantify th GHGs missions immdiatly rlatd to th production systm. RECs Rnwabl Enrgy Crdits/Crtificats. Elctricity gnratd from rnwabl rsourcs (.g. wind, solar, gothrmal) and fd into on of th national powr grids is assumd to rduc dmand for lctricity gnratd from fossil fuls (.g. coal, natural gas, oil) on a 1:1 basis. As such, thr is a markt for crtificats rprsnting lctricity gnratd from rnwabl rsourcs that ffctivly allows rnwabl sourcing of lctricity at any location. TCC Th Climat Consrvancy, a non-profit locatd in Palo Alto, California Ton Whr not spcifid Mtric Ton or abbrviatd Mt, ton rfrs to a short ton of 2,000 lbs.

04 Th Climat Consrvancy Introduction This rport was prpard for Nw Blgium Brwing Company to hlp th company manag grnhous gas missions throughout th supply chain of Fat Tir Ambr Al. Th Climat Consrvancy Th Climat Consrvancy (TCC) is a California nonprofit corporation foundd by concrnd mmbrs of lit acadmic and businss communitis. Our mission is to rduc grnhous gas (GHG) missions by informing consumrs of th rlativ climat impacts of products and srvics that thy purchas on a daily basis. W achiv this by working in partnrship with mmbrs of privat industry to quantify th GHGs mittd during th lif cycl of thir companys product(s) using our Climat Conscious TM assssmnt mthodology and by offring assssd companis th licnsd us of our Climat Conscious TM labl in connction with thir product, providd crtain critria ar mt. Our objctiv in coupling lif cycl assssmnts with an associatd labling program is to crat a consumr drivn and markt-basd mchanism that promots th consumption of products with low GHG intnsity and that provids companis with th ability to furthr diffrntiat thir products in th markt. Morovr, as GHG missions bcom incrasingly commoditizd and rgulatd, our Climat Conscious TM assssmnt tool will provid incrasing valu to companis that wish to bttr manag thir GHG assts and liabilitis. In concrt, w bliv our srvics to industry will play a significant rol in, and provid an fficint mans for th invitabl transition to a low carbon conomy. Lif Cycl Assssmnt Th Climat Conscious TM Assssmnt is a product-lvl GHG invntory basd on th principls of procss lif cycl assssmnt (LCA). TCC works with th companis whos products w assss to tally th GHGs mittd during th complt lif cycl of thir product. Th lif cycl of a product, as dfind by th systm boundaris of our LCA mthodology, includ th production of all raw and manufacturd matrials, convrsion of thos matrials into finishd products and co-products, procssing of wast, product packaging, storag and transportation of products during distribution and rtail, in-us missions, disposal or rcycling of th product, as wll as immdiat offst projcts and any othr innovativ solutions of th company whos products ar undr assssmnt. Background of Br LCA To our knowldg, thr hav bn only a fw attmpts at prforming an LCA of br. Thos that w wr abl to find ar largly acadmic in natur and non attmptd to quantify th GHG missions associatd with a particular brand of br (Talv, 2001; Narayanaswamy t al., 2004; Garntt, 2007). Prvious fforts hav gnrally usd ithr a mor consquntial approach in quantifying th GHG missions associatd with dcisions mad in th brwing procss or hav focusd on th ovrall contribution of th GHG missions from th br industry to th total missions of all industris. Though th LCA mthodologis and systm boundaris of prvious assssmnts ar quit similar to thos dfind and usd by TCC, th influnc of qualitativ data and/or th incompltnss of crtain othr data mak it difficult to compar prvious rsults to th rsults of this assssmnt. Figur 2. Lif cycl of a 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al Raw Matrial Acquisition Br Manufactur Distribution and Rtail Us (Consumption) Wast Disposal

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 05 Upstram 1,531.3 g Emissions assssd in this sction ar thos associatd with th acquisition of raw matrials and any pr-procssing of thos matrials prior to thir dlivry to NBB. Packaging & Non-consumabl Matrials 853.3 g Production of packaging matrials using virgin inputs rsults in GHG missions du to th xtraction and transportation of raw matrials, as wll as th manufactur of th packaging matrial. Emissions from both th transportation of virgin inputs as wll as th manufacturing procss ar includd as part of th production of packaging matrials. Production of packaging matrials using rcycld inputs gnrally rquirs lss nrgy and is thrfor prfrabl to th us of virgin matrials. Though th transportation of matrial rcovrd for rcycling also rsults in GHG missions, ths missions ar accountd for in th disposal phas (pag 30). In this sction, w considr GHGs mittd during th manufactur of packaging matrials from rcycld inputs basd on analyss of th US Environmntal Protction Agncy (EPA, 2006). 1 Glass Production Virgin Inputs 690.0 g 688.2 g Th raw matrials usd in glass production ar: wt sand, soda, Chmpur sand, limston, dolomit, Calumit brand slag, nphyln synit, fldspar, sodium sulphat, iron chromit and watr. Thy ar typically mltd at 1400 o C to form glass (Edwards and Schlling, 1999). GHG missions rsult from quarrying raw matrials, transportation, and ful consumption in th production procss. Th combind procss and transportation missions rsulting from glass manufacturing from 100% virgin inputs is 0.66 Mt pr ton of glass producd (1 mtric ton = 1,000 kilograms). Th mass of glass in a 6-pack of FT is 1,210 g (2.67 lbs), 2 hnc th GHG mission is 724.5 g of. Rcycld Inputs All Othr Sourcs Cardboard Papr Malt Barly Glass Figur 3. Major sourcs of upstram GHG missions by prcntag of total upstram missions. Distribution and Rtail Glass producd using rcycld inputs prmits substantial nrgy savings bcaus rcycld glass cullt rquirs a lowr mlting tmpratur (1250 o C) in th manufacturing procss (Edwards and Schlling, 1999). Emissions rsulting from producing glass using 100% rcycld cullt is 0.33 Mt pr ton, yilding 362.2 g of for th glass containd pr 6-pack. Mix of inputs Products can b manufacturd using a mix of virgin and rcycld inputs. Although th national avrag prcntag of rcycld input in th production of glass is 23%, th mix of inputs usd by Owns-Illinois, Inc. to manufactur bottls for NBB is 10% rcycld. 3 Using this figur for th mix of inputs, th wightd avrag GHG mission is thn 688.2 g of for th production of glass containd in on 6-pack of FT. 1 Environmntal Protction Agncy, Solid Wast Managmnt and Grnhous Gass: A Lif-Cycl Assssmnt of Emissions and Sinks 2006 (availabl onlin at http://pa.gov/climatchang/wycd/wast/swmghgrport.html) 2 This figur includs a scrap rat of 5%. NBB data, 6 Pack BOM 082907 (with scrap loss rats).xls (Tranch 2) 3 Information throughout this sction rgarding mix of inputs usd by NBB was providd by NBB during a tlphon convrsation with Jnn Orgolini on March 11, 2008

06 Th Climat Consrvancy Transportation 1.8 g Mix of inputs Twlv ounc brown glass bottls ar dlivrd to NBB from Windsor, Colorado, a distanc of 16 mils. Ths bottls ar shippd by OTR (ovr th road) truck. Bcaus spcific information was not availabl, it is assumd in th calculations that th truck typ is a Class 8 tractor-trailr with an avrag ful fficincy of 6.3 mpg (mils pr gallon), 4 a maximum cargo wight of 20,000 kg and using standard disl ful. For a truck to b dfind as a Class 8 truck, th minimum gross vhicl wight must b 15,000 kg. Howvr, for profitability and in light of rcnt highr ful costs, it is assumd hrin that shipprs ar shipping at th maximum fdral wight limit of 36,363 kg. Th sixtn-mil trip rquirs 2.54 gallons of disl ful. Th production and transportation of a gallon disl ful contributs 11.8 kg of to th nvironmnt (Wst and Marland, 2002). Th ntir trip thn mits 29.96 kg of. Allocating this pr 6-pack rsults in a total amount for th transportation of bottls of 1.8 g of. Papr Production Virgin Inputs 74.0 g 62.5 g Br bottl labls and 6-pack carrirs ar composd of papr and paprboard, rspctivly. Whn 100% virgin inputs ar usd for th production of papr, GHG missions during transportation and manufactur ar 1.69 Mt pr ton. 5 Paprboard production is rsponsibl for 1.17 Mt pr ton. 6 Th wight of 6 labls is approximatly 5.7 g (<0.01 lb) and th wight of on 6-pack carrir is approximatly 95.3 g (0.21 lb). 7 Production of ths quantitis using virgin inputs rsults in missions of 8.7 g of for labl papr and 101.4 g of pr 6-pack carrir. Th national avrag prcntag of rcycld input in th production of papr is 4% and that of paprboard is 23%. Howvr, inputs to FT ar 0% and 100%, rspctivly, so that th wightd avrag GHG missions for th papr and paprboard contnt of on 6-pack ar 8.7 g of (papr) and 53.9 g of (paprboard). Transportation 11.5 g Papr bottl labls ar shippd 946 mils from LaCross, Wisconsin to NBB. Although th labls ar shippd lss than truck load (LTL) it is assumd that th majority of th travl distancs ar similar to that of th glass bottl shipmnt and th sam assumptions apply. Th ntir trip consums 150.16 gallons of disl ful that rprsnts a total output of 1,771.67 kg. Allocating for th mass of th labls pr 6-pack rsults in a total amount of 0.5 g of. 6-pack carrirs ar shippd from th Sirra Pacific Packaging (SPP) plant in Orovill, California at a distanc of 1,112 mils aftr bing transportd from Altivity Packaging in Santa Clara, California, a distanc of 183 mils. Although SPP providd dtaild information concrning thir oprations and shipping, w wr not abl to ascrtain spcific information concrning shipping (mak, modl, yar and ful conomy). Using our standard shipping assumptions, th trips rquir 205.56 gallons of disl ful and corrspond to a total of 2,425.27 kg of pr trip. Each 6-pack carrir contributs 11.0 g of to that total. Cardboard Production Virgin Inputs 47.7 g 47.4 g Rcycld Inputs Manufactur of packaging from rcycld inputs gnrat GHG missions stimatd to b 1.65 Mt pr ton for papr production and 0.62 Mt pr ton for paprboard. Matrial for on 6-pack thus rprsnts 8.5 g of (papr) in addition to 53.9 g of (paprboard). Th carton box that holds 4 6-packs is composd of corrugatd cardboard. Its production from 100% virgin inputs rsults in a nt GHG mission of 0.84 Mt of pr ton of cardboard. Th mass of corrugatd cardboard allocatd to on 6-pack is 60.1 g (0.13 lb, or ¼ of th total mass of a singl carton box), 8 which rprsnts mission of 46.0 g of. 4 This figur is an avrag from McCalln 2006 (5.2 mpg), Huai t al. 2005 (6.6 mpg), Offic of Havy Vhicl Tchnologis and Havy Vhicl Industry Partnrs, DOE 1998 (7.0 mpg) 5 Using EPA s stimat for magazin-styl papr to allocat missions to br labls 6 Using EPA s broad papr dfinition to stimat missions rsulting from 6-pack carrir production 7 Scrap rat quals 1% in th cas of labl papr and 5% for paprboard. NBB data, 6 Pack BOM 082907 (with scrap loss rats).xls (Tranch 2) 8 Scrap rat quals 5%. NBB data, 6 Pack BOM 082907 (with scrap loss rats).xls (Tranch 2)

