PERI-ARESTNE ARITMIJE



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PERI-ARESTNE ARITMIJE Doc Svetlana Apostolović Klinika za KVB, Niš Zavisi od: LEČENJE ENJE ARITMIJA Opšteg stanja pacijenta Prirode aritmija ZNACI NISKOG UDARNOG VOLUMENA BLEDILO PREZNOJENOST HLADNA KOŽA A EKSTREMITETA (> SNS) POREMEĆENA ENA SVEST (< cerebralni protok krvi) HIPOTENZIJA (STA < 90 MM Hg) TERAPIJSKE OPCIJE ANTI-ARITMICI ARITMICI (+ ostala terapija) Rezervisani za hemodinamski stabilne pac. ELEKTOKARDIOVERZIJA Nakon uspešne kardioverzije, 12-EKG + antiaritmik+uzrok KARDIJALNI PACING DEFINICIJA PERI-ARESTNIH ARITMIJA (ARRHYTHMIA PERIARREST) Aritmije koje vode u kardijalni arest i zahtevaju promptno prepoznavanje i lečenje enje Mogu nastati i posle aresta (nakon uspostavljanja spontane cirkulacije) Tahikardije ili bradikardije UNIVERZALNI INICIJALNI POSTUPCI KRATKA ANAMNEZA-ORJENTACIJA KRATAK PREGLED- palpacija pulsa KISEONIK IV KANILA FBC, U&E, Ca2+, Mg2+, Venous gas (Dig level) UVEK KADA JE MOGUĆE: 12-odvodni EKG (odreñivanje preciznog ritma) KARDIJALNI MONITOR ELEKTROLITI (K,( Mg, Ca) ASSESS RYTHM AND CALL FOR HELP

BRADIKARDIJA Ekstremna bradikardija SF < 40 otku/min. Retko se dobro toleriše. e. Obično zahteva promptno lečenje enje Manje ozbiljna bradikardija HR 40-60bpm Hitno lečenje enje je potrebno samo ako postoje znaci hemodinamske nestabilnosti Normal Sinus Rhythm Implies normal sequence of conduction, originating in the sinus node and proceeding to the ventricles via the AV node and His-Purkinje system. Regular narrow-complex rhythm Rate 60-100 bpm Each QRS complex is proceeded by a P wave P wave is upright in lead II & downgoing in lead avr Decreased Automaticity 1 st Degree AV Block The Alan E. Lindsay ECG Learning Center ; http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ Sinus Bradycardia Prolongation of the PR interval, which is constant All P waves are conducted 2 nd Degree AV Block 3 rd Degree (Complete) AV Block Type 1 (Wenckebach) Progressive prolongation of the PR interval until a P wave is not conducted. As the PR interval prolongs, the RR interval actually shortens Type 2 No relationship between P waves and QRS complexes Relatively constant PP intervals and RR intervals Greater number of P waves than QRS complexes Constant PR interval with intermittent failure to conduct

PARAMETRI KOJI SUGERIŠU HITNO LEČENJE BRADIKARDIJE Hitna intervencija je potrebna ako je zabeleženo: eno: 1) Sistolni KP < 90mmHg 2) SF < 40 u min. 3) Ventrikularne aritmije 4) Srčana insuficijencija LEČENJE BRADIKARDIJE Bilo koji neželjeni eljeni znak da je prisutan: Atropine Tropane Alkaloid (Deadly Nightshade) Kompetativni antagonist muskarinskih acetilholinskih receptora Povećava,,firing firing,, SA čvora, provoñenje kroz AV čvor, suprotno vagusnom efektu Dose 0,5 mg IV Ponavljati na 3-5 min do ukupno 3mg LEČENJE BRADIKARDIJE Kod zadovoljavajućeg odgovora na Atropin PROCENITI RIZIK NASTANKA ASISTOLIJE: 1) Već zabeležena ena asistolija 2) Mobitz II AV block 3) Kompletni AV block 4) Pauza (ventricular standstill) > 3 sec Rizik od asistolije Kardijalni pacing i pomoć experta LEČENJE BRADIKARDIJE Ukoliko nema zadovoljavajućeg odgovora na Atropin primeniti mere dok stigne pomoć eksperta: Epinefrin Kateholamin (simpatikomimetički ki monoamini) Epinefrin je ne-selektivni agonist svih adrenergičnih nih receptora (Alpha 1,2 Beta 1,2) Positivni hronotropni,, inotropni ni i vazokonstriktorni efekat Doze 2-10 mcg/min IV LEČENJE BRADIKARDIJE Alternativni lekovi: Aminophylline Isoprenaline Dopamine Glucagon (Beta-blocker or Calcium Channel blocker antagonist) Glycopyrronium Transkutani pacing ili pacing udarac i masaža a pesnicom Pomoć Experta!

