Cella Energy Safe, low cost hydrogen storage. Chris Hobbs

Cella Energy Safe, low cost hydrogen storage Chris Hobbs

Cella Material Solid State Hydrogen Storage Plastic like pellet formedmaterial 1 litre H 2 per gram Low toxicity can be handled Heated above 120⁰C the hydrogen is released in 1 2 minutes Safe: no high pressures or cryogenic temperatures Stable at temperatures below 50⁰C Can be chemically regenerated 5

Applications: Cella material vs. Li ion Cella material vs. compressed hydrogen Applications By Power Segment Merits NOW 3 times higher energy density Flexible form factor Safe and stable Safe and stable Cost Significantly less infrastructure investment Long term Diesel cost competitive Stable Diesel cost competitive Stable Small Energy < 6kW UAV Soldier portable e Scooters Medium Energy < 20kW Aircraft (RAT, APU, galley) Emergency Power Diesel abatement/ EV Range Extender Large Energy > 20kW Forklift Zero Emission Bus Zero Emission Vehicle

Small Scale Systems Cella is most advanced in development of small energy systems Up to three times lighter than li polymer batteries Arrangement of Hydrogen Storage Pellets Proposed for a UAV Wing Section For small scale applications each pellet of material is heated separately on a printed heater board There is no high pressure and the temperature used are low The material is stable and will not lose energy with time The cartridge can be made in any shape 4

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Military Security Agriculture Fisheries Coast guard Infrastructural surveys (oil rigs, pipelines, transmission lines) First responder Deliveries (medical, emergency, military, etc. ) Environmental audits The Federal Aviation Authority will deregulate in 2015 Predicted to have economic impact exceeding $82 billion over period 2015 2025 in the US alone A Deutsche Post (DHL) delivery of Pharmaceuticals in Bonn 5

Battery Replacement Technology System test May 2014 Tested the system on the wing section of a AeroVironment Raven Cella Cartridge system built into the central wing section Powered the motor via a fuel cell built into the airframe Tested the: heating, hydrogen, release, control system, filtration, fuel cell and battery / fuel cell hybridization 6

Innovate UK (Technology Development) Grant New grant UAV development for Marine Application 450K total project cost Collaborators Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) Arcola Energy (Fuel cell integrator)

Battery Replacement Technology A design sketch of the Cella 450Wh hydrogen supply. This will be combined with a fuel cell and hybridized with a small battery to produce the UAS power system The actual 450Wh system partially assembled.

Battery Replacement Technology System Electrical Characteristics Typical Output Voltage (V) 12/24 Operating Temperature 5 o C to +45 o C Storage Temperature 40 o C to +50 o C Nominal Power (W) 30 Operating Power (W) 0 40 Nominal fuel cell efficiency (%) 50 Transportation and Safety Will not catch fire if casing is breached Low gas pressure Safe shutdown on penetration of casing Hydrogen on demand minimises gas content: less than 1.4 L (85 cu in) present at any time Low toxicity materials used Safe disposal mechanism Table 1: Overall characteristics of the Cella power supplies Cella Energy 650 match System net energy (Wh) 881 Battery capacity (Ah) 35 Weight (kg) 2.0 Total volume (L) 4.5 System specific energy (Wh/kg) 436 System energy density (Wh/L) 196 Cartridge shape Cylindrical Cella Energy 650 extended System net energy (Wh) 1840 Battery capacity (Ah) 35 Weight (kg) 3.4 Total volume (L) 6.2 System specific energy (Wh/kg) 536 System energy density (Wh/L) 297 Cartridge shape Cylindrical

Two kilowatt demonstrator Prototype system has been built and tested 25mm diameter cartridges are stored in a magazine and move to a hot cell for initiation by pistons and a revolver System is capable of 1kW 2kW 10

Electric Vehicle Range Extender UK Government grant through Innovate UK 1.1M total project cost Collaborators: Coventry University/Microcab Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA) University College London Productiv Steering Committee Collaborators Nissan Renault JCB Inergy Smiths Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicle Range Extender Filter Cans Magazine Valve Plate 12

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Honda Clarity Toyota FCV Most vehicle manufacturers are rolling out affordable fuel cell vehicles in 2015 2017 Prototype vehicles have the same performance and range as gasoline vehicles and have been tested by consumers over hundreds of thousands of miles Early markets in fork lifts and other heavy lift vehicles

Compressed Gas Solution Hydrogen storage on a vehicle is problematic because, in order to achieve a reasonable energy density, it must currently be stored as a liquid at low temperature or as a compressed gas, the latter requiring a large and expensive tank. The King Review of low carbon cars Part 1 October 2007

Cella Material Solution Refuelling Millimetre sized pellets flow like a fluid They can be transported by Tanker and pumped into and out of a vehicle Pumping Cella Material Refuelling using small millimetre sized pellets can be done with simple a vacuum pump Tests with simple cyclone type technology shows that refuelling can be done in minutes There are no thermal issues with this transfer and the energies and powers needed are small