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 07 Rcycld Inputs Procss missions during th manufacturing of cardboard from 100% rcycld inputs corrspond to 0.92 Mt pr ton. In this cas, production of 0.13 lb of corrugatd cardboard thrfor rsults in 50.0 g of. Mix of inputs NBB inputs match th national avrag prcntag of rcycld input for th production of corrugatd cardboard is 35%. Th wightd avrag GHG mission for th production of cardboard from this mix of inputs is 47.4 g of pr 6-pack of FT. Transportation 0.4 g Th corrugatd cardboard coming from Tmpl Inland travls 65 mills from What Ridg, Colorado to NBB, a journy that consums 10.32 gallons of disl ful pr truckload. A full truckload contributs 121.73 kg of and allocating this mass ovr th mass of th cardboard usd in th production pr 6-pack of FT crats 0.4 g of. Stl Production Virgin Inputs 17.4 g Stl is usd in br bottl crowns. 9 Six of ths crowns wigh approximatly 5.7 g (<0.01 lb). 10 Manufacturing stl products 11 from 100% virgin inputs rsults in GHG missions of 3.70 mtric tons pr ton. Transport and manufactur of th mass of stl associatd with on 6-pack of FT thus rprsnts 19.1 g of. Rcycld Inputs 16.0 g Rcycling of stl ntails significantly lss GHG missions than manufactur from virgin inputs: 1.58 Mt of pr ton. Producing 5.7 g of stl from rcycld matrial rsults in 8.1 g of missions. Mix of inputs Spcific data rgarding th mix of inputs usd by th Plliconi Group was not availabl. In th US, th avrag prcntag of rcycld input in stl products is 28%. Assuming a mix of virgin and rcycld inputs is usd, th wightd avrag of GHG missions from th manufacturing of 6 stl crowns is 16.0 g of. Transportation 1.4 g Br bottl crowns ar manufacturd in Atssa, Italy. Bcaus only limitd information rgarding th shipping of crowns was providd by th Plliconi Group, it has bn assumd that th crowns ar shippd by truck from Atssa to th port in Napoli, a distanc of 111 mils via Class 8 truck (or namd EU quivalnt). Truck flts in th EU hav highr ful fficincy than thos in th Unitd Stats, with a 2002 avrag of 7.1 mpg travling at 63 mils pr hour and 8.4 mpg travling at 54 mph. 12 Anothr sourc rats th 2002 Volvo truck within th EU at 7.8 mpg. 13 Travl spds in Italy ar rstrictd to 61 mph, with trucks and buss rstrictd to vn slowr spds, thus incrasing th ful fficincy of th vhicl. Howvr, it is assumd that congstion will dcras th ffctiv ful fficincy of an EU flt truck. Th numbr assumd hr is 1 mpg highr than th ful fficincy of th US (6.3 mpg) or 7.3 mpg. With ths figurs, th disl us from Atssa to Napoli is 15.21 gallons, a volum of ful that gnrats 178.97 kg of (assuming that mission standards ar quivalnt for th US and th EU). Allocating th mass of th crowns usd in a 6-pack rsults in 0.1 g of CO2. Onc th crowns arriv in Napoli (or similar Italian port), thy ar transportd by containr ship to Nwark, Nw Jrsy ovr a distanc of 4,157 nautical mils. 14 Our calculations assum that th ship is a Panamax 15 class, though if it wr on a Post-Panamax class (largr) ship, missions might b slightly lss. Assuming that missions ar 12.57 kg of pr gallon at a spd of 23 knots pr hour and 70.86 gallons of bunkr ful pr mil, th ntir trip gnrats 4,000,618.03 kg of. Allocating by wight of cargo, th transport of 5.6 g of crowns rsult in 0.4 g of missions. 9 W assum crowns ar mad ntirly of stl 10 Scrap rat quals 1%. NBB data, 6 Pack BOM 082907 (with scrap loss rats).xls (Tranch 2) 11 Using th EPA s stimats for stl cans 12 Trucks and Air Emissions Final Rport Sptmbr 2001 EPS 2/TS/14 Environmntal Protction Srvic, Canada 13 Volvo Trucks and th Environmnt RSP20100070003 14 A Panamax ship has an avrag DWT of 65,000 tons and is this largst ship that can navigat th Panama Canal 15 www.sarats.com

08 Th Climat Consrvancy From Nwark, th crowns ar transportd via Class 8 truck to NBB ovr a distanc of 1,767 mils. This trip will consum 280.48 gallons of disl ful and mit 3,309.24 kg of. Th 5.6 g of crowns will account for 0.9 g of. Wood Production Virgin Inputs Dimnsional lumbr is usd in th production of wood pallts for asir packing and transportation of goods. Its production using virgin wood rsults in GHG missions of 0.18 Mt pr ton of wood. On 6-pack occupis a fraction of a pallt qual to 0.28%. Th mass of lumbr allocatd to on 6-pack of FT is approximatly 96.4 g (0.21 lb), 16 which rprsnts 16.0 g of from wood production. Rcycld Inputs Thr is no rduction of GHG missions du to rcycling of lumbr; missions during rcycling of lumbr products ar also 0.18 Mt pr ton of wood. Production of 96.4 g of dimnsional lumbr from rcycld matrial thrfor rsults in th sam 16.0 g of. Mix of inputs 16.0 g 16.0 g Dimnsional lumbr is not manufacturd using a mix of rcycld and virgin inputs. Transportation 0 g Woodn pallts from Rocky Mountain Battry and Rcycling travl only on mil to NBB that consums 0.16 gallons in a Class 8 truck. Th trip thus constituts an mission of 1.87 kg of. Allocating th 96.4 lb of pallt associatd with on 6-pack of br is 0.01 g of. Contributions of lss than 0.01 g ar countd as ffctivly nothing throughout this rport. Adhsiv 7.6 g Production 7.5 g Th adhsiv usd by NBB to apply papr labls to glass br bottls is a combination of natural starch and synthtic rsins. 17 Th adhsiv is manufacturd in batchs in Sacramnto, California. Th most nrgy-intnsiv stps during manufactur ar hating and staming of th adhsiv mixtur. Rliabl sourcs on th nrgy rquirmnts of glu manufactur wr not availabl. Emissions during its manufactur ar instad stimatd using th known carbon missions factor for th production of rsin-basd LDPE (2.35 Mt pr ton of LDPE), which w bliv to b a libral stimat in this cas. Basd on this assumption, GHG missions rsulting from production of labl adhsiv usd pr 6-pack ar 7.5 g. Not that many manufacturrs us casin-basd glus to apply papr labls to glass bottls (Ciullo, 1996; Fairly, 2005). Casin is a protin obtaind from bovin milk, and is gnrally importd to th US from astrn Europ or Nw Zaland (Richrt, 1974; Klly, 1986; Southward, 2008). As a product of th dairy industry (which is a larg sourc of CH 4 missions) that is shippd from ovrsas, casin glus ar likly to ntail gratr missions that th glu usd by NBB. Transportation 0.1 g Labl glu and hot mlt glu usd for cass com from Sacramnto, California and Edn Prari, Minnsota, rspctivly. Assuming that th dnsity of labl glu is nar 1 g pr ml, th 0.95 ml of glu for ach 6-pack would wigh 0.95 g. Ovr th 1,101 mils from Sacramnto, California to NBB, th transportation of th glu would mit 0.07 g of. Th amount of hot mlt glu usd to scur cass was not providd to TCC. Howvr, by assuming that th dnsity and mass of th glu usd is similar to that of th labl glu, w hav assumd that th transportation of this glu would mit 0.07 g of, for an adhsiv total of 0.1 g of pr 6-pack. 16 Scrap rat quals 0.5%. NBB data, 6 Pack BOM 082907 (with scrap loss rats).xls (Tranch 2) 17 Tlphon convrsation with Pacific Adhsivs on Fbruary 28, 2008

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 09 Plastic Production Virgin Inputs Th basic ingrdints in all plastics ar rsins drivd from ptrolum oil or natural gas. Othr chmical additivs ar mixd with th mltd rsin to form th final plastic product. Production of low-dnsity polythyln (LDPE), 230 mg (0.23 g or 0.002 lb) of which is usd as strtch-wrap pr 6-pack of FT, 18 from 100% virgin matrials (including manufactur and transportation) causs mission of 2.35 Mt pr ton of LDPE producd. GHG missions allocatd to on 6-pack ar thn 0.5 g of. Rcycld Inputs Diffrnt typs of plastic rsins hav diffrnt molcular structur and yild various finishd products. Th diffrnt molcular structurs caus plastics not to mix whn mltd, so that thy nd to b sparatd from ach othr prior to rcycling in ordr for th rcycld rsin to b of high quality. In th cas of LDPE, procssing of rcycld matrial rsults in mission of 0.15 Mt pr ton of plastic producd. Thus, th manufactur of strtch-wrap matrial associatd with on 6-pack rsults in 10 mg (0.001 g) of missions. Mix of inputs 0.5 g 0.5 g Th national avrag prcntag of rcycld input in th production of LDPE is 4%. Using this mix of inputs, w stimat 0.2 g of missions pr 6-pack of FT. Transportation 0 g Shrink wrap supplid by Katzk in Dnvr, Colorado is transportd 65 mils to NBB, a trip that consums 10.32 gallons of disl ful. This amount of disl mits a total of 121.73 kg of into th atmosphr and allocatd to an individual 6-pack amounts to 0.01 g of. Consumabl Matrials Malt 593.9 g Barly Agricultur 394.1 g 678.0 g Cultivation of barly (Hordum vulgar L.) rsults in GHGs mittd during production of sds, frtilizrs, psticids and soil amndmnts, opration of farm quipmnt (including irrigation) and missions from th soil (Lal, 2004a). Whil storag of organic carbon (C) in th soil may thortically offst missions, th rquird managmnt practics ar not widly usd (Wst and Marland, 2002; Lal, 2004b; Mosir t al., 2005). Nationwid, yild pr cultivatd hctar of barly in 2006 was 3.28 Mt (3,281.85 kg). 19 In th calculations blow, w us this figur to allocat missions during agricultur to a givn mass of barly. It should b notd that malt barly yilds ar typically lss than fd barly, whr mor nitrognous frtilizr may b applid without concrn for protin contnt and krnl plumpnss. 20 Howvr, bcaus roughly two-thirds of th US barly grown in 2006 was malt barly, 21 w bliv th national yild statistics ar rprsntativ. Thr is a potntial for agricultural lands to rduc carbon missions and vn squstr atmosphric carbon as organic carbon in th soil by adopting no-till tchniqus, intgrating frtilizr and pst control practics, and incrasing th fficincy of irrigation systms (Wst and Marland, 2002; Lal, 2004b). Howvr, convntional farming practics ar carbon intnsiv and also quit disruptiv to soil carbon rsrvoirs usd (Wst and Marland, 2002; Lal, 2004b; Mosir t al., 2005). Though w hav quantifid GHGs mittd throughout agricultural production, w do not assss soil carbon storag owing to th high dgr of variability associatd with xchangs of soil carbon (dpnding havily on such dtails as soil typ, th tim-distribution of irrigation watr, and th spd of plowing). 18 Scrap rat quals 1%. NBB data, 6 Pack BOM 082907 (with scrap loss rats).xls (Tranch 2) 19 Pr crop rports of th US Dpartmnt of Agricultur: www.fas.usda.gov/psdonlin/psdgtrport.aspx?hidrportrtrivalnam=bvs&hidrportrtrivalid=885&hidrportrtrivaltmplatid=1 20 S not of Jackson, G., soil scintist at th Univrsity of Montana s Wstrn Triangl Ag. Rsarch Cntr, Conrad, MT: http://landrsourcs.montana.du/frtilizrfacts/24_nitrogn_frtiliztion_of_dryland_malt_barly.htm 21 www.ag.ndsu.du/ibms/nwslttrs/ibms%20nwslttr%20dc%2006.pdf

