Problems and opportunities of integrated basin management in mountains Carmen de Jong The Mountain Institute, University of Savoy France
5th World Water Forum Suggestions for possible contribution to RIOB session on River Basin Management and Transboundary Cooperation Problems and Opportunities of Integrated Basin Management in Mountains Organisers: Mountain Institut (Carmen de Jong) Gazi University (Ibrahim Gurer) and others
Problems and Opportunities of Integrated Basin Management in Mountains AIMS Awareness raising for climate and anthropogenic induced catchment problems in the Alps (moving away from perception of whole catchment to subcatchment scale) Development of pan-alpine Stakeholder Interaction Forum (moving through local to national and alpine scale) Monitoring and modelling, development of Early Warning System against Water Scarcity, suggestions for water management strategies
Useful background experience for preparing session - Special Session Water in Mountains in September 2008 at WWC in Montpellier - Interreg Alpine Space project Alp-Water-Scarce (Water Management Strategies against Water Scarcity in the Alps) with 17 partners
Interreg Alpine Space Alp-Water-Scarce Water management strategies against water scarcity in the Alps
Water problems in mountains?
Projection des disponibilités en eau et des prélevements en fonction du temps Point de conflit Prélevement d eau Disponibilité en eau changement climatique Temps
Changing climatic pressures Zermatt in 1890 Lopé 1884
Artificial snow for nordic skiing Terre Sauvage 2008
Snow making is water intensive 4700 m 3 / ha
Changing anthropogenic pressures Zermatt, Petit Cervin: model Zermatt, Petit Cervin Plans for tourist platform and pressurised hotel (117 m in height, extension up to 4000m)
Anthropogenic and climatological pressures on mountain catchments Will the upper anthropogenic limits be constrained by altitude, or not? de Jong et al 2008
Seasonal Water Consumption for Tourism 300 000 drinking water (m 3 ) 200 000 100 000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 month Les Chapelles St. Martin de Belleville Albertville Bourg St. Maurice de Jong et al 2008 a
Spatial Water Consumption for Tourism 200 km 2 1600 km 2 - sub catchment of 200 km 2 - relative winter discharge of 10 L/s/km 2 - tourist density of 300 beds/km 2 - main catchment of 1600 km 2 - relative winter discharge of 10 L/s/km 2 - tourist density of 190 beds/km 2
The Arcs ski resort: construction of water reservoir for snow making Catchment of Pissevieille Snow water reservoir of Adret des Tuffes Arc 2000 1 3 2 4 5 6 Arc 1800 Bourg-Saint-Maurice Arc 1600 de Jong & Barth 2008
Possible evolution of the hydrograph under the impact of artificial snow - 1 to -2 % - 3 to -5 % +20 to +30% Average monthly dicharge Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept natural discharge (L/s) possible evolution 1 possible evolution 2 possible evolution 3 de Jong & Barth 2008
3. Propositions pour la gestion intégrée de l eau en montagne en soulignant le rôle des acteurs et les approches interdisciplinaires
CONCLUSIONS - AlpWaterScarce will intensify long term, observational networks and integrate soft (or qualitative) stakeholder knowledge - integrate short term, in situ (but significant) water abstraction such as for snow production or tourism in monitoring and modelling approaches - develop adaptation and mitigation strategies (drought resistance crops) - create Early Warning Systems at sub-catchment scale, integrating economical and hydrological requirements - develop new mountain water regulations together with Alpine Convention
CHALLENGE Help to develop an interdisciplinary and intersectorial problem consciousness and acceptance
Périodes de conflits d usage de l eau Chamonix Mont Blanc (205 km 2 ) Q (m 3 /s) hiver hiver Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame (1666 km 2 ) Prélévements en eau pour : Q (m 3 /s) - tourisme - neige de culture - hydroéléctricité - agriculture
Water balance Vernagt Glacier Parameters based on direct measurements Braun er al 2007
L eau utilisée pour l agriculture Réalisation : Pierre Paccard données Agence de l Eau RMC, 2004
L eau utilisée pour la production de neige Réalisation Pierre Paccard Données Savoie Mont Blanc Tourisme & Agence de l Eau RMC, 2004
Pressure on mountain water resources by tourism Town permanent/ average tourist population Max. drinking water in winter (m