The In-vehicle Concept The concept for the in-car system This uses small beads of Cella material that can be pumped like a fluid Fuel store 1) A batch of beads are pumped into the hot-cell 2) The beads are heated and the hydrogen driven out (takes 2-3 minutes at 120-150 C) 3) The beads are pumped back into the top of the store 4) The hydrogen is stored is an buffer before being used in the fuel cell Fuel cell Hydrogen buffer Pellet pump Hot-Cell

The Material Lifecycle Storage Features of Cella s Material Regenerate Material The material can be handled safely in air Make New Material Transport to Consumer Generate Hydrogen and Power It is lightweight and when in the form of small pellets can be pumped like a fluid The material can be regenerated in a chemical process Transport to Chemical Plant Transport Features of Cella s Material In its fluid form the material can be transported by tanker Inexpensive vacuum pumps can be used to pump the material in to and out of the vehicle in under 5 minutes Large quantities of material can be handled with ease using a similar and lower cost infrastructure as exists today

The Cost of Hydrogen The cost of Hydrogen at the pump Includes hydrogen production, transport and retail, but no taxes Figures for Compressed Hydrogen, reference: A portfolio of power trains for Europe: a fact-based analysis Cella Material: Reference: Low cost precursors for hydrogen storage, Dow Chemicals and Cella analysis $ / kg Hydrogen 1000 100 10 Compressed Hydrogen Cella Hydrogen $10.7 $7.10 1

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Conclusions Cella FCEV vs. compressed gas : similar TCO by 2030 FCEV competitive with ICE by 2030, earlier with tax incentives Car types A/B : City and supermini C/D: Medium and upper medium J: Small and large SUV 1 Includes production and distribution costs 2 Includes retail cost Assumptions: 15 year lifetime Annual driving distance 12,000km No tax Excludes taxes Source: A portfolio of power trains for Europe: a fact based analysis, and Cella Energy J segment C/D segment A/B Segment Vehicle Purchase price + Maintenance + Fuel Cost 1 + Infrastructure 2 = TCO FCEV(gas) 16 2.5 4.4 1.2 24.1 FCEV(Cella) 15.8 2.5 6.6 0.6 25.5 BEV 15.2 2.2 2.7 1.4 21.5 PHEV 13.7 2.8 3.4 1.4 21.3 ICE gasoline 11.1 3 4.1 0.5 18.7 ICE diesel 11.2 3 4.1 0.4 18.7 Vehicle Purchase price + Maintenance + Fuel Cost + Infrastructure = TCO FCEV(gas) 25.7 4.2 5.2 1.4 36.5 FCEV(Cella) 25.4 4.2 7.8 0.6 38 BEV 26.3 3.6 3.2 2.5 35.6 PHEV 25 4.9 3.7 1.4 35 ICE gasoline 21.1 5.4 5.3 0.6 32.4 ICE diesel 21.1 5.6 5.2 0.5 32.4 Vehicle Purchase price + Maintenance + Fuel Cost + Infrastructure = TCO FCEV(gas) 32.7 5.3 6.2 1.7 45.9 FCEV(Cella) 32.3 5.3 9.4 0.8 47.8 BEV 37.3 5.2 3.9 2.5 48.9 PHEV 34.7 6.7 5.1 1.4 47.9 ICE gasoline 28.3 7 6.9 0.8 43 ICE diesel 29.1 7.4 7.2 0.7 44.4 TCO for Cella FCEV and Compressed Gas is similar in 2030

Wheel-to-wheel Analysis Diesel High Pressure Hydrogen Cella Hydrogen Well to Tank Tank to Wheel Electric Vehicles 0 50 100 150 200 gram CO 2 per 100 km * Assuming 100% renewable electricity supply

Emergency Power Supply Single Cartridge Container Unit Cella Tank containing 2 cartridge units (Pressure of up to 10 bar) Cella material cartridges Filter buffer volume 21

Technology Information Material Ready Proof of concept devices Commercial Prototypes Field Trials Spring 2013 Early 2014 Spring/Summer 2015 Winter 2015/2016 Material development completed early 2013 Currently in-house capacity is 1kg per day Through toll manufacture this is 50kg per day Has collaboration agreement with a chemical supply company ready to sign. Battery replacement (70W) proof of concept completed in January 2014 1KW power supply completed March 2014 Research on the larger scale systems is paused due to funding and time to market issues. Part grant funded, Total project 2.1m, approx. 600K to Cella, other grant applications have been submitted Commercial contracts being negotiated with first payments expected in May/June. Same partners who are developing equipment will perform the field trials, this would mean consultancy and materials sales for Cella The same partners who do the field trials ultimately sell equipment and buy Cella material.

Q&A Safe, low cost hydrogen storage Thank you