10 Th Climat Consrvancy Sd Production 40.3 g In th US, North Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Minnsota produc th bulk of malt barly, and barly is gnrally plantd in spring as soon as a sdbd can b prpard. Emissions during production of barly sd hav bn prviously stimatd at 1.47 kg pr kg sd (Wst and Marland, 2002). Rcommndd sd application is btwn 72.85 and 145.72 kg pr hctar (1 hctar = 2.47 acrs). 22 Thus, sd for a singl hctar rlat to missions of btwn 106.85 and 213.72 kg. Using th uppr stimat of missions and th avrag yild in 2006, 65.1 g of missions from sd production wr mbodid in ach kilogram of barly crop. Assuming a ratio of barly:malt of 4:3, th 618 g of barly usd to brw a 6-pack of FT account for 40.3 g of missions. 23 Agricultural Machinry Production 48.3 g Tillag, planting, sprading, spraying and harvsting typically ntail agricultural machinry which rquir nrgy (Lal, 2004a). Sowing, Sprading, Spraying, Harvsting Othr farm oprations that rquir ful ar planting, sprading of frtilizr, spraying of frtilizrs and psticids, and harvsting. missions pr hctar for diffrnt oprations ar shown in Tabl 1. Bcaus statistical data of farm practics of US barly growrs was not availabl, w assum: (1) planting was on a convntionally tilld (CT) sdbd, (2) frtilizrs wr broadcast in granular form on all of th barly crop in sparat applications, (3) psticids wr sprayd in th sam proportion as for barly grown in North Dakota, 24 and (4) harvsting was 50% straight combining and 50% combind aftr windrowing. 25 Using ths assumptions, missions from farm oprations pr 6-pack of FT total 23.9 g. Tillag Mchanical prparation of th sdbd rquirs ful for oprating farm quipmnt. Ful us dpnds upon dpth of tillring, soil dnsity, tractor spd, th typ of tilling quipmnt usd, and th siz th tractor usd (Collins t al., 1976; Collins t al., 1980; Lal, 2004a). Lal (2004a) compild and publishd avrag missions from multipl studis, braking out missions by quipmnt typ. Statistical data of tillag practics of US barly growrs was not availabl. Instad, Tabl 2 shows avrag missions rlatd to convntional tillag (moldboard plow), rducd tillag (chisl plow or disking) and no-till (drill only), allocatd to a 6-pack of FT basd on 2006 barly yild. For th final calculations, w hav assumd convntional tillag was practicd, mitting 24.4 g of. Irrigation 61.6 g Whil barly may b grown in dryland nvironmnts without irrigation, 26 data from th USDA s 2002 Cnsus of Agricultur indicats that 77% of barly cultivatd in th US is from irrigatd farms. 27 Protin contnt rquirmnts of grain intndd for malting may man th prcntag of irrigatd malt barly is vn highr. 28 Typical supplmntal irrigation of 25 to 50 cm (Franzlubbrs and Francis, 1995) rlats to missions of btwn 26.4 to 3,117.4 kg pr hctar, dpnding on th sourc of nrgy and spcific factors of th irrigation systm (Dvoskin t al., 1976; Schlsingr, 1999; Follt, 2001; Wst and Marland, 2002). Bsids application of watr, th installation of diffrnt irrigation systms may dmand nrgy annually. In 2003, 71% of irrigatd barly rcivd watr from prssur distribution systms, most oftn from cntr pivot and linar mov sprinkl systms (43% of total irrigatd crops), and 29% wr watrd from gravity-fd systms. 29 22 Rcommndd sd application supplid by North Dakota Barly Council for malt spring barly: http://www.ndbarly.nt/malt_barly.html and North Dakota Stat Univrsity Agricultur Communction: http://www.xt.nodak.du/xtnws/nwsrlas/2001/031501/06sdin.htm 23 S http://www.prairimaltltd.com/maltingprocss.html for discussion of th ratio of barly to malt 24 S, www.ipmcntrs.org/cropprofils/docs/ndbarly.html, www.ag.ndsu.nodak.du/aginfo/ntomology/ntupdats/icg_08/02_barlyinscts08.pdf, and www.ag.ndsu.du/pubs/plantsci/psts/pp622/pp622.pdf 25 S th publication of th Amrican Malting Barly Association dscribing harvsting mthods to prvnt damag to krnls of malting barly: www.ambainc.org/pub/production/harvsting.pdf 26 S,.g., th articl by Jackson, G. (infra not 20) 27 Availabl at: http://www.agcnsus.usda.gov/ 28 S, http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$dpartmnt/dptdocs.nsf/all/irr1245 29 USDA 2002 Cnsus of Agricultur (infra not 27)

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 11 Tabl 1. Carbon dioxid quivalnt missions from miscllanous farm oprations during cultivation of malt barly (total rflct assumptions notd in txt) Opration Planting Plant/Sow/Drill No-Till Planting Total kg pr hctar a 11.7 13.9 g pr 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al 2.2 2.6 2.2 Frtilizr Sprading Combind Application Sparat Applications (x2) b Total Psticid Spraying (Total) 27.9 5.3 55.7 10.5 10.5 5.1 1.8 Harvsting Harvsting Windrowr Total Grand Total 29.0 c 17.6 7.8 3.3 9.5 23.9 a Lal (2004a) b Bcaus K frtilizr is not frquntly applid, only two applications ar includd c Avrag of Corn and Soyban Combins rportd by Lal (2004) and th Harvst Combin rportd by Wst and Marland (2002) Tabl 2. Carbon dioxid quivalnt missions from diffrnt tillag practics in th cultivation of malt barly Tillag Convntional Till Moldboard Plowing Disking (x2) Fild Cultivation Rotary Hoing Total kg pr hctar a 55.7 51.7 10.5 9.7 14.7 2.8 7.3 1.4 129.4 g pr 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al 24.4 Rducd Till Disking (x2) Fild Cultivation Rotary Hoing Total 51.7 9.7 14.7 2.8 7.3 1.4 73.7 13.9 No Till Disking (x1) OR Chisl Plow Total (avg) a Lal (2004a) 21.3 29.0 25.1 4.0 5.5 4.7

12 Th Climat Consrvancy Wighting th proportion of dryland crops and irrigation mthods usd in th US, th avrag of missions associatd with barly irrigation ovr a 6 month growing sason is 23.7 kg pr hctar for irrigation systm installation (Batty and Kllr, 1980; Lal, 2004a), and 303.4 kg pr hctar for watr application (Dvoskin t al., 1976; ITRC, 1994; Follt, 2001; Wst and Marland, 2002). 30 Using 2006 barly yild statistics dscribd abov, w find 61.6 g of from barly irrigation ar mbodid in a 6-pack of FT. Frtilizr and Soil Amndmnts Nitrogn Commonly, contracts for malt barly spcify a minimum of 75% krnl plumpnss. Bcaus plumpnss is rlatd to frtilization and yild, spring barly intndd for malting dmands somwhat lss nitrogn (N) than fd barly. Application rat of N frtilizr is gnrally dtrmind with rgard to soil tst rsults and th prcding crop. 31 For purposs of this assssmnt w assum ura-n frtilizr is applid in modration to achiv avrag yild, at a rat of 95.0 kg pr hctar (85 lbs pr acr). 32 This is consistnt with a ratio of N to barly of ~2.9 to 100. 33 Production of nitrognous frtilizr is nrgy intnsiv, as fixation of atmosphric N 2 mans braking a strong tripl bond at th molcular lvl. Prvious studis of N frtilizr stimat 4.8 ± 1.1 kg of missions pr kg of frtilizr producd, transportd, stord and transfr to location of us (Lal, 2004a; Samarawickrma and Blchr, 2005). Basd on 2006 barly yild, this amounts to 138 g of pr kilogram of barly, or 85.3 g pr 6-pack of FT. Phosphorus 123.2 g Barly has a rlativly low dmand for phosphorus (P), and whr soil analysis shows vry high rsidual phosphat, application of P frtilizr may not b rquird. 34 In most cass, howvr, P frtilizr is applid. Th rcommndd application rat dpnds on soil tsting, but for purposs of this assssmnt w assum P frtilizr is applid in modration to achiv avrag yild, at a rat of 44.8 kg P 2 O 5 pr hctar (40 lbs pr acr). 35 Production, transport, storag and transfr of phosphatic frtilizr has bn dtrmind to caus 0.73 ± 0.22 kg of pr kg of frtilizr (Lal, 2004a). This rprsnts 10.0 g of pr kilogram of barly, or 6.2 g pr 6-pack of FT. Potassium Barly also has a low dmand for potassium (K), and application of K frtilizr is oftn not rquird. 36 Howvr, for purposs of this assssmnt w assum K frtilizr is applid in modration to achiv avrag yild, at a rat of 67.25 kg K 2 O pr hctar (60 lbs pr acr). 37 Production, transport, storag and transfr of potassic frtilizr has bn dtrmind to caus 0.55 ± 0.22 kg of pr kg of frtilizr (Lal, 2004a). This rprsnts 11.3 g of pr kilogram of barly, or 7.0 g pr 6-pack of FT. Micronutrints and Lim Vry rarly, barly rquirs addition of sulfur or coppr frtilizr. For purposs of this assssmnt, w hav assumd non. Soil ph lss than 5.3 can significantly diminish barly yilds. Amndmnt of soil with agricultural lim (CaCO 3 ) at th rat of 2.2 to 4.5 Mt pr hctar (1 to 2 short tons pr acr) 38 may improv yilds on acidic soils (Tang and Rngl, 2001). Th bnfits of such liming prsist for at last 15 yars (Tang and Rngl, 2001). Production, transport, storag and transfr of lim has bn dtrmind to caus 0.59 ± 0.40 kg of pr kg of lim (Lal, 2004a). Assuming an avrag application of 3.4 Mt pr hctar and 2006 yilds ovr a 15 yar priod, this amounts to 40.1 g of pr kg of barly, or 24.8 g pr 6-pack of FT. 30 Th missions factor for watr application rprsnts an avrag of data from all of th citd studis 31 An xampl of how growrs dtrmin appropriat N frtilizr rquirmnts of barly is dscribd by a study from th Univrsity of Idaho and Washington Stat Univrsity: http://info.ag.uidaho.du/pdf/cis/cis0920.pdf 32 This assumption is prmisd on th guidanc of th Univrsity of Idaho/Washington Stat Univrsity study (infra, not 5) and th Univrsity of Minnsota xtnsion srvic: http://www.xtnsion.umn.du/distribution/cropsystms/dc3773.html 33 Rcommndd ratio of frtilizr N to yild of dryland (2-row) malting barly supplid by Grant Jackson, soil scintist at th Univrsity of Montana s Wstrn Triangl Ag. Rsarch Cntr, Conrad, MT: http://landrsourcs.montana.du/frtilizrfacts/24_nitrogn_frtiliztion_of_dryland_malt_barly.htm 34 This assumption is prmisd on th guidanc of th Univrsity of Idaho/Washington Stat Univrsity study (infra, not 5) and th Univrsity of Minnsota xtnsion srvic: http://www.xtnsion.umn.du/distribution/cropsystms/dc3773.html 35 Ibid.

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 13 Psticids 0 g A host of inscticids, hrbicids, and fungicids ar routinly usd on barly sd and growing barly. W xamind th carbon intnsity of such tratmnt in dtail basd on rportd missions for production and transport of ths chmicals (Lal, 2004a), th prcntag of barly tratd, and prscribd application rats. 39 In th nd, th GHGs associatd with ths chmicals ar vanishingly small whn allocatd to a singl 6-pack of FT (~0.01 g). Soil Emissions 120.8 g Nitrous oxid (N 2 O) is mittd dirctly from cultivatd soils dpnding on th amount and typ of N frtilizr applid, th typ and yild of crop, and th mthods of tillag and managing of crop rsidus (Samarawickrma and Blchr, 2005; IPCC, 2006). IPCC guidlins suggst that ~1% of N addd in synthtic and organic frtilizrs is volatilizd as N 2 O. N 2 O is a powrful GHG, with a global warming potntial 298 tims that of. 40 As such, N 2 O soil missions rlatd to th application of N frtilizr at th rat dtrmind abov and th incorporation of N in crop rsidus corrspond to 112.4 g of missions pr 6-pack of FT. In addition, som soil nitrogn is volatilizd as NH 3 or NO x, which, whn latr dpositd onto othr soils or surfac watrs. This atmosphrically dpositd N bcoms part of th systm again, and a proportion of it bcoms N 2 O (IPCC, 2006). Basd on IPCC stimats of th prcntag of frtilizr N that follows this indirct pathway to N 2 O, an additional 8.4 g of missions pr 6-pack of FT originat from soil N (IPCC, 2006). Barly Transport 8.0 g Barly is purchasd ithr as a commodity on th opn markt or from prviously approvd growrs, as in th cas of malt purchasd by Coors Brwing Company (Coors). On of Coors tradmarks is that of a compltly intgratd rgional brwr who sourcs all of its malting barly nds dirctly from producrs through th us of production contracts. 41 Howvr, in tims of drought or poor gnral barly quality, malting oprations must look farthr from Colorado into Canada for barly. Bcaus of th commoditizd natur of barly and th potntial of varying supply and quality from approvd growrs, th GHG mittd during its transportation can only b stimatd vry roughly. Bcaus 2006 was a drought yar in Colorado, Coors rcivd shipmnts of barly by rail from grain lvators in Burly, Idaho; Huntly, Montana; Worland, Wyoming and Mont Vista, Colorado and by truck from th grain lvator in Longmont, Colorado. 42 Barly transportd by train travls a distanc of 490 mils, 43 whil grain transportd by truck is transportd only 45 mils. Assuming ach grain lvator contributd an qual shar of barly to NBB, and taking th ful conomy of fright trains as 423 MPG pr short ton (AAR, 2008; cf. Börjsson, 1996), th 618 g of barly ncssary to produc th 463.5 g of malt usd pr 6-pack of FT contributs 8.0 g of missions. Malt Production 166.8 g Malt manufacturrs stp, grminat, and dry barly in ordr to produc malt. Ths stps rquir nrgy in th form of lctricity and natural gas to warm th watr usd for stping, to control th air tmpratur for grmination, and to dry, cur, and roast th malt (Briggs, 1998). Data gathrd from both primary and scondary sourcs yildd rmarkably consistnt stimats of GHG missions (man 120.19 g, 1σ = 7.49). Bcaus primary data from all malt supplirs was not availabl, w lctd to us primary data whr applicabl to a spcific malt typ and tak an avrag of both primary and scondary findings for thos malt typs whr no primary information was availabl. 36-38 Ibid. 39 S,.g., www.ipmcntrs.org/cropprofils/docs/ndbarly.html, www.ag.ndsu.nodak.du/aginfo/ntomology/ntupdats/icg_08/02_barlyinscts08.pdf, and www.ag.ndsu.du/pubs/plantsci/psts/pp622/pp622.pdf 40 Fourth Assssmnt Rport of th IPCC (2007) 41 Vrtical Coordination In Th Malting Barly Industry: A Silvr Bullt For Coors? Michal Boland, Gary Brstr, and Wndy Umbrgr Prpard for th 2004 AAEA Graduat Studnt Cas Study Comptition Dnvr, Colorado August 1-2, 2004 42 Prsonal communication with Thomas Richardson, Coors Brwing Company with Fbruary 14, 2008 43 This distanc rprsnts an avrag of th distancs btwn Coors and grain lvators in Burly, Huntly, Worland and Mont Vista.

