Energy Efficiency - made in Germany Energy efficiency of buildings - holistic approach in calculation methods and evaluation Martin Kusic www.efficiency-from-germany.info
Contents DIN V 18599 Holistic approach Method for planning and evaluation Architectural competitions Plus-Energy-Houses Sustainability assessment
Energy Efficiency - made in Germany 1. DIN V 18599 Holistic approach Method for planning and evaluation: DIN V 18599 (new Dec. 2011) www.efficiency-from-germany.info
The challenge: simple or holistic approach
Holistic approach Facade: Sun protection system, daylight and cooling Table A4 Parameter a to assess the activation of manual or automatic movable sun protection structures for different surface dispositions inclination vertical Winter Summer North NE/NW East/West SE/SW South Evaluation solar gains January (g = 0,6 ; g Total = 0,15) South North Intensity of radiation (sun) I S 56 W/m² 14 W/m² I S * (g * (1-a) + g Total * a) 15,7 W/m² 8,4 W/m² g Evaluation solar gains July South North Intensity of radiation (sun) I S 135 W/m² 100 W/m² g Total I S * (g * (1-a) + g Total * a) 40 W/m² 60 W/m² Evaluation Daylight (DIN V 18599-4) year round (τ D65 = 0,74, E m =500 lx, D RB = good ) South North Daylight Supply Factor C TL,Vers 0,61 0,84
Sun protection and artificial lighting Activated sun protection The result: Artificial light in sunshine! Pictures: Eicke-Hennig, Institut für Bauen und Umwelt
DIN V 18599: Cooling demand extension Calculation Heating demand: DIN EN 832 / EN ISO 13790 (months balancing) Loss of heat Q l Q h = Q - η Q Heat demand l hg Gain of heat Q g Q g usable Q g η = f, τ Q l = η Q g usable for heating purposes Determination of the heating and cooling requirements according to DIN V 18599 Part 2 Q Einbindung des Kühlbedarf in das Bewertungsverfahr en = (1 η) g not usable not usable for heating purposes (not usable heat gains) Q g Q h Heating demand of the building zone Q c = Q g not usable Cooling requirements of the building zone
Heating and cooling Heat sink Q sink Heat source Q source Useability factor η η Q τ sou rce = f, Q sin k τ : Cooling time Q = Q η Q b,h sin k source Heating demand of the building zone Q b, c ( 1 η) = Q source Cooling requirements of the building zone
Bilanzierungsverfahren einsetzbar weltweit DIN V 18599: Possibility of worldwide use
Comparison of national calculation standards country Userdependent ventilation Decentral ventilation Passive double skin facade Active double skin facade Absorption paint coating Products for improving airtightness Micro-CHP Absorption heat pump Gas heat pump Heat recovery unit (ventil.) Counter flow heat recovery DC ventilators Energy management systems Daylight sensors Presence detection sensor Triple glazing Insulated window frames Solar protection glazing Erhorn / IBP
German building Energy Conservation Ordinance (EnEV): Access to the architecture! Potsdamer Platz Berlin Buildings A2, A3, B9 1998 lauber+wöhr architects Munich (Staff: Martin Kusic) LBBW Stuttgart 2002 wwa wolfram wöhr architects Munich Facades of non-residential buildings in terms of 2018 EU target nearly zero energy building this way? or this way?
