Specification for tunnelling third edition. The British Tunnelling Society and The Institution of Civil Engineers

Transcription

1 Specification for tunnelling third edition The British Tunnelling Society and The Institution of Civil Engineers

2 Published by Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP, UK. Distributors for Thomas Telford books are Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria First published Also available from Thomas Telford Limited Monitoring Underground Construction. The British Tunnelling Society. ISBN Rock Engineering. Håkan Stille and Arild Palmstro m. ISBN Tunnel Lining Design Guide. The British Tunnelling Society and Institution of Civil Engineers. ISBN A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: # Thomas Telford Limited 2010 All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher, Thomas Telford Limited, 40 Marsh Wall, London E14 9TP. This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers. Cert no. SGS-COC-2953 Typeset by Academic þ Technical, Bristol Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham Index created by Indexing Specialists (UK) Ltd., Hove

3 Foreword The Model Specification for Tunnelling was produced by the British Tunnelling Society in conjunction with the Ground Board of the Institution of Civil Engineers in order to establish a common standard for tunnelling and first published in It was revised in 2000, published as the BTS Specification for Tunnelling and has become the standard Specification referred to in the majority of tunnelling contracts in the UK and in many worldwide. There have been many developments in construction technology and the way tunnelling contracts are arranged over recent years. The third edition seeks to include and incorporate changes which bring the specification up to date. Like the earlier editions it relies heavily on the experience of individual and corporate members of the BTS. There have been too many contributors to name individually here. There are major changes in the section on sprayed concrete which reflect its growth in use and development of the technique. Sections dealing with new techniques such as sprayed applied waterproof membranes and jacked box tunnelling have been added. All sections have been updated to reflect best current practice, changes in national standards and the new Eurocodes. We trust that the third edition of the BTS Specification will become the standard for tunnelling contracts in coming years. We recognise that change will continue to occur in the tunnelling industry and that it will always be possible to improve this specification. Any suggestions for improvements and amendments to future editions should be sent to the Secretary of the British Tunnelling Society at the Institution of Civil Engineers, Great George Street, London SW1P 3AA. Third Edition Drafting Committee Chairman: Michael Francis, Engineering Manager, Parsons Brinckerhoff Ross Dimmock, Technical Director Tunnels, Mott MacDonald Chris Dulake, Client Package Manager, Crossrail Colin Eddie, Managing Director, Underground Professional Services Peter Harris, Chief Civil Engineer, Donaldson Associates Mike King, Halcrow, Director Tunnels, Halcrow Martin Knights, Jacobs, President International Tunnelling Association Alun Thomas, Principal Engineer, Mott MacDonald

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5 Contents Foreword iii 1. General requirements General notes Definitions References to Standards Standards and alternative standards Alternative materials and equipment Eurocodes and European and British Standards Eurocodes European Standards British Standards Other standards and documents Standards referred to in the text Documents referred to in the text General provisions Occupational health, safety and welfare Quality Management and records Quality Management System Engineer s agreement Site records As-built records Materials Standards Concrete General Constituent materials cement Constituent materials aggregates Constituent materials water Constituent materials admixtures Constituent materials fibres Constituent materials additions Concrete mixes Ready-mixed concrete Concrete batching Quality control Reinforcement Bar reinforcement 29

6 Welded wire fabric Fibre reinforcement Precast concrete linings General Manufacture of segments Moulds Tolerances for the manufacture of bolted segments Tolerances for the manufacture of expanded segments Opening sets Marking of segments Joint packing Gasket grooves Concrete cover Grout holes Curing Handling stacking and transport Segments reinforced with steel fibres Spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) linings General Testing Production testing Marking segments Machining and drilling Dimensions and tolerances Segment weights Grout holes Grout plugs Casting details Corrosion protection Damaged segments Ring removal Structural steelwork and steel linings General Fatigue and dynamic loading Connection design Materials Fabrication Protective treatment Steelwork erection Bolt assemblies Fabricated steel segments Cold-formed pressed steel segments Jacking pipes General Support arches and lattice girders General Arches/ribs Lattice girders 47

7 209. Spiles, dowels and rockbolts Spiles Rock dowels Rockbolts Rock anchors Sprayed concrete constituent materials Cement Pulverised fuel ash (PFA) and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) Silica fume Aggregates Water Admixtures Consistency Strength and quality Fibres Sheet waterproof membranes Sheet waterproofing membrane systems Materials geotextile fleece Materials fixing elements for sheet waterproofing membrane Materials sheet waterproof membrane Additional Items sheet waterproofing systems Sprayed-applied waterproofing membrane General Materials Materials health and safety during application Selection of spray-applied membrane systems from track record or appropriate trials Quality assurance and requirements during trials Quality Assurance construction testing Gaskets Compression gaskets general Compression gaskets testing Hydrophilic gaskets Elastomeric gaskets Composite gaskets Gaskets for pipejack joints Cement grout for cavity grouting General Special grouts Mixing Storage and delivery Packings Packings for segmental linings Packings for opening frames Packings for jacking pipes 69