14 Th Climat Consrvancy Primary Sourc Data Coors Brwing Company In 2006, NBB obtaind 60% of th Two Row malt usd in FT producd from Coors. 44 In turn, Two Row malt mad up 67.9%, or 314.9 g, of th malt containd in ach 6-pack of FT. According to a TCC survy compltd by Coors, production of 100 pounds of Two Row malt rquird 6.79 kwh of lctricity and 0.165 mmbtus (1.65 thrms) of natural gas. Assuming this nrgy intnsity applid to th production of all 314.9 g of Two Row malt in a 6-pack of FT, 44.4 g of rlat to lctricity consumd 45 and 69.5 g corrspond to natural gas usd, for a total of 113.8 g of pr 6-pack of FT. TCC was not abl to obtain comparabl information from Briss Malt and Ingrdints Company, which company supplis th rmaining 32.1%, or 148.6 g, of malt pr 6-pack of FT. Howvr, if th nrgy intnsity of Coors procss is assumd for all 463.5 g of malt pr 6-pack of FT, 20.9 and 32.8 g of rsult from lctricity and natural gas us, rspctivly, totaling 167.6 g for all th malt in a 6-pack of FT. Rahr Malting Company Though NBB did not purchas malt from Rahr Malting Company (Rahr) in th yar 2006, TCC was abl to obtain information about actual nrgy rquirmnts of Rahr s malting procss for comparison with scondary sourc data. According to a rport by th Enrgy Efficincy and Rnwabl Enrgy division of th US Dpartmnt of Enrgy, th Rahr malthous locatd in Shakop, Minnsota consumd 1,100 million cubic ft of natural gas (approximatly 11,000,000 thrms) and 66,000,000 kwh of lctricity in 2005. 46 Th sam Rahr malthous annually producs 370,000 Mt of malt. 47 This translats into 29.7 thrms of natural gas and 178.4 kwhs of lctricity pr mtric ton of malt producd, or 146.5 g of to produc th 463.5 g of malt in a 6-pack of FT. 48 Scondary Sourc Data Owing to a lack of primary sourc data for all th malts typs containd in FT, TCC conductd furthr rsarch of th nrgy rquirmnts of th malting procss in ordr to undrstand whthr diffrnt typs of malt might ntail gratr or lss GHG missions. Following ar stimats drivd from this rsarch, th sum of which is rmarkably similar th total missions stimatd from th primary sourc data dscribd abov. Stping Stping rquirs roughly 1 thrm of natural gas pr mtric ton of malt producd (Briggs, 1998). Basd on lif cycl missions of 6.06 kg pr thrm of natural gas (s Tabl 3, pag 22), stping 463.5 g of malt in a 6-pack of FT rsults in 2.8 g of missions. Grmination Aftr stping, th barly must grminat, rquiring nrgy to maintain th propr tmpratur of th grain and vntilat th grmination units. Hating th grmination units rquirs lss than 1 thrm of natural gas pr mtric ton of malt producd, or lss than 2.8 g of pr 6-pack of FT. In som cass, grmination units ar rfrigratd, rquiring as much as 60 kwh of lctricity pr mtric ton of malt producd (Briggs, 1998). Assuming this lctricity is gnratd in th rgion whr th bulk of US malt barly is grown, as much as 24.0 g of missions rsult from rfrigration of 463.5 g of malt. 49 Fans in th grmination units also rquir btwn 25 and 40 kwh pr mtric ton of malt producd (Briggs, 1998). This translats to btwn 10.0 and 16.0 g of pr 6-pack of FT. Assuming th liklihood of hating and rfrigration during grmination ar qual and an avrag of 32.5 kwh of lctricity is consumd by vntilation systms, 26.4 g of ar mittd to grminat th malt in a 6-pack of FT. 44 NBB data, BOM for lif cycl study.xls (Tranch 1) 45 Vrsion 2.1 (2006) of th Enrgy Information Administration s GRID databas indicats that 1,986 lbs of CO2 ar mittd pr MWh of lctricity gnratd in th stat of Colorado. Avrag GHGs mittd in th lif cycl of fuls prior to thir combustion to gnrat lctricity hav also bn includd (Tabl 2 of Wst and Marland, 2002). 46 http://www.r.nrgy.gov/industry/savnrgynow/partnrs/pdfs/sa-025-1.pdf 47 http://www.rahr.com/indx.gni?mod=contnt&id=177 48 Vrsion 2.1 (2006) of th Enrgy Information Administration s GRID databas indicats that 1,588 lbs of CO2 ar mittd pr MWh of lctricity gnratd in th stat of Minnsota. Avrag GHGs mittd in th lif cycl of fuls prior to thir combustion to gnrat lctricity hav also bn includd (Tabl 2 of Wst and Marland, 2002). 49 Vrsion 2.1 (2006) of th Enrgy Information Administration s GRID databas indicats that 1,814 lbs of CO2 ar mittd pr MWh of lctricity gnratd in th MRO Wst subrgion (which includs most of Minnsota, North and South Dakota, Nbraska and Iowa). In addition, w hav includd avrag GHGs

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 15 Drying and Roasting Aftr grmination, th grn malt is first drid and thn roastd in a kiln, which is th most nrgy-intnsiv procsss in malting. Drying rquirs approximatly 4 thrms of natural gas pr mtric ton of malt, or 11.2 g of pr 6-pack of FT. Dpnding on th fficincy of th kiln and th amount of roasting rquird, btwn 30 and 60 thrms of natural gas ar rquird to roast a mtric ton of malt. This amounts to btwn 84.3 and 168.6 g of pr 6-pack of FT. Som kilns incorporat fans which consum up to 75 kwh pr mtric ton of malt producd (Briggs, 1998). GHG missions associatd with this lctricity amount to as much as 30.0 g of to produc th amount of malt in a 6-pack of FT. Assuming half of malting kilns us fans, th drying and roasting of malt for a 6-pack of FT rsult in an avrag 182.0 g of missions. Malt Transport Ful Us 25.0 g Using similar calculations to thos dtaild in th packaging sction with th sam mission cofficints and shipping mthods (Class 8 truck), th malt rcivd from Coors, Prairi Malt, Ltd. (Prairi), Intrnational Malting Company (IMC) and Briss Malt and Ingrdints Co. (Briss) constitut 1.3 g, 9.0 g, 8.4 g and 15.0 g of rspctivly. Of th ntir amount of malt usd in th production of FT, 40.5% is Coors Two Row, 27.0% Prairi or IMC (a 50% liklihood of ithr was usd in th calculations) and 32.4% Briss Munich, Caraml, Carapils and Victory malts. Th wightd avrag of transportation missions for malt transportation for a 6-pack of FT is 25.0 g. Hops 5.7 g Hop Agricultur 5.4 g As with barly, th cultivation of hops (Humulus lupulus) rsults in GHGs mittd during production of frtilizrs, psticids and soil amndmnts, opration and installation of farm quipmnt (including irrigation) and missions from th soil (Lal, 2004a). Th bulk of hops grown in th US ar from th Yakima and Willamtt Vallys of Washington and Orgon, rspctivly. This is th cas for narly all th hop varitis in FT, with th xcption of Targt hops, which ar grown in a similar climat in th UK. In th US, yild pr cultivatd hctar of hops in 2006 was 2.20 Mt (2,201.4 kg). 50 In th calculations blow, w us this figur to allocat missions during agricultur to a givn mass of hops. Agricultural Machinry 1.1 g Hop farms ( yards ) oprat machinry for planting, spraying, pruning and harvsting, and maintain drip irrigation systms, all of which dmand nrgy (Lal, 2004a). A study compild in 1999 lists quipmnt and ful usd on a rprsntativ hop farm in th Yakima Vally of Washington (Hinman, 1999). Equipmnt usd in a rprsntativ hop yard includd loadrs, cuttrs, trucks, and tractorizd quipmnt for spraying, sprading and pruning. Ful consumption by this quipmnt amountd to 56.1 and 31.8 gallons pr cultivatd hctar (22.7 and 14.4 gallons pr acr) of disl #2 and gasolin, rspctivly. Emissions factors for disl #2 and gasolin (including xtraction, rfining and transport) ar 11.78 and 10.23 kg pr gallon, rspctivly. 51 Basd on th avrag yild of hops in 2006, opration of farm quipmnt thrfor rsultd in 470 g of missions pr kilogram of hops. Th 2.3 g of hops usd in th production of FT thus mbody 1.1 g of. Irrigation 1.2 g Most hop yards in th US ar irrigatd by drip (or trickl) systms. 52 Annual GHG missions associatd with th installation of such systms is stimatd to b 311.3 kg pr hctar pr yar (Lal, 2004a). Application of watr by this mthod is quit fficint rlativ to sprinkl systms; missions pr irrigatd hctar pr yar ar stimatd to b 792 kg (ITRC, 1994). Assuming all hops in FT wr irrigatd in this mannr, and again using 2006 yild data, th 2.3 g of hops usd in producing a 6-pack of FT rlat to a total of 1.2 g from irrigation of hop bins. Frtilizr and Soil Amndmnts Nitrogn 1.4 g Th application rat of N frtilizr to aroma hop bins avrags 140 kg pr hctar (125 lbs pr acr). 53 As notd prviously, th production of nitrognous frtilizr is quit nrgy intnsiv, with an stimatd 4.8 ± 1.1 kg of missions pr kg of N frtilizr producd, transportd, stord and transfr to location of us (Lal, 2004a). Basd on 2006 hops yild, this amounts to 303 g of pr kilogram of hops, or 0.7 g pr 6-pack of FT. 50 Pr crop rports of th US Dpartmnt of Agricultur: www.nass.usda.gov/statistics_by_stat/washington/publications/hops/hops06.pdf 51 Calculatd using figurs from Tabl 1 of Wst and Marland (2002) and assuming th nrgy contnt of disl #2 and gasolin to b 0.03868 and 0.03466 GJ pr litr, rspctivly

