Translating C code to MIPS why do it C is relatively simple, close to the machine C can act as pseudocode for assembler program gives some insight into what compiler needs to do what's under the hood do you need to know how the carburetor works to drive your car? does your mechanic need to know?
Register conventions register conventions and mnemonics Number Name Use 0 $zero hardwired 0 value 1 $at used by assembler (pseudo-instructions) 2-3 $v0-1 subroutine return value 4-7 $a0-3 arguments: subroutine parameter value 8-15 $t0-7 temp: can be used by subroutine without saving 16-23 $s0-7 saved: must be saved and restored by subroutine 24-25 $t8-9 temp 26-27 $k0-1 kernel: interrupt/trap handler 28 $gp global pointer (static or extern variables) 29 $sp stack pointer 30 $fp frame pointer 31 $ra return address for subroutine Hi, Lo used in multiplication (provide 64 bits for result) hidden registers PC, the program counter, which stores the current address of the instruction being executed IR, which stores the instruction being executed
Arithmetic expression simple arithmetic expression, assignment int f, g, h, i, j; $s0 (g + h) - (i + j) f = (g + h) - (i + j); $s1 i + j $s2 h $s3 i $s4 j assume variables are assigned to $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3, $s4 respectively add $s0, $s1, $s2 # $s0 = g + h add $s1, $s3, $s4 # $s1 = i + j sub $s0, $s0, $s1 # f = (g + h) - (i + j)
Conditional: if simple if statement if ( i == j ) $s1 i i++ ; $s2 j j-- ; in C: if condition is true, we "fall through" to execute the statement if false, jump to next in assembly, we jump if condition is true need to negate the condition assuming $s1 stores i and $s2 stores j: bne $s1, $s2, L1 # branch if!( i == j ) addi $s1, $s1, 1 # i++ L1: addi $s2, $s2, -1 # j--
Conditional: if-else if-else if ( i == j ) $s1 i i++ ; $s2 j else j-- ; j += i ; As before, if the condition is false, we want to jump. bne $s1, $s2, ELSE # branch if!( i == j ) addi $s1, $s1, 1 # i++ ELSE: addi $s2, $s2, -1 # else j-- add $s2, $s2, $s1 # j += i What's wrong with this picture? Once we've done the if-body, we need to jump over the else-body bne $s1, $s2, ELSE # branch if!( i == j ) addi $s1, $s1, 1 # i++ j NEXT # jump over else ELSE: addi $s2, $s2, -1 # else j-- NEXT: add $s2, $s2, $s1 # j += i
Conditional: compound condition if-else with compound AND condition: short-circuiting if ( i == j && i == k ) // if ( <cond1> && <cond2> ) i++ ; // if body else $s1 i j-- ; // else body $s2 j j = i + k ; $s3 k Let <cond1> stand for (i == j) and <cond2> stand for (i == k). Short-circuiting occurs when <cond1> evaluates to false. The control flow then jumps over <cond2> and the if-body. If <cond1> evaluates to true, we also want to check <cond2>. If <cond2> evaluates false, we again jump, this time over the if-body, and to the else-body. If <cond2> is true, we fall-through to the if-body. bne $s1, $s2, ELSE # cond1: branch if!( i == j ) bne $s1, $s3, ELSE # cond2: branch if!( i == k ) addi $s1, $s1, 1 # if-body: i++ j NEXT # jump over else ELSE: addi $s2, $s2, -1 # else-body: j-- NEXT: add $s2, $s1, $s3 # j = i + k