8 216. Grommets and bolts Grommets Bolts Pointing and caulking material Caulking Pointing Timber General Methods Excavation for tunnels General Rock Soft ground Drilling General Blast hole drilling Probe hole drilling Temporary Works and ground support General Spiling, dowelling and rockbolting Spiling Rock dowelling Rockbolting Load testing Records Sprayed concrete General Proficiency Batching and mixing Application Curing Defects and repairs Reinforcement Tests for trial mixes Test panels and acceptance tests Production tests Ground support with arches Steel arches/ribs and lattice girders Forepoling General Explosives General Blasting vibrations Groundwater General 96

9 310. Probing ahead General Break-outs from shafts and tunnels General Installation of sheeted waterproof membranes Surface preparation Geotextile fleece layer Waterproof membrane Construction joints: geotextile fleece Construction joints: sheet waterproof membrane Quality Assurance and control field trials Quality Assurance and control construction testing Defective membrane Inner lining concrete works Installation of sprayed-applied waterproof membrane Substrate preparation Application Equipment Construction joints Defective membrane Secondary lining construction Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and shields General Machine characteristics Guidance Fire protection Contractor s submission Inspection and testing Personnel and training Slurry and earth pressure balance machines General Machine characteristics Grouting Spoil removal Instrumentation Open-faced tunnel boring machines General Unshielded tunnelling machines Shielded tunnelling machines Hand shields and mechanised open shields General Boom cutting machines Backhoe machines Tunnelling machines and shield operation General Excavation 112

10 319. Pipe jacking General Thrust and reception pits Operation Packing and sealing Monitoring and instrumentation Tolerances Microtunnelling Jacked box tunnelling General Design principles Site investigation Tunnelling shield Jacking system Anti-drag systems Prediction of ground movements Design Construction Tunnelling operations Construction of segmental tunnel lining General Segmental lining: general Erection of bolted lining Tapered segmental lining Grouting of bolted lining Erection of expanded lining Packing Defective work Segment gaskets General Grouting Cavity grouting of segmental lining Primary grouting Secondary grouting Cavity grouting of in situ lining Pointing and caulking Pointing Caulking Lead caulking Cementitious cord caulking In situ concrete linings other than sprayed concrete General Temperature monitoring of the concrete Transport of concrete Concrete placing equipment Placing concrete Compaction Curing and protection Construction joints Defective work 132

11 Formwork Concrete finishes Fixing bar and mesh reinforcement Inspection of completed structure Shafts General Safety Temporary shafts Construction Timber headings General Tolerances for tunnels, shafts and underground works All tunnels and shafts Segmental lined tunnels and shafts Sprayed concrete lined tunnels and shafts Monitoring recording and the control process of underground works General Ground movement monitoring Monitoring of tunnel excavation Tunnel and shaft linings Daily review meeting (DRM) Key performance indicators RESS Required Excavation and Support Sheet Contingency measures and emergency procedures Survey and setting out Datum for the Works Survey bench marks Ground stabilisation processes Compressed air working General Submission of information Initial pressurisation Minimisation of leakage Changes in working conditions Submission of daily records Exposure records Decompression of working chamber Settlement Emergency procedures Storage of materials Burning and welding Grouting for ground stabilisation and groundwater control General Contractor s proposals 153

12 Drilling Plant Disposal of waste Records Ground freezing General Process Methods Precautions Method statement Freeze pipes Plant Monitoring and records Dewatering General Contractor s proposals Drilling and jetting Plant Operations Monitoring and records Compensation grouting General Execution Monitoring Assessment Working environment Temporary electrical installations General Ventilation during construction General Ventilation systems Monitoring Start-up ventilation Checking and inspection Ventilation failure Ventilation after breakthrough Lighting General Noise and vibration General Temporary fencings and barriers Plant and equipment Transport restrictions Noise and vibration monitoring Noise and vibration levels Access and egress General Designated access routes 170

13 Maintenance of routes Access for others Traffic safety and management Signing and signalling Temporary lighting Survey and reinstatement Access within Works Atmospheric testing General Temperature Disposal of spoil and water Spoil waste programme Disposal of solid waste spoil Monitoring spoil removal Liquid waste disposal Leakage and infiltration General Leakage criteria and classes of tunnel Leakage tests Watertightness of tunnels and shafts 176 Index 177