16 Th Climat Consrvancy Phosphorus Hops in th Pacific Northwst gnrally do not rquir significant phosphorus (P) inputs; only whr soil analysis shows <30 ppm is application of P frtilizr rcommndd. 54 In this cas, th rcommndd application rat of P frtilizr is btwn 67 and 112 kg P 2 O 5 pr hctar (60 to 100 lbs pr acr). 55 Production, transport, storag and transfr of phosphatic frtilizr has bn dtrmind to caus 0.73 ± 0.22 kg of pr kg of frtilizr (Lal, 2004a). Assuming that P frtilizr is ncssary only 50% of th tim at an avrag rat of 89.7 kg pr hctar, 29.9 g of ar mittd pr kilogram of harvstd hops, or 0.1 g pr 6-pack of FT. Potassium Soils in th Pacific Northwst frquntly contain ampl potassium (K) for hops cultivation. 56 Howvr, frtilization is somtims rquird, and hr w assum K frtilizr is applid at th modrat rat of 134. 5 kg K 2 O pr hctar (120 lbs pr acr). 57 Production, transport, storag and transfr of potassic frtilizr is stimatd to rsult in 0.55 ± 0.22 kg of missions pr kg of frtilizr (Lal, 2004a). This rprsnts 33.6 g of pr kilogram of harvstd hops, or 0.1 g pr 6-pack of FT. Micronutrints and Lim In som circumstancs, hop yards rquir addition of sulfur, boron, or zinc frtilizr. Howvr, for purposs of this assssmnt, w hav assumd non. Soil ph lss than 5.7 can prvnt absorption of mangans (Mn) by growing hop bins, thrby diminishing yild. 58 Amndmnt of soil with agricultural lim (CaCO 3 ) at th rat of 2.24 to 6.73 Mt pr hctar (1 to 3 short tons pr acr) is rcommndd whr soil ph is lss than 5.7. 59 Th bnfits of such liming prsist for at last svral yars. Production, transport, storag and transfr of lim has bn dtrmind to caus 0.59 ± 0.40 kg of pr kg of lim (Lal, 2004a). Assuming an avrag application of 4.48 Mt pr hctar and 2006 yilds ovr a 5 yar priod, this amounts to 239 g of pr kilogram of barly, or 0.6 g pr 6-pack of FT. Psticids 0 g Hop growrs us a varity of inscticids, hrbicids and fungicids to dtr aphids, works, catrpillars, btls, wvils, mits, wds and molds. Th carbon intnsity of such tratmnts was assssd in dtail basd on rportd missions for production and transport of ths chmicals (Lal, 2004a), th prcntag of th hops crop tratd, and prscribd application rats. 60 As with barly, th GHGs associatd with ths chmicals ar vanishingly small whn allocatd to a singl 6-pack of FT: <0.001 g pr 6-pack of FT. Soil Emissions 0.9 g Again applying IPCC guidlins to calculat N 2 O soil missions rlatd to th application of N frtilizr at th avrag rat of 140.1 kg pr hctar in addition to N from incorporatd crop rsidus, w stimat 0.8 g of missions pr 6-pack of FT. Soil nitrogn volatilizd as NH 3 or NO x and subsquntly r-dpositd and dnitrifid to N 2 O rsult in an additional 0.1 g of missions pr 6-pack of FT (IPCC, 2006). Drying and Packing 0.9 g Aftr harvst, hop bins ar transportd from th yard to a hop hous, or barn, whr th cons ar drid, coold, and packagd. Drying taks plac in a box kiln whrin hot air (~145 ºF) is passd through th hop cons for approximatly 8 hours until thir moistur contnt of th hops has bn rducd from 65-80% to 8-10%. Th drying of harvstd hops is th most nrgy intnsiv procss in th production of hops. Th cooling procss dos not rquir significant nrgy as th hop cons ar rmovd to a sparat room and coold for 12-24 hours. Incrasingly, hops ar comprssd and palltizd aftr cooling, which procssing rquirs mor nrgy but which may rduc transportation costs during distribution. Hop cons, such as thos usd by NBB, ar typically bald with th hlp of a hydraulic prss. Supplirs of hops to NBB wr not rsponsiv to our rqusts for data, and scondary data rgarding th spcific nrgy rquirmnts of drying wr scarc. 52 S, g., http://www.ipmcntrs.org/cropprofils/docs/wahops.html 53 This rprsnts an avrag basd on th frtilizr rcommndations at: http://www.hort.purdu.du/nwcrop/afcm/hop.html and http://xtnsion.orgonstat.du/catalog/pdf/fg/fg79-.pdf 54 S,.g., http://xtnsion.orgonstat.du/catalog/pdf/fg/fg79-.pdf 55-59 Ibid. 60 Application rats ar dscribd in http://www.ipmcntrs.org/cropprofils/docs/orhops.html

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 17 Thus, w calculatd GHG missions during th drying and packing procss basd on th stimatd cost of ths activitis on a Yakima Vally hop farm and assuming this cost was fully attributabl to purchasd natural gas (Hinman, 2004). Basd on ths assumptions, th drying and packing of hops rsultd in 0.9 g of pr 6-pack of FT. Hop Transport 0.3 g Th hops usd to produc FT (Goldings, Targt and Willamtt) ar supplid by S.S. Stinr, John I. Haas (distributd by HopUnion USA) and Hops From England. Th 0.2 g of mittd from th transportation of Willamtt and Goldings hops from S.S. Stnir by smi-truck from a distanc of 1,107 mils is qual to that of th 0.2 g of missions from HopUnion USA at 1,109 mils. Dtrmining th transportation missions of th Targt hops acquird from Hops From England prsnts a gratr challng. Ths hops ar grown at Th Farm Bosbury, Ldbury, Hrfordshir, UK and shippd to a port in th UK, thn by sa to Washington stat and thn to NBB. It is assumd that smi-truck shipping from Th Farm Bosbury, Ldbury, Hrfordshir UK to Bristol, UK, Panamax containr ship 61 transport from Bristol, UK to Sattl, Washington and truck transport to NBB. 62 Whil th xact port of call in th UK is not known, th trucking within th UK will contribut roughly 0.02 g, sa-born shipping 0.4 g and US trucking 0.3 g for a total of 0.7 g. Though th xact rout is not known, th missions do not chang significantly whn altrnativ ports in Livrpool, London and Tacoma ar considrd. Wighting th transportation missions according to th varity and mass of hops usd in FT, th total 2.3 g of hops accounts for 0.3 g. 61 A Panamax ship has an avrag DWT of 65,000 tons and is this largst ship that can navigat th Panama Canal 62 Prsonal communication with th distributor for Hops From England, Crosby and Bakr LTD

18 Th Climat Consrvancy Watr Production and Transport Enrgy Intnsity 3.2 g 3.2 g Watr providd to NBB by th city of Fort Collins is tratd by a sris of convntional tchniqus: coagulation, flocculation, sdimntation, filtration, and chlorination. According to th city of Fort Collins, avrag annual nrgy consumption at thir watr tratmnt facility ovr th past 9 yars was 4,026,793 kwh. During th sam priod, th avrag amount of watr producd pr yar was 9,346 million gallons pr yar. 65 Thus, th avrag nrgy intnsity of th tratd watr providd to NBB is 431 kwh pr million gallons of watr. Carbon Intnsity According to th city of Fort Collins all nrgy nds for th watr tratmnt facility ar providd by Xcl Enrgy, which has rportd carbon intnsity of dlivrd lctricity in 2006 of 1.478 lbs pr kwh. 66 Howvr, this is lowr than th figur listd in th Environmntal Protction Agncy s Emissions and Gnration Rsourc Intgratd Databas (GRID) for th Rocky Mountain subrgion, which is 2.036 lbs pr kwh (or 0.93 kg pr kwh), and which w bliv is mor accurat givn its rgional charactr. 67 Allocation Th watr to br ratio of NBB s production procss is 3.9 to 1. 68 Basd on this ratio, th 72 fluid ouncs of br in a 6-pack (2.13 litrs) rquir 280.8 fluid ouncs (8.307 litrs) of watr to produc. Applying th nrgy and carbon intnsitis abov, w calculat 3.2 g of ar mbodid in th watr usd pr 6-pack of br. Carbon Dioxid Production 72.3 g 72.5 g Enrgy Intnsity Th carbon dioxid usd to carbonat FT is a byproduct of ithr oil wll drilling, ptrolum rfining or production of hydrogn in a Hydrogn Production Unit. Bfor shipmnt to NBB, th gas must b purifid, tstd and liqufid, ach stp rquiring nrgy. Enrgy intnsity information for carbon dioxid was not radily availabl for our calculation, so th nrgy intnsity to liqufy nitrogn (N 2 ) was usd as a proxy. Th minimum powr ncssary (in a thortical Carnot cycl) to liqufy N 2 is 80 kwh pr tonn. 69 Howvr, th actual powr rquirmnts ar around 400 kwh pr tonn for liqufication alon. Th numbr dos not tak into account th initial cooling, oxidation, aftrcooling, adsorption, drying, condnsing and distillation that may b rquird for purification dpnding on th sourc gas. 70 Carbon Intnsity Givn that th is purifid and liqufid in Chynn by DynoNobl, th man carbon intnsity of lctricity producd in Wyoming was usd: 0.8175 kg of pr kwh. On a pr 6-pack basis, th production of 54.5 g of usd to carbonat FT mits 17.8 g of. Although th molcular mas and thrmodynamics of N 2 man mor nrgy is rquird to comprss it than, bcaus many of th stps (and nrgy) ndd to purify and tst ar not includd hr, th carbon intnsity will not b lss than th 17.8 g of. Th 54.5 g of usd to carbonat t br is also includd, as this gas is drivd from fossil carbon. 65 Enrgy us and volum of watr producd wr obtaind by communication with a financial analyst at Fort Collins Utilitisn January 7, 2008 66 2006 Tripl Bottom Lin Rport of Xcl Enrgy, http://www.xclnrgy.com/xlweb/cda/0,3080,1-1-1_38873_39323-19025-5_406_651-0,00.html 67 EPA GRID (2006), rporting 2004 data, http://www.ia.do.gov/cnaf/lctricity/pag/co2_rport/co2rport.html 68 NBB data, NBB Follow Up Qustions_10.doc (Tranch 2) 69 Industrial Gas Handbook: Gas Sparation and Purification, Frank Krry, CRC Prss 70 From pamplt, All About Carbon Dioxid: Proprtis, Applications, Sourcs and Plants Totomont Procss Systms, A Division of Toromont Industris, Inc.

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 19 Transportation 0.2 g Th usd by NBB to carbonat FT is producd at th Dyno Nobl ammonia plant in Chynn, Wyoming. From thr, it is shippd to 1918 Hath Parkway, Fort Collins, Colorado and in 2006 was distributd to NBB by Gnral Air. Bcaus of th short distanc of distribution, it is hr assumd that food-grad, liqufid is shippd dirctly from Dyno Nobl to NBB on ightn whld tankr trucks. 71 Ths trucks typically hav a capacity of 26,000 litrs or 29,780 kg of liqufid. Assuming 6.3 mpg of disl #2 ful and an mission factor of 11.78 kg for th production and point of consumption of a gallon of disl ful, 72 th transportation of a full load of on this rout rsults in 81.88 kilograms of missions. NBB uss 54.5 g of carbon dioxid to carbonat a 6 pack of FT, th transport of which corrsponds to 0.2 gram of mittd pr 6-pack. 71 http://www.dynonobl.com/ 72 S Tabl 1 in Wst and Marland, 2002

20 Th Climat Consrvancy Entity 173.0 g Emissions assssd in this sction ar thos dirctly associatd with th manufactur and markting of Fat Tir Ambr Al by Nw Blgium Brwing Company. Brwing Oprations Elctricity 123.0 g 0 g 5,772,920 kwh of lctricity consumd by NBB at its Fort Collins brwry is gnratd from rnwabl rsourcs by virtu of its participation in th City of Fort Collins Grn Enrgy Program. 80 Whil thr ar crtainly GHGs mittd during th manufactur of rnwabl nrgy gnration quipmnt, w hav assumd th mass of missions allocatd to a singl 6-pack of FT is inconsquntial. Similarly, crtifid rnwabl nrgy crdits (RECs) wr purchasd by NBB to covr 512,800 kwh of lctricity usd at its offsit warhous (Poudr Vally). 81 If th lctricity usd had bn non-rnwabl, missions calculatd from th GRID missions factor for Colorado and allocatd pr 6-pack ar 250.8 g. Wast Disposal Corporat Bhavior Brwing Oprations Figur 4. Distribution of ntity-lvl GHG missions by prcntag of total ntity missions. Natural Gas 123.0 g In 2006, NBB purchasd 478,595 thrms (50,491.77 GJ) of natural gas from two utilitis for us at thr locations: A total of 449,720 thrms (47,445.46 GJ) wr purchasd from Sminol Enrgy Srvics btwn January and Dcmbr of 2006 for us at th Lindn Strt brwry in Fort Collins. 82 A total of 21,080 thrms (2,223.94 GJ) wr purchasd from Xcl Enrgy btwn March and Dcmbr of 2006 for us in watr tratmnt at th Buckingham Strt facility in Fort Collins. 83 A total of 7,790 thrms (821.85 GJ) wr purchasd from Xcl Enrgy btwn April and Dcmbr of 2006 for us at its offsit warhous (Wickr Driv) in Fort Collins. 84 Raw natural gas contains mthan (CH 4 ) and othr hydrocarbons, watr, nitrogn (N 2 ), and som sulfur compounds such as H 2 S. Th Gulf Coast stats (mainly Txas and Louisiana) produc most of th natural gas usd in th US, and th raw gas occurs onshor and offshor, somtims alon and somtims along with liquid ptrolum (DLuchi, 1993). Th xtraction, rfining and transmission of gas rquir nrgy and rsult in missions of both and CH 4 during combustion and as fugitiv (lakd) and vntd (intntionally rlasd) gas. Production of Gas An stimatd 4.3 g of CH 4 is mittd during raw gas production for vry kilogram of th gas that is ultimatly dlivrd (Barns and Edmunds, 1990; Kirchgssnr t al., 2000). 85 This translats to roughly 9.0 g of CH 4 for vry thrm (0.1055 GJ) of dlivrd gas. Taking account of mthan s GWP of 23, ach thrm of gas producd causs 207.2 g of missions. Th natural gas purchasd by NBB thrfor rlats to th mission of 99,165.36 kg of. 80 NBB data, communication with Jnn Orgolini on March 11, 2008 and FCU 2006 Attstation.doc (Tranch 2) 81 Purchas Agrmnt datd July 27, 2007 btwn NBB and Community Enrgy, Inc. ( community nrgy wind purchas.pdf in Tranch 2). 82 NBB data, thirtn sparat invoics wr providd in data tranch 1 83 NBB data, tn sparat invoics wr providd in data tranch 1 84 NBB data, nin sparat invoics wr providd in data tranch 1 85 Calculations wr also informd by th EIA (2004) Annual Enrgy Rviw 2002, EIA (2004) Emissions of GHGs in th US 2003, a prsntation by Margart Mann of NREL ntitld A comparison of th nvironmntal consquncs of powr from biomass, coal and natural gas, and a GHG invntory prformd by Climat Mitigation Srvics for th city of Aspn, Colorado in 2004 (http://www.aspnglobalwarming.com)