TAHIKARDIJA-DEFINICIJA Tahikardija SF > 100 /min SF > 150 /min vodi u dramatičnu redukciju udarnog volumena Dijastola postaje kraća a nego sistola i nema adekvatnog punjenja srca Redukuje se koronarni protok krvi Nastaje miokardna ishemija i smanjuje se centralna i periferna perfuzija Tahikardija širokih QRS kompleksa teže e se podnosi od tahikardije uzanih QRS kompleksa Increased/Abnormal Automaticity Sinus tachycardia Ectopic atrial tachycardia Junctional tachycardia Mechanism of Reentry Mechanism of Reentry TAHIKARDIJA- NEŽELJENI EFEKTI Sledeći i simptomi i znaci ukazuju na potrebu za hitnom električnom kardioverzijom 1) Anginozni bol 2) Srčana insuficijencija 3) Sistolni krvni pritisak < 90 mmhg 4) Poremećeno eno stanje svesti Atrial Flutter Most cases of atrial flutter are caused by a large reentrant circuit in the wall of the right atrium Biphasic sawtooth flutter waves at a rate of ~ 300 bpm Flutter waves have constant amplitude, duration, and morphology through the cardiac cycle There is usually either a 2:1 or 4:1 block at the AV node, resulting in ventricular rates of either 150 or 75 bpm

Unmasking of Flutter Waves Atrial Fibrillation Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005. Atrial fibrillation is caused by numerous wavelets of depolarization spreading throughout the atria simultaneously, leading to an absence of coordinated atrial contraction. In the presence of 2:1 AV block, the flutter waves may not be immediately apparent. These can be brought out by administration of adenosine. Atrial fibrillation is important because it can lead to: Hemodynamic compromise Systemic embolization Symptoms Atrial Fibrillation Absent P waves Presence of fine fibrillatory waves which vary in amplitude and morphology Irregularly irregular ventricular response Ako je prisutan neki od znakova nestabilnosti: Sedativ (nekada je potrebna i anestezija) Sinhronizovani DC šok 120-150 150 J (Biphasic) široki QRS kompleksi i AF 70-120 J (Biphasic) Uzani QRS kompleksi i Atrialni Flutter Amiodarone 300mg IV tokom 10-20min Ponoviti sinhronizovani DC šok ako je neophodno (3 x max.) Centralni venski pristup Amiodarone 900mg IV tokom 24hrs Ako je nema znakova nestabilnosti: Stay calm! - Time on your hands Procena QRS - Uzani ili širok Procena ritma Regularni ili Iregularni uzani iregularni uzani riegularni širok regularni širok regularni Uzani QRS Iregularan an Verovatno Atrialna Fibrilacija (AF) Traje > 48 sati - Beta-blok blokator Beta adrenergic receptor antagonist Blokira endogene kateholamine (simpatički nervni sistem) negativno hronotropno i inotropno dejstvo Doze Atenolol 50 mg IV/PO OPREZ KOD HOBP i SRČANE INSUFICIJENCIJE

Uzani QRS Iregularan an Verovatno Atrialna Fibrilacija (AF) Traje > 48 sati - Digoxin Prečišćeni eni kardijalni glik ikozid (Foxglove) Usporava provoñenje kroz AV čvor Pozitivno inotropno dejstvo preko inhibicije Na+/K+ ATPase pumpe Doze 250-500 500 mcg IV/PO OPREZ KOD RENALNE INSUFICIJENCIJE Uzani QRS kompleksi-iregular regularni Verovatno Atrialna Fibrilacija (AF) Traje < 48 sati - Amiodarone Class III anti-ar aritmika Prolongira fazu 3 kardijalnog akcionog potencijala Deluje na svim nivoima srca Amiodarone pokazuje dejstvo slično beta blokatoru i blokatorima K kanala u SA i AV čvorovima, povećava the refraktarni period preko efekta na Na- i K-kanale, i usporava intra-kardi ardialnoalno provoñenje kardijalnog akcionog potencijala, preko efekta na Na kanale. Doze 300mg IV tokom 20-60 min, zatim 900 mg IV tokom 24 h KOD DUGOTRAJNE UPOTREBE MOŽE E IMATI MNOGO NEŽELJENIH ELJENIH EFEKATA TRANSKUTANA ELEKTROSTIMULACIJA

ALGORITAM UPOTREBE AUTOMATSKOG EKSTERNOG DEFIBRILATORA What is this arrhythmia? Ventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia is usually caused by reentry, and most commonly seen in patients following myocardial infarction. Uzani QRS kompleksi- Regularaniani Mnogobrojni uzroci Vagalni manevri (OPREZ KOD STARIJIH ILI POZNATE ATEROSKLEROZE) Adenosine Purine nucleoside Blokira provoñenje kroz AV čvor Polu-život 10 sec Doza 6 mg IV; 12 mg IV (ako( je potrebno) 12 mg IV (ako( je potrebno) KONTRAINDIKOVANO KOD ASTME I WPW SY Ako se uspostavi sinusni ritam registrovati 12 odvodni EKG i razmotriti bolničko lečenje enje Kod ponovljenih epizoda ponoviti isti terapijski pristup Ako se sinusni ritam ne uspostavi: tražiti pomoć eksperta Atrial flutter razmotriti beta-blokator blokator Amiodarone Široki QRS kompleksi-iregularni iregularni Veoma opasan ritam Tražiti pomoć eksperta Mogućnosti nosti: AF sa blokom grane (lečenje enje kao AF) WPW- AF (razmotriti( Amiodarone) Polimorfna VT: Torsade de pointes (IV Magnesium tokom 10min) Široki QRS kompleksi-regularni Ventrikularna tahikardija ili neodreñen en ritam: Amiodarone 300mg IV tokom 20-60min Centralni pristup Amiodarone 900mg IV tokom 24 h U ranije potvrñenoj SVT sa blokom grane: Adenosine kao za regularne tahikardije sa uzanim QRS kompleksima Amiodarone ako izostane efekat Adenosina

Assess patient then ECG Early recognition and prompt treatment can avert disastrous consequences Obtain senior help with unstable patients Early expert input very useful (Do not be afraid to ask your friendly cardiology SpR!)