Emergency Shelters for Humanitarian Aid after Natural Disasters Dissertation submitted to and approved by the Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences University of Braunschweig - Institute of Technology and the Faculty of Engineering University of Florence in candidacy for the degree of a Doktor-lngenieur (Dr.-lng.) / Dottore di Ricerca in Risk Management on the Built Environment * ] by Nicole Becker Born 20 February 1979 from Cologne, Germany Submitted on Oral examination on Professorial advisors 3 April 2008 29 May 2008 Prof. Berthold Burkhardt Prof. Claudio Borri 2008 *) Either the German or the Italian form of the title may be used.
Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Risk Management and Analysis of Homelessness 7 2.1 Risk Management of Homelessness 7 2.1.1 Introduction 7 2.1.2 Pre-disaster Risk Management 7 2.1.3 Post-disaster Risk Management 11 2.1.4 Risk Management Process over Time 12 2.2 Risk Analysis of Homelessness 12 2.2.1 Homelessness Generation 13 2.2.2 Data Source for Risk Analysis 15 2.2.3 Analysis of Homelessness for Disaster Types 16 2.2.4 Analysis of Homelessness for Regions 17 2.3 Development of a Risk Index for Homelessness 20 2.3.1 Influence of Disaster Magnitude 21 2.3.2 Influence of Socio-economic Conditions 23 2.3.3 Risk Index for Earthquakes 27 3 Impact of Vulnerability on Sheltering Options 33 3.1 Contribution of Socio-economic Conditions 33 3.2 Diagram of Influencing Factors for Shelter Selection 36 3.3 Examples 39 3.3.1 Why does somebody need temporary accommodation? 40 3.3.2 Which type of temporary accommodation will be available to the person? 41 3.3.3 How long will the person have to stay in the temporary accommodation? 42 4 Need for Shelter Aid 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 The Right to Adequate Shelter 48 ix
CONTENTS 4.3 Functions of Shelter 48 4.4 Disasters in Cold Climate Regions 51 4.5 The Pakistan Earthquake, 8 October 2005 53 4.5.1 Introduction 53 4.5.2 Disaster Situation 54 4.5.3 Climatic Conditions 57 4.5.4 Winter Race 57 4.5.5 Winterisation Campaign for Non-winterised Tents 59 4.5.6 Shelter Situation 2 Months after the Earthquake 59 4.5.7 Temporary Shelters 60 4.5.8 Living Conditions in Tented Camps 60 4.5.9 Shelter Aid in Remote and High Locations 61 4.5.10 Floor Insulation of Tents 61 4.5.11 Situation after the Winter 05/06 63 5 Tents for Personal Shelter 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid 67 5.2.1 Standards of Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid 68 5.2.2 Types of Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid 68 5.2.3 Components of Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid 71 5.3 Family Tents for Humanitarian Aid in Cold Climates 72 5.4 The Example of the Diizce-Bolu Earthquake 74 5.4.1 Introduction 74 5.4.2 Disaster Background 74 5.4.3 Winterisation of Tents 75 5.4.4 Conclusion 78 5.5 Non-Food Items for Humanitarian Aid 78 5.5.1 Blankets _ 78 5.5.2 Mattresses 79 5.5.3 Floor Mats 79 5.5.4 Plastic Sheeting _ 79 5-5.5 Stoves g0 5.6 All-Season Camping and Polar Tents... 80 5.6.1 Insulation gl 5.6.2 Structural Stability. 82 5.6.3 Ventilation 83 5.7 Nomad Tents 83
CONTENTS xi 6 Floor Insulation for Emergency Shelters - Fundamentals 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Requirements 87 6.2.1 Life Cycle of Insulated Floor 87 6.2.2 Requirements from Context 88 6.2.3 Requirements from Function 91 6.3 Calculation Method for Heat Transfer through Floor 91 6.3.1 Heat Transfer Processes 92 6.3.2 Applicability and Adaption of Building Codes 93 6.3.3 Thermal Comfort after DIN EN ISO 7730 97 7 Floor Insulation for Emergency Shelters - Design Options 99 7.1 Introduction 99 7.2 Building Materials 100 7.2.1 EPS Materials 100 7.2.2 EPS/XPS - Plates 101 7.2.3 EPS - Granules 103 7.2.4 Neopor / Lambdapor 105 7.2.5 Polyurethane - Locally Produced 106 7.2.6 Polyurethane - Centrally Produced 107 7.2.7 Basotect 108 7.2.8 Infrared Reflective Insulation 109 7.3 Miscellaneous Materials Ill 7.3.1 Introduction Ill 7.3.2 Timber Forklift Pallets Ill 7.3.3 Modular Plastic Floor Tiles 113 7.3.4 Straw 116 7.4 Thin Layer Solutions 118 7.4.1 Introduction 118 7.4.2 Cardboard 120 7.4.3 Bubble Wrap 121 7.4.4 Acoustic Floor Mats 122 7.5 Thermal Benefits of Floor Insulation 123 7.6 Tool for Selection of Floor Options Depending on Local Climate 125 7.7 Summary of Fulfilment of Requirements 126 8 Winterisation Kit for Emergency Shelters 133 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Required Bedding Depending on Local Climate 133 8.2.1 Introduction 133 8.2.2 The TNO Model 134
Ji. CONTENTS 8.2.3 New Approach for Relief Items 135 8.2.4 Thermal Properties of Relief Items 135 8.2.5 Tool for the Determination of Required Bedding 136 8.3 Roof Insulation, 8.3.1 Design of Insulated Roof 139 8.3.2 Deployment of IR Reflective Materials for External Roof Surface. 142 8.4 Subjects for Further Research 14g 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Additional Winterisation Features 148 8.4.3 Winterisation Kit versus Winterised Tent ' ' ' ' 149 8.4.4 Testing Programme for Winterised Tents '.'.'.'.'. 149 9 Conclusion APPENDIX A Analysis of Homelessness A.I Allocation of Countries in Regions A.2 Regional Split of Homelessness 15q A.3 Risk Index for Earthquakes, B The Pakistan Earthquake, 8 October 2005 165 Bibliography -L o i References of Figures 184