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 21 Gas Procssing An stimatd 1.6 g of CH 4 is mittd during procssing of raw natural gas for vry kilogram of dlivrd gas (Kirchgssnr t al., 2000). 86 Thus, approximatly 3.3 g of CH 4,or 76.6 g of, is rlasd during procssing for vry thrm (0.1055 GJ) of dlivrd gas. Th natural gas purchasd by NBB in 2006 thrfor rlats to th mission of 36,648.07 kg of. Transmission and Storag An stimatd 5.6 g of CH 4 is mittd during transmission and storag of natural gas from rfinris to distribution facilitis for vry kilogram of dlivrd gas (Kirchgssnr t al., 2000). 87 Thus, approximatly 11.8 g of CH 4,or 271.4 g of, is rlasd during transmission and storag for vry thrm (0.1055 GJ) of dlivrd gas. Th natural gas purchasd by NBB thrfor rlats to th mission of 129,885.10 kg of. Combustion In th US, an avrag of 5.31 kg is mittd for ach thrm of piplin natural gas combustd. 89 Thus, th natural gas purchasd and burnd by NBB in 2006 rlats to th mission of 2,541,339.45 kg of. Allocation Bcaus th bulk of natural gas is usd in procsss immdiatly rlatd to br production (.g. boiling of wort), th rlatd missions ar allocatd on th basis of th volum of br producd. In 2006, th total volum of br producd comprisd 23,587,872 6-pack quivalnts. 90 Dividing th total missions by this volum, w find that ach 6-pack mbodis 123.0 g of from purchasd natural gas as shown in Tabl 3. Distribution An stimatd 4.1 g of CH 4 is mittd during distribution of natural gas in piplins for vry kilogram of dlivrd gas (Kirchgssnr t al., 2000). 88 Thus, approximatly 8.6 g of CH 4,or 198.2 g of, is rlasd during distribution of ach thrm (0.1055 GJ) of dlivrd gas. Th natural gas purchasd by NBB thrfor rlats to th mission of 94,853.83 kg of. Tabl 3. Carbon dioxid quivalnt missions pr 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al rsulting from natural gas usd by NBB in 2006. Stag of Natural Gas Lif Cycl Production Procssing g pr 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al 4.20 3.4% 1.55 Prcntag 1.3% Transmission/Storag 5.51 4.5% Distribution 4.02 3.3% Combustion (Us) 107.74 87.6% Total 123.02 100% 86-88 Ibid. 89 Data in "lbs CO2 / 1,000 cubic ft" units from US EIA. Voluntary Rporting of Grnhous Gass Program, Emission Cofficints, http://www.ia.do.gov/oiaf/1605/factors.html 90 NBB data, total sals 2006.xls (Tranch 2)

22 Th Climat Consrvancy Fugitiv Rfrigrants Th total amount of rfrigrant usd by NBB in 2006 was 5 lb of R-22 (GWP = 1780) and 0.74 lb of R-134a (GWP = 1300). 91 A total of 23,587,872 6-pack quivalnts wr sold in 2006, 92 76.5% of th total br production by rvnu. 93 Assuming th ntir rfrigrant amount was mittd in 1 yar and that NBB typically stors thir br in-hous for 2 wks, th allocation of missions du to fugitiv rfrigrant to on 6-pack of FT is vry small, about 0.007 g. Manufacturing Wast Disposal 4.2 g Landfilling 3.7 g A fraction of th wast gnratd during FT manufacturing is disposd in landfills. Following th analysis dscribd on pags 30 and 31, w stimat th GHG missions basd on national avrags for landfills with and without gas rcovry. Our numbrs includ transportation to landfills, nrgy us to oprat th landfill, dirct mthan mission du to anarobic dcomposition of carbon-rich matrials, and long-trm carbon storag whn organic mass is burid in th soil. 0 g Th amount of wast gnratd in 2006 that was landfilld and th nt mission pr typ of matrial ar shown in Tabl 4. Landfills with gas rcovry mit lss GHG and thos with no rcovry hav highr mission rats than th national avrag displayd in th prvious tabl. If all of th wast listd abov is snt to landfills without any form of gas rcovry th nt mission amounts to 7.7 g of pr 6-pack. Convrsly, landfills that flar mthan gas mit 1.5 g of pr 6-pack. Th lowst figur is obtaind whn landfill gas is usd for nrgy production and missions can b as low as 0.7 g of pr 6-pack. Tabl 4. Total and pr 6-pack quantits of wast matrials gnratd and landfilld by NBB during manufacturing oprations in 2006 Matrial Cardboard Glass Quantity (lbs) 94 11,514 0.10 57,191 g pr 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al 95 0.04 Wood 5,940-0.06 Plastic 96 5,824 0.005 Chipboard 1,145 0.008 Mtals 97 5,146 0.004 Trash 98 179,869 2.80 Nwspapr 1,782-0.03 Papr 19,688 0.81 Total 123.02 3.67 91 NBB data, mail from Jnn Orgolini to Stv Davis with th subjct Rfrigrant Quantity for 2006 on January 14, 2008 92 NBB data, 2006 Total sals.shipping distancs.pr stat sals.xls (tranch 2) 93 NBB data, Follow Up Qustions_10.doc (tranch 2) 94 Th total mass of wast includd in this analysis corrsponds to th numbrs from Gallgos and Wast-not dirctly allocatd to landfills according to NBB data, Landf rats (EPA, 2006) 95 Rflcts yar 2003 national avrag of landfills with and without landfill gas rcovry 96 Idntical mission rats apply to LDPE, HDPE and PET 97 Assumd 50% aluminum and 50% stl 98 Assumd trash to b composd of food discards

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 23 Rcycling 0.6 g A larg portion of th wast gnratd at NBB during br production is rcycld. Most matrials ar analyzd basd on EPA s assssmnt of wast managmnt (EPA, 2006). Battry rcycling missions ar takn from a Swdish study (Rydh and Karlstrom, 2002) of nickl-cadmium battris. W hav mad th following assumptions rgarding NBB s wast allocation for th purpos of stimating GHG missions of rcycling: kgs wr tratd as mtals, light bulbs wr tratd as 50% mtals and 50% glass, commingl and compactor wr tratd as 1/3 papr, 1/3 paprboard and 1/3 nwspapr, univrsal wast was assumd to b composd of 50% battris and 50% light bulbs, mtals wr assumd to includ 50% aluminum and 50% stl, and furnitur was tratd as wood. Basd on ths assumptions, th amount of wast rcycld and th nt missions pr 6-pack is listd in Tabl 5. W us national avrag rcycling rjction rats to allocat a portion of th rcyclabl wast to landfill activitis. 99 As a rsult, on 6-pack of FT rsults in 0.6 g of du to th disposal of NBB s own wast in 2006. Composting 0 g In 2006, 710 lbs of compost matrials wr disposd of by Wast-Not. 100 Basd on EPA stimats, on ton of compost 101 rsults in -0.05 Mt of du to storag of carbon in th soil. This figur is nt national avrag missions during transportation. Allocatd to a singl 6-pack, NBB s composting activitis thrfor corrspond to a tiny drawdown of atmosphric (-0.003 g). On-sit Tratmnt 0 g NBB trats wastwatr by an on-sit convntional wastwatr tratmnt plant. Th tratmnt consists of an anarobic digstr, activatd sludg basin, clarifir basin, and a blt filtr prss. Th systm uss a microbial population to convrt solubl carbon, nitrogn, and phosphorus in th influnt waststram into insolubl cll mass that can b sparatd through physical mans (compostd sludg). Th rmaining fflunt wast stram has gratly rducd concntrations of carbon, nitrogn, phosphorus and pathognic bactria which can b considrd nvironmntal hazards. Th two sourcs of GHG missions at th wastwatr tratmnt plant includ th anarobic digstr and activatd sludg basin. Anarobic Digstr Th anarobic digstr producs roughly 15,111 m 3 of biogas annually, of which, approximatly 85% is CH 4 (mthan) by volum. 102 Biogas from th anarobic digstr is ithr usd as ful in an on-sit gnrator or ls flard. Both scnarios will rsult in th mthan bing oxidizd to carbon dioxid. As a rsult, 55,800 lbs of carbon dioxid pr yar ar mittd from th anarobic digstr. Activatd Sludg Basin GHG missions from th activatd sludg basin ar mor difficult to calculat bcaus th gasss ar not collctd or quantifid, but th arobic conditions prsnt in th basin nsur that mittd carbon is oxidizd to, and not CH 4. Allocation Th original sourc of mittd during tratmnt of wastwatr is not fossil fuls but th atmosphr. Th organic matrial in growing barly and hops is atmosphric that has bn fixd into carbohydrats (.g. C 6 H 12 O 6 ). Th mtabolism of this organic matrial, whthr by yast during frmntation, by microbs in th anarobic digstr, or by popl drinking br, is not a nt addition of insofar as it rturns to th atmosphr as gas. As such, non of th mittd during combustion of biogas or from th activatd sludg basin is allocatd to FT. 99 Typical numbrs for tons of rcycld products mad pr ton of rcovrd matrial ar: 90% for nwspapr, 88% for glass, 78% for plastics, and 93% for corrugatd cardboard, for xampl 100 NBB data, Landfill.Divrsion.2007.xls 101 This stimat is basd on yard trimmings (EPA, 2006) 102 Prsonal communication from Brandon Wavr to Nathan Roth

24 Th Climat Consrvancy Tabl 5. Total and pr 6-pack quantits of wast matrials gnratd and rcycld by NBB during manufacturing oprations in 2006 Matrial Cardboard Glass Quantity (lbs) 103 145,875 0.23 223,600 g pr 6-pack of Fat Tir Ambr Al 104 0.17 Wood 18,063 0.03 Plastic 105 20,649 0.02 Chipboard 15,209 0.01 Mtals 14,022 0.05 Battris 274 0.001 Nwspapr 16,041 0.01 Papr 29,532 0.02 Total 0.55 Sal 0 g Som solid br wasts ar sold as animal fd, including spnt barly, yast and diatomacous arth. As such, ths wasts ar trmd coproducts in LCA, and lav th boundaris of th br production systm. Emissions rsulting from ths wasts ar thrfor not allocatd to FT. Corporat Bhavior 45.7 g Flights 15.3 g Though dtaild information about th origin and dstination of businss flights mad in 2006 was not availabl, using th numbrs of domstic and intrnational flights, w stimat a total of 361.6 Mt of mittd from this travl (allocatd to an individual passngr). 106 Whn allocatd ovr th 23,587,872 6-pack quivalnts of br producd in 2006, missions from flights takn amount to 15.3 g pr 6-pack. Flt 17.3 g Vhicls ownd or lasd by NBB for businss us in 2006 wr drivn a total of 961,360 mils. 107 Basd on th avrag mils pr gallon of ach vhicl in th flt and th distanc drivn in ach cas, w stimat a total of 407.91 Mt wr dirctly mittd from ful combustion. Whn allocatd ovr th 23,587,872 6-pack quivalnts of br producd in 2006, missions from flt mils drivn amount to 17.3 g pr 6-pack. Fugitiv Rfrigrants from Flt 0.4 g Air-conditiond vhicls hav an avrag charg of 700 g of R-134a rfrigrant. Typical lakag rats ar 13% of chargd rfrigrant pr yar (IPCC, 2005). NBB rportd 79 vhicls in thir flt in 2006, which rsult in ~9 Mt of missions pr yar, or 0.4 g of pr 6-pack producd in 2006. 103 Th total mass of wast includd in this analysis corrsponds to th numbrs from Gallgos and Wast-not dirctly allocatd to rcycling (NBB data, Landfill.Divrsion.2007.xls ). As such, th figurs tak into account th national rcycling rjction rats (EPA, 2006) 104 Following th analysis don in sction 4.b, rcycling missions allocatd to wast managmnt hav thir sourc in transportation and nrgy usd to procss rcyclabl J., and Ka. 34, p. 289-309 105 Sam mission rats apply to LDPE, HDPE and PET 106 NBB data, Flight summary 09.09.05-09.26.06.xls (Tranch 1), assuming domstic flights wr mdium-haul (2500 km) and intrnational flights wr long-haul (6000 km) 107 NBB data, Flt mastr list_2005-2007.xls (Tranch 1)

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 25 Employ Commuting 12.7 g For a full cradl-to-grav assssmnt, TCC has includd th GHGs mittd through th production and transportation of th ful usd to bring NBB mploys to and from th brwry as wll as th missions cratd by burning th ful itslf. Th survy that NBB gav to its mploys was a grat start, but thr wr som problms that might b addrssd in th futur. Thr wr som cars with no mak, yar, modl listd which mad dtrmining th milag impossibl. Additionally, bcaus no ngin and transmission typs wr listd, avrag ful fficincy across all variants had to b avragd. Som rspondnts had two cars listd, but did not spcify how many days a wk thy wr drivn. Othrs who rspondd positivly to th carpool qustion listd driving/car pool days that summd to mor than 5 days and thr was no way to ascrtain how many popl wr insid th carpool car and which othr NBB drivrs (if any) wr takn off th road. Du to thos issus and bcaus th rspons rat for carpools was so low, w did not considr an ffct of carpools in our calculations. Lastly, som rspondnts notd sasonal diffrncs that wr not takn into account in th calculations. W wr abl to us 115 total rsponss. Th avrag ful us was dtrmind and applid to th 200 mploys at th brwry. Th rsulting avrag was allocatd pr 6-pack basd on total br production in 2006: 12.7 g of pr 6-pack.