Conditional: compound condition if-else with compound OR condition: short-circuiting use <cond1> to stand for (i == j) and <cond2> to stand for (i == k). if ( <cond1> <cond2> ) i++ ; // if-body $s1 i else $s2 j j-- ; // else-body $s3 k j = i + k ; Short-circuiting occurs when <cond1> evaluates to true If <cond1> is false, we also want to check <cond2> If <cond2> is false, we now jump to the else-body. If <cond2> is true, we fall through to the if-body. beq $s1, $s2, IF # cond1: branch if ( i == j ) # Notice branch on TRUE bne $s1, $s3, ELSE # cond2: branch if! ( i == k ) IF: addi $s1, $s1, 1 # if-body: i++ j NEXT # jump over else ELSE: addi $s2, $s2, -1 # else-body: j-- NEXT: add $s2, $s1, $s3 # j = i + k
Conditional: switch switch( i ) { case 1: i++ ; // falls through case 2: i += 2 ; $s1 i } break; $s4 temp case 3: i += 3 ; addi $s4, $zero, 1 # case 1: set temp to 1 bne $s1, $s4, C2_COND # false: branch to case 2 cond j C1_BODY # true: branch to case 1 body C2_COND: addi $s4, $zero, 2 # case 2: set temp to 2 bne $s1, $s4, C3_COND # false: branch to case 3 cond j C2_BODY # true: branch to case 2 body C3_COND: addi $s4, $zero, 3 # case 3: set temp to 3 bne $s1, $s4, EXIT # false: branch to exit j C3_BODY # true: branch to case 3 body C1_BODY: addi $s1, $s1, 1 # case 1 body: i++ C2_BODY: addi $s1, $s1, 2 # case 2 body: i += 2 j EXIT # break C3_BODY: addi $s1, $s1, 3 # case 3 body: i += 3 EXIT:
Loops: while $s1 i If statement uses branch instruction. $s2 j What about loops? $s3 k Example: while ( <cond> ) { L1: if ( <cond> ) { <while-body> <while-body> } goto L1 ; } If condition is true, execute body and go back, otherwise do next statement. while ( i < j ) { L1: if ( i < j ) { k++ ; k++ ; i = i * 2 ; i = i * 2 ; } goto L1 ; } L1: bge $s1, $s2, DONE # branch if! ( i < j ) addi $s3, $s3, 1 # k++ add $s1, $s1, $s1 # i = i * 2 j L1 # jump back to top of loop DONE:
Loops: for for ( <init> ; <cond> ; <update> ) { <for-body> } Equivalent while loop: <init>; <init>; while ( <cond> ) { L1: if ( <cond> ) { <for-body> <for-body> <update> <update> } goto L1 ; } DONE:
Array: C Problem: Given an array of int, calculate the sum of: all the elements in the array all the positive elements in the array all the negative elements in the array main () { int i, size = 10, sum, pos, neg; int arr[10] = {12, -1, 8, 0, 6, 85, -74, 23, 99, -30}; } sum = 0; pos = 0; neg = 0; for (i = 0; i < size; i++) { sum += arr[i]; if (arr[i] > 0) pos += arr[i]; if (arr[i] < 0) neg += arr[i]; } return 0;
Array: assembler.text.globl main main: la $s0, size lw $s1, 0($s0) ori $s2, $0, 0 ori $s3, $0, 0 ori $s4, $0, 0 # initialize registers # $s1 = size # $s2 = sum # $s3 = pos # $s4 = neg # <init> ori $s5, $0, 0 la $s6, arr # $s5 = i # $s6 = &arr # if (<cond>) L1: bge $s5, $s1, DONE # <for-body> lw $s7, 0($s6) # $s7 = arr[i] addu $s2, $s2, $s7 # sum += arr[i] blez $s7, NEG # if! (arr[i] > 0) addu $s3, $s3, $s7 # pos += arr[i];
j UPDATE # goto UPDATE NEG: bgez $s7, UPDATE # if! (arr[i] < 0) addu $s4, $s4, $s7 # neg += arr[i]; UPDATE: # <update> addi $s5, $s5, 1 # i++ addi $s6, $s6, 4 # move array pointer j L1 # goto L1 DONE: # initialize data.data size:.word 10 arr:.word 12, -1, 8, 0, 6, 85, -74, 23, 99, -30
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