Sustainability in Defence (SiD) 10-11 June 2014 Hellenic Armed Forces Officers Club, Athens, Greece Underground Military Facilities (UMFs) Reducing Vulnerability in an Environmentally Friendly and Cost-Effective Manner Υπογειοποίηση Στρατιωτικών Εγκαταστάσεων Μείωση της Τρωτότητας με Περιβαλλοντικώς Αποδεκτό και Οικονομικό Τρόπο Prof. Michael Kavvadas Head of the Geotechnical Department National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) 1
Underground Military Facilities (UMFs) Classes in terms of construction method : Deep Underground Facilities (DUFs) Earth-Covered Facilities (ECFs) 2
Underground Military Facilities (UMFs) Classes in terms of function : 1. Underground Military Bases (UMB) including Land, Naval and Air Force Bases 3
Underground Military Facilities (UMFs) Classes in terms of function : 2. Underground Command Centers (UCC) 4
Underground Military Facilities (UMFs) Classes in terms of function : 3. Ammunition Storage Magazines (ASM) 3a. Underground 3b. Earth-Covered 5
UMF Protection Requirements Small-scale Earth-Covered Facilities against low-capacity conventional munitions Protection principles : Shock-wave diffusion Shock-wave deflection PLAN VIEW Shock-wave (free-field) Shock-wave diffuser Shock-wave diffuser Shock-wave deflector 6
UMF Protection Requirements Projectile penetration in concrete armour wall (1) projectile Concrete wall Concrete wall (2) (3) (4) Concrete wall Concrete wall Kindly provided by Prof. Nicholas Vlachopoulos Department of Civil Engineering Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston ON, Canada 7
Projectile penetration (m) UMF Protection Requirements Projectile penetration in rockmass Z = projectile penetration depth (m) M = projectile mass (kg) D = projectile diameter (cm) Z V = projectile impact velocity (m/sec) = rock bulk density (Mg/m 3 ) UCS = Unconfined Compressive Strength of rock (MPa) RQD = Rock Quality Designation index (%) Comparison with actual data 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 0.08 M V D UCS 100 RQD 0.8 UCS = 10 MPa UCS = 40 MPa UCS = 80 MPa M = 250 kg D = 30cm V = 800 m/s 0 20 40 60 80 100 RQD (%)
Deep Penetrating Bombs (MOP - Massive Ordnance Penetrator) 9
Advantages : Underground Military Facilities (UMFs) Reduced vulnerability from Conventional Projectiles and even from Deep Penetrating Bombs (only for DUFs) Reduced adverse consequences in case of accidental explosions (especially in ammunition magazines) Reduced requirements of guarding and safekeeping against trespassing and espionage and all these are combined with environmentally friendly operation (no visual disturbance, low energy consumption) cost-effective construction, operation and maintenance 10
Construction of DUFs Technology draws from large civil underground projects 91m long x 62m wide x 25m high Gjovik Olympic Sports cavern (ice hockey ring) for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Norway. Excavated in good quality gneiss with 30-60m rock cover 11
Construction of DUFs Cross-Rail Commuter Train in London 25m wide x 100m long fork-chamber between Whitechapel and Canary Wharf Technology draws from large civil underground projects 12
Hydro-electric projects with underground Powerplants Typical dimensions of a Powerhouse : 200m long x 40m wide x 80m high Head-race Transformers Powerhouse Tail-race Technology draws from large civil underground projects 13
Hydro-electric projects with underground Powerplants Typical dimensions of a Powerhouse : 200m long x 40m wide x 80m high Excavation of the Powerhouse 14
61m Hydro-electric projects with underground Powerplants Excavation stages for a large Powerhouse Powerhouse Transformers Tail-race Head-race 15
Hydro-electric projects with underground Powerplants Concreting of the roof 16
Hydro-electric projects with underground Powerplants Generator Turbine 17
Design of large underground caverns Design charts for temporary support measures Selection of excavation shape deeper excavation worse ground 18
Hydro-electric projects with underground Powerplants Final lining of the roof Reinforced Concrete arch Analysis of the temporary support with finite elements Temporary support with rockbolts and anchor cables 19
Construction issues Sprayed concrete liner and steel sets 20
Construction issues Installation of rock bolts 21
Construction issues Multiple drifts (side-drifting) and forepoling 22
Construction issues Top heading and bench excavation and this concludes the presentation. 23