26 Th Climat Consrvancy Downstram 1,484.6 g Emissions assssd in this sction ar thos associatd with th distribution, us (i.. consumption) and final disposal of Fat Tir Ambr Al. Distribution Transportation Ful 266.4 g 276.2 g 267.8 g Rtail transportation is prformd by trucking brokrs contractd by Nw Blgium and it is assumd that FT is brought to markt via Class 8 havy truck. Th avrag 6-pack travls a distanc of 793 mils to ithr a distribution or rtail cntr (S Tabl 7). Bcaus primary data concrning th actual path of distribution was not availabl at tim of publication, it has bn assumd that th 793 mils is from NBB to th rtail cntr. An avrag trip of 793 mils constituts a mission of 266.4 grams. Wast Disposal Us (Consumption) Distribution Rtail Figur 5. Major sourcs of downstram GHG missions by prcntag of total downstram missions. Fugitiv Rfrigrants 1.6 g Th majority of road transport rfrigration units consist of trucks with comprssors drivn ithr by stand-alon disl motors or by th truck s main disl ngin. Th avrag rfrigrant charg is 4.9 kg and th main rfrigrant usd for mdium tmpratur applications is R-134a. Th annual lakag rat is stimatd to b 20-25% (IPCC, 2005). On truck load consists of 5,040 6-packs. 108 Taking th GWP of R-134a to b 1300, and assuming that th product stays in a truck for an avrag of 2 days, th missions allocatd to on 6-pack corrspond to 1.6 g of. Storag During Distribution Elctricity 8.2 g 8.2 g Most cold storag facilitis in th U.S. oprat at a wid rang of tmpraturs, with an avrag facility tmpratur of -3 C. 109 A rprsntativ facility whos managr TCC intrviwd rportd 7,069,000 kwh usd in th cours of a yar to rfrigrat 6,000,000 cubic ft of spac. Taking th volum of a 6-pack of FT to b 0.6 cubic ft (16,990 cubic cntimtrs), missions pr 6-pack during storag in such a facility amount to 8.2 g. 110 Fugitiv Rfrigrants 0 g R-717 (Ammonia/NH 3 ) is th most common rfrigrant usd in industrial rfrigration throughout th US, including cold storag rooms (UNEP, 2006). Whil R-717 is toxic and flammabl, providing strong rasons for rducing rfrigrant lakag rats, it is not a GHG and will not contribut to th GHG missions in this assssmnt. Distribution and Rtail 108 NBB data, 2006 Total sals.shipping distancs.pr stat sals.xls (tranch 2) 109 Prsonal communication with Marlon Lucas, Vic-Prsidnt/Managr of Unitd Stats Cold Storag, Inc., a rprsntativ facility. 110 This figur is wightd according to th prcntag of FT sold in ach of th 16 stats, and includs missions during production and transport of ful to powr gnration facilitis (S Tabl 2 of Wst and Marland, 2002)

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 27 Rtail 896.6 g Elctricity and Natural Gas 879.8 g In-Stor Rfrigration 829.8 g In-Stor Lighting and Climat Control 50.0 g GHG missions rsult from nrgy consumd by in-stor rfrigration systms. S pag 29 for dtails of th commrcial rfrigration analysis and allocation of fugitiv missions pr 6-pack. A 12 ft long Hussmann 112 opn front display unit common in larg suprmarkts rquirs approximatly 5.3 kw of powr (cf., Evans t al., 2007). W assum a turnovr tim of 1 wk for ach 6-pack of FT. 113 A total 0.9 MWh of lctricity ar consumd by th opn rfrigration unit ovr 1 wk. Th avrag mission factor of th stats to which NBB distributs FT is 0.605 kg pr kwh of lctricity. 114 On rfrigrator unit can hold 372 6-packs, and 30% of th FT producd is distributd to larg suprmarkts, 115 hnc missions rsulting from lctricity consumd by rfrigration in larg suprmarkts amount to a vry substantial 434.5 g of pr 6-pack. Stand-alon rfrigrators gnrally found in smallr markts and convninc stors hold about 72 6-packs and rquir approximatly 0.4 kw of powr, quivalnt to 67 kwh of lctricity in 1 wk. Assuming 70% of FT producd is distributd to small markt or convninc stors with this typ of rfrigration systm, GHG missions allocatd to on 6-pack ar 395.3 g. A publishd EPA profil of suprmarkt nrgy us shows dmand for 51.3 kwh of lctricity and 0.38 thrms of natural gas pr squar foot of floor spac. 116 Th sam publication assumd th avrag ara of suprmarkts to b 45,000 squar ft. Rfrigration was rsponsibl for 60% of storwid lctricity consumption. Lighting and HVAC (hating, vntilating and air conditioning) togthr mak up 33% of lctricity and 56% of natural gas consumd. W calculatd th missions rlatd to this nrgy consumd in th stats whr NBB distributs FT and allocatd basd on th ara of stockd floor spac occupid by a singl 6-pack for 1 wks to b 44.5 and 5.5 g of pr 6-pack from lctricity and natural gas, rspctivly. 117 W wr not abl to find a comparabl scondary rsourc rgarding nrgy consumd in lighting and climat control of smallr markt/convninc stors. W assum ths missions ar likly to b similar, and so do not diffrntiat missions from lighting and climat control by th typ of stor to which th FT is dlivrd. Bcaus th pr 6-pack figurs abov ar pro-ratd basd on th prcntag of FT distributd to th diffrnt stor typs, total GHGs mittd as a rsult of lctricity consumption by rtail rfrigration is th sum of missions from larg commrcial and standalon rfrigrators: 829.8 g. 111 Distancs ar to th gographical cntr of ach stat 112 TCC obsrvd FT in svral suprmarkts in th San Francisco Bay Ara (including Safway, Whol Foods, and smallr chains), and th Impact Excl D5X-E dli cas modl was most common: http://www.hussmann.com/suprmkt/suprmkt.htm 113 NBB data, mail from Jnn Orgolini to Stv Davis datd January 8, 2008 with th subjct LCA status updat 114 This figur is wightd according to th prcntag of FT sold in ach of th 16 stats, and includs missions during production and transport of ful to powr gnration facilitis (S Tabl 2 of Wst and Marland, 2002) 115 NBB data, mail from Jnn Orgolini to Stv Davis datd January 8, 2008 with th subjct LCA status updat 116 EPA Suprmarkt Enrgy Us Profil basd on Enrgy Information Administration 2003 Commrcial Building Enrgy Consumption Survy, availabl onlin at: http://pa.gov/clanrgy/documnts/sctor-mting/4biii_suprmarkt.pdf 117 Not that our calculations wight stat mission factors for lctricity according to th prcntag of total FT dlivrd to ach stat, and also

28 Th Climat Consrvancy Fugitiv Rfrigrants 16.8 g Us 261.5 g Larg Suprmarkt Systms 14.4 g Fugitiv missions from commrcial rfrigration rprsnt 40% of th total annual rfrigrant missions on a global scal (IPCC, 2005). Larg suprmarkt rfrigration systms commonly usd in th US show annual mission rats ranging from 3 to 22%, th avrag bing 18% of rfrigrant charg for cntralizd systms. 118 Ths systms us R-22, R-410a, R-404a and R-507 rfrigrants for mdium tmpratur (1 14 o C) cooling (Littl, 1999). Br and othr rfrigratd drinks ar gnrally kpt in opn display units and w bas our analysis on 12 ft long Hussmann rfrigrators. 119 Each unit can hous approximatly 372 6-packs and is chargd with 4 lb of rfrigrant. Pr wk ach unit is rsponsibl for dirctly mitting 6.3 g of rfrigrant, which corrsponds to 17.8 kg. 120 Convninc Stor Systms 2.4 g Small stors typically mploy stand-alon, hrmtically-sald rfrigration units with small rfrigrant chargs (1 kg) and low lakag rats (~1%). Th most common rfrigrant in this cas is R-134a (GWP = 1300). Singl column rach-in units 121 can contain approximatly 72 6-packs and mit a total of 0.2 g of rfrigrant pr wk (250 g of ). Allocation Assuming that producd br is distributd 30% to larg suprmarkts and 70% to small/convninc stors, th allocation of missions to a 6-pack of FT kpt cold for 1 wk is 14.4 g of from th suprmarkt and 2.4 g of from smallr stors. Total fugitiv rfrigrant missions during th rtail stag thrfor rprsnt 16.8 g of. Hr w assss GHGs mittd during th us phas of FT, including lctricity consumd during rfrigration as wll as fugitiv rfrigrant missions. W do not considr othr nrgy rquirmnts of a consumr s houshold (.g. light and hat), as w assum missions associatd with thos rquirmnts ar not dirctly rlatd to th us of FT. Elctricity 260.9 g Rfrigration Domstic rfrigrators hav bcom mor nrgy fficint ovr th yars du to th stablishmnt of national fficincy standards and th voluntary Enrgy Star program of th US EPA. As of 2001, nw hom rfrigrators wr rquird to consum lss than 410 kwh pr yar, ratchting down of a 1993 limit of 490 kwh pr yar. 122 Assuming a liftim of approximatly 20 yars, w us th avrag of thos two valus (450 kwh pr yar) to obtain th lctricity consumd by th avrag domstic rfrigrator ovr a priod of on wk: 8.6 kwh. Sinc on 6-pack of FT occupis approximatly 1/40 of th typical rfrigrator s volum, th missions associatd with a 6-pack of FT rfrigratd for 2 wks ar 260.9 g of. Fugitiv Rfrigrants Rfrigration 0.6 g Lakag rats for domstic rfrigrators ar gnrally vry low (0.3%) (IPCC, 2005) and so ar rfrigrant chargs (~1/3 lb of R-134a). Allocating to a 6-pack basd on th volum of an avrag rfrigrator (with a capacity of 40 6-packs), w calculat 0.6 g mittd during rfrigration of a 6-pack for 2 wks. 118 Cntralizd systms consist of a cntral unit housing comprssors and condnsrs that distribut rfrigrants to cold storag or display units across th building. Larg lakag rats rsult from long piping and larg numbr of joints. 119 http://www.hussmann.com/suprmkt/suprmkt.htm 120 100 yar GWP was takn to b th avrag of all four commonly usd rfrigrants for this application (R-22, R-410a, R-404a and R-507): 2847 121 http://www.hussmann.com/cstor/c_mdtmp.htm#rachins_anchor 122 http://www.clasponlin.org/programinfo.php?no=412