Daylight
Lighting: daylight area (A DL ) 1 method in DIN V 18599 Part 4 [ A ( t + t ) + A ( t t ) ] Q = F p + 1, b t,n DL eff,day,tl eff,night nodl eff,day,nodl eff,night For vertical facades: A DL = a DL. b DL Depth of the daylight range: ( ) a = 2, 5 h h A DL, TL,max St Ne Width range of daylight: b DL = window width + 0,5. a TL h St - h Ne height of fall h ST - h Ne a DL / 4 working plane a DL b DL
Approach of the Fraunhofer IBP computational Kernel: 3 solutions - 2 D - Shoebox - Polygon
Research: practical example
Results of the software programmes ( ) Graphical Solution / norm DIN 18599 2 D 2 D Shoebox [standard] Polygon 2 D 2 D [modified] Kusic, M. 2009: Software comparative findings from 18599, Part 2: Daylight supplied areas Building and Energy. 4: 2, 5-7 Issue February 2009
Changes in DIN 18599 Part 4 (Dec 2011) - Overview Simplification of the process efficiency factor Description of a method for constant lighting control Addition to a net energy for lighting and expense figures for generation, distribution, transfer Complement of parameters and methods for LED lighting Description of a method for evaluation of (variable) Sun protection for skylights Complement of tools to capture lighting in existing systems (system performance based on the lamp power) Introduction of variable values, maintenance of lighting Jagnow 2011
DIN V 18599 New 2011: Efficiency figures for lighting Expense factors for lighting Presence detection Daylight-dependent control Light system Expense factors for lighting system light generation light distribution light transfer generation distribution transfer de Boer 2011
LED technology LEDs have become an interesting alternative to low-voltage halogen lamps Duration of life 60.000 100.000 hours Twice the light output Shockproof 1:1 replacement for existing systems Light change is possible Colour changes are possible
Why use simplified methods? Question: Why should we use a simplified method, while we could use a detailed simulation method with (if needed) simplified input? Answer: In particular in context of building regulations: Essential that a prescribed method is Verifiable Legally secure Plus: consensus on the details of the method needed Consequently: Important quality aspects are: Transparency Robustness Reproducibility This may hinder the choice of a detailed simulation tool Overview of advantages and disadvantages of different types of methods, depending on the application: Buildings Platform Information Paper P026 Legally secure (national) Enforceable Calculation Procedures Verifiable Credible, accurate Legally secure (EU) Consensus (national/ regional) Unambiguous, reproducible Robust Transparent (externally) Distinctive Erhorn / IBP Flexible Affordable and efficient Open to innovative technologies Transparent (internally)
Simulation vs. simplified method Energy labels A B C D E F G Costs, Accuracy, Reproducibility EP- indicator seven classes G F E D C B A consultant 1 Reproducibility range consultant 2 Current German situation: > 17 Mio. residential buildings and 1,5 Mio. non-residentials; > 50% needs certificates > 1 Mio. certificates/audits per year; < 250 (simulation) experts but > 40.000 consultants Erhorn / IBP
Energy Efficiency - made in Germany 2. Architectural Competitions Energy efficiency assessment www.efficiency-from-germany.info
Architectural competition: Consultancy Building site Heat Cold Light Air Electricity Passive Keep heat Avoid overheating Use daylight Ventilate naturally Minimize power needs Active Produce, store, distribute, transmit heat Produce, store cold ; discharge the heat Optimize artificial light Distribute ventilated air Gain power
Seven conceptual designs presentation only / sorry, no imprint
Modular structure of calculation engine
Building modelling: zones
N. Lang Nemetschek Allplan + ESS / AX 3000 Building modelling: energetic attributes
Building modelling: Building services engineering Übernahme der Anlagen aus dem CAD N. Lang Nemetschek Allplan+ESS / AX 3000
daylight / no daylight
Energy Efficiency - made in Germany 3. Trends 1/ Plus-Energy houses 2/ Sustainability rating www.efficiency-from-germany.info
Building practice and research Standard 1977 Standard 1984 Minimum requirement Building practice Research Solar houses Standard 1995 Low-energy buildings Standard 2001 Standard 2009 Standard 2012 Three-litre house Zero-heating Energy houses Plus-Energy houses Rathert Bau 2011 / M-K
Solar Decathlon (SD Europe 2010) SolarArchitektur 4, DETAIL
Team Rosenheim building SolarArchitektur 4, DETAIL
Team Rosenheim Sonnenschutz Team Rosenheim Daylight System SolarArchitektur 4, DETAIL
Decathlon 2009: surplus of electrical energy
From Energy Performance Certificate to Sustainability
Energy Efficiency assessment: new trends The trend towards sustainable construction is irreversible Martin Kusic Publication in GEB Gebäudeenergieberater June 2011 Energy efficiency plays the key role!