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 29 Wast Disposal (End of Lif) Landfilling 50.3 g At th point of us, packaging matrials bcom wast. Hr w considr th fat of th diffrnt packaging matrials in ach 6-pack and stimat th GHGs mittd during transport, procssing, and dcomposition of th wast. 31.9 g Whn organic matrial is landfilld, anarobic dcomposition rsults mainly in th rlas of CH 4 and. is not countd as anthropognic GHG bcaus it would b producd through natural dcomposition. Bcaus natural dgradation occurs in th prsnc of oxygn, CH 4 would not normally b producd and is thrfor countd as anthropognic GHG. Matrials that do not contain carbon (.g. mtals or glass) or that ar not biodgradabl in anarobic conditions (.g. plastics or concrt) do not gnrat CH 4. Thir contribution to global warming coms from transportation to landfills through th combustion of fossil fuls. Carbon-rich matrials that do not fully dcompos anarobically hav som of thir carbon contnt stord in landfills, rsulting in carbon sinks. Howvr, carbon of fossil origin (such as in plastics) is not crditd as an anthropognic sink. Carbon crdit can also rsult from landfill gas (LFG) rcovry for nrgy production. All of th procsss mntiond abov ar accountd for and avragd ovr landfills across th US by th EPA (EPA, 2006). Rcovry of landfill gas (LFG) and carbon storag significantly lowr th nt GHG missions of carbonrich matrials. Our stimats ar basd on EPA s analysis of landfills with and without LFG rcovry, and includ transportation missions, all avragd at a national lvl (EPA, 2006). Disposal of 6-pack Matrial Wast matrials pr 6-pack is shown in Tabl 6. 123 Th national avrag GHG mission from landfill transportation is 0.01 Mt of pr ton of wast for all matrials listd abov. Th GHG mission contribution from landfilld glass, glu and LDPE coms ntirly from transportation. Th only matrials contributing to dirct CH 4 missions ar corrugatd cardboard, paprboard, papr and lumbr. Ths sam matrials rsult in carbon storag whn landfilld. Th highst mission lvls com from landfills without LFG rcovry, followd by landfills that flar a part of thir mthan gnration. Significant rductions in th mission lvls can b obtaind whn LFG is rcovrd for nrgy gnration. Th nt GHG missions pr 6-pack is shown blow for diffrnt typs of landfills and includ dirct CH 4 mission, carbon storag, and transportation. Landfills without LFG rcovry: 210.1 g of Landfills with LFG rcovry/flaring: -66.1 g of Landfills with LFG rcovry/lctric gnration: -106.7 g of Yar 2003 national avrag: 31.9 g of Rcycling 18.4 g Thr ar multipl bnfits to th rcycling of wast matrial. It savs landfill spac and associatd cost and nvironmntal burdns. Savings in th production stag ar vn mor prominnt, as it is gnrally mor nrgy fficint to manufactur products using rcycld inputs instad of raw matrials. Following EPA s analysis (EPA, 2006), w sparat th GHG impact of rcycling into two parts: th rcycling procss missions ar allocatd to th manufacturing stag of ach product or matrial, whras missions rsulting from transportation and nrgy us to procss rcycld inputs at a matrials rcovry facility ar countd hr as part of wast disposal. A fraction of th matrial rcovrd is lost in th rcycling procss and w assum it is ultimatly snt to a landfill. Th prcntag of matrial rcycld in on 6-pack is stimatd basd on rcycling rats rportd by th EPA (S Tabl 6). Accounting only for missions during transportation and procssing of rcovrd matrials, w stimat 18.4 g of pr 6-pack of FT. 123 NBB data, 6 pack BOM 082907 (with scrap loss rats).xls (tranch 2)

30 Th Climat Consrvancy Tabl 6. Wast matrials disposd pr 6-pack Fat Tir Ambr Al Packaging Quantity Matrial Scrap Rat Wight (lbs) Rcycling Rat 124 Carton Box 1/4 Corrugatd Cardboard 5% 0.13 72% 6-pack Carrir 1 Paprboard 125 5% 0.21 16% 12 oz. Bottl 6 Glass 1% 2.76 31% Labl 6 Magazin-styl Papr 1% 0.01 0% 126 Strtch Wrap 0.00005 LDPE 1% 0.0003 8% Glu 0.95 ml Polymrs 127 1% 0.001 0% Pallt 0.004 pallts Lumbr 0.5% 0.14 9% 124 Takn from http://www.pa.gov/paoswr/non-hw/muncpl/pubs/06data.pdf 125 W us th broad dfinition of mixd papr according to EPA s analysis EPA, 2006, Solid Wast Managmnt and Grnhous Gass: A Lif-Cycl Assssmnt of Emissions and Sinks: Environmntal Protction Agncy 126 Labls and organic-basd adhsivs of th typ usd by NBB ar not sparatd from th bottls and ar ultimatly tratd as wast in landfills or consumd Consrvation and Rcycling, v. 46, no. 2, p. 168-181 127 For th purposs of idntifying GHG missions from landfilld glu, w trat it as plastic sinc glu composition is almost ntirly of synthtic polymrs 128 Dnsity of typical labl glus is slightly lss than that of watr. S Tabl 2 in Luukko, P., Nystrom, M., and Rainio, J., 2004, Comparison of diffrnt foaming agnts in making plywood glu: Journal of Applid Polymr Scinc, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1060-1064.

Th carbon footprint of Fat Tir Ambr Al 31 Conclusions It is apparnt that Nw Blgium Brwing Company has takn stps to rduc its carbon footprint, and th fforts to do so transfr to th Fat Tir Ambr Al assssd hr. By using this assssmnt to look outsid of th ntity, still mor rductions may b possibl. Th stps takn by Nw Blgium Brwing Company to incras th fficincy of oprations and sourc rnwabl nrgy hav succssfully rducd th carbon footprint of its products rlativ to th avrag in th brwing industry. Th businss of crating any br is linkd inxtricably to GHG missions and many of ths missions ar today unavoidabl. Additionally, many missions from th agricultural and packaging subsystms ar locatd far upstram from th ntity, making it difficult for NBB to dirctly manag thm. Though no on subsystm in th production of FT is an obvious choic for GHG rduction, thr ar svral aras whr improvmnt sms possibl. On such ara in th raw matrial acquisition phas rlats to malt, for instanc. Th production of synthtic frtilizrs and rlatd missions from th soil ar a substantial part of th GHGs allocatd from maltd barly (s pags 15 and 16) and could b rducd by switching to organic barly (or barly frtilizd from organic sourcs). Thr may b anothr opportunity in th most significant contribution to ovrall GHG missions, th downstram rfrigration of FT during rtail. Narly on kilogram of GHGs of th roughly thr kilograms mbodid by FT ar mittd during th rtail phas of th br. NBB has littl influnc ovr th dsign of th rfrigrators mployd by rtail cntrs. Howvr, fforts to minimiz stock turnovr tim at rtail, or th rmoval of som portion of product from rfrigratd sction altogthr, might b ways NBB could drastically rduc th carbon footprint of FT in th futur. Acknowldgmnts Th Climat Consrvancy would lik to thank Jnn Orgolini, Nic Thisn, Kati Wallac and th othr managrs and mploys at NBB who hlpd collct data for this assssmnt, as wll as th rspondnts in our supplir, distribution and NBB mploy survys. It has bn a privilg to work with a company that is as forward-thinking as NBB and w apprciat th hlp and guidanc givn to us throughout th procss. W hop that th information providd hrin will hlp NBB to manag its GHG missions in th futur.

32 Th Climat Consrvancy Rfrncs Barns, D. W., and Edmunds, J. A., 1990, An valuation of th rlationship btwn th production and us of nrgy and atmosphric mthan missions, Carbon Dioxid Rsach Program Rport: Washington, D.C., U.S. Dpartmnt of Enrgy. Batty, J. C., and Kllr, J., 1980, Enrgy rquirmnts for irrigation, in Pimntal, D., d., Handbook of nrgy utilization in agricultur: Florida, CRC, p. 35-44. Börjsson, P. I. I., 1996, Enrgy analysis of biomass production and transportation: Biomass and Bionrgy, v. 11, no. 4, p. 305-318. Briggs, D. E., 1998, Malts and Malting, Springr, 475 p. Ciullo, P. A., 1996, Industrial Minrals and Thir Uss: A Hand - book and Formulary, William Andrw Inc. Collins, N. E., Kimbl, L. J., and Williams, T. H., 1976, Enrgy rquirmnts for tillag on coastal plains soils, in Lockrtz, W., d., Agricultur and nrgy: Nw York, Acadmic Prss, p. 233-244. Collins, N. E., Williams, T. H., and Kmbl, L. J., 1980, Masurd machin nrgy rquirmnts for grain production systms: Agricultur Enrgy, v. 2, p. 407-416. DLuchi, M. A., 1993, Emissions of Grnhous Gass from th Us of Transportation Fuls and Elctricity, Volum 2: Appndixs A-S: Argonn, IL, Argonn National Laboratory. Dvoskin, D., Nicol, K., and Hady, E. O., 1976, Irrigation nrgy rquirmnts in th 17 wstrn stats, in Lockrtz, W., d., Agricultur and nrgy: Nw York, Acadmic Prss, p. 103-112. Edwards, D. W., and Schlling, J., 1999, Municipal Wast Lif Cycl Assssmnt - Part 2: Transport Analysis and Glass Cas Study: Transactions of th Institution of Chmical Enginrs, v. 77, p. 259. EPA, 2006, Solid Wast Managmnt and Grnhous Gass: A Lif-Cycl Assssmnt of Emissions and Sinks: Environmntal Protction Agncy. Esslingr, H. M., and Narziss, L., 2005, Br: Winhim, Wily-VCH Vrlag, 44 p. Evans, J. A., Scarclli, S., and Swain, M. V. L., 2007, Tmpratur and nrgy prformanc of rfrigratd rtail display and commrcial catring cabints undr tst conditions: Intrnational Journal of Rfrigration, v. 30, no. 3, p. 398-408. Fairly, M., 2005, Papr labls, in Kirwan, M. J., d., Papr and Paprboard Packaging Tchnology: Oxford, Blackwll Publishing. Follt, R. F., 2001, Soil managmnt concpts and carbon squstration in cropland soils: Soil Tillag Rsarch, v. 61, p. 77-92. Franzlubbrs, A. J., and Francis, C. A., 1995, Enrgy output:input ratio of maiz and sorghum managmnt systms in astrn nbraska: Agricultur, Ecosystms and Environmnt, v. 53, p. 271-278. Garntt, T., 2007, Th alcohol w drink and its conribution to th UK's grnhous gas missions: A discussion papr: Food Climat Rsarch Ntwork. Hinman, H. R., 1999, 1999 Estimatd Cost of Producing Hops Undr Drip Irrigation in th Yakima Vally Washington Stat: Cooprativ Extnsion Washington Stat Univrsity. -, 2004, 2004 Estimatd Cost of Producing Hops undr Drip Irrigation in th Yakima Vally, Washington Stat: Washington Stat Univrsity Extnsion. Huai, T., Shah, S. D., Millr, J. W., Younglov, T., Chrnich, D. J., and Ayala, A., 2006, Analysis of havy-duty disl truck activity and missions data: Atmosphric Environmnt, v. 40, p. 2333-2344. IPCC, 2005, Spcial Rport: Safguarding th Ozon Layr and th Global Climat Systm: Issus rlatd to Hydrofluorocarbons and Prfluorocarbons. -, 2006, Guidlins for National Grnhous Gas Invntoris. ITRC, 1994, Mungr-Poonian Farms Rport: Irrigation Training and Rsarch Cntr. Rport R96-003 (http://www.itrc.org). Klly, P. M., 1986, Drid milk protin products: Intrnational Journal of Dairy Tchnology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 81-85. Kuklir, D. D., 2000, Fundamntals of br and hop chmistry: Divulgacao, v. 23, no. 1, p. 108-112. Kirchgssnr, D. A., Lott, R. A., Cowgill, R. M., Harrison, M. R., and Shirs, T. M., 2000, Estimat of mthan missions from th U.S. natural gas industry, AP 42, 5th d., chap. 14, U.S. Environmntal Protction Agncy. Lal, R., 2004a, Carbon mission from farm oprations: Environmnt Intrnational, v. 30, p. 981-990. -, 2004b, Carbon squstration to mitigat climat chang: Godrma, v. 123, p. 1-22. Littl, A. D., 1999, Global Comparativ Analysis of HFC and Altrnativ Tchnologis for rfrigration, Air Conditioning, Foam, Solvnt, Arosol Propllant, and Fir Protction Applica tions, Final Rport to th Allianc for Rsponsibl Atmosphric Policy. Luukko, P., Nystrom, M., and Rainio, J., 2004, Comparison of diffrnt foaming agnts in making plywood glu: Journal of Applid Polymr Scinc, v. 93, no. 3, p. 1060-1064.

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www.climatconsrvancy.org Th Climat Consrvancy is a non-profit organization foundd to mitigat human grnhous gas missions by harnssing th markt potntial of Climat Conscious TM products and srvics. Although rasonabl stps hav bn takn to nsur that th information in this rport is corrct, th authors, Th Climat Consrvancy, and its agnts do not warrant or mak rprsntation as to its accuracy and accpt no liability for any rrors or omissions. THE CLIMATE CO NSERVANCY 2 Much of th information containd hrin is confidntial to ithr Nw Blgium Brwing Company or Th Climat Consrvancy. As such, this rport should not b rproducd or distributd to any prson outsid of thos corporations without th prior writtn prmission of both Nw Blgium Brwing Company and Th Climat Consrvancy. Nothing in this publication shall b construd as granting any licns or right to us or rproduc any of th tradmarks, srvic marks, logos, copyright or any propritary information in any way without prior writtn prmission of Th Climat Consrvancy. Th Climat Consrvancy 2008. All rights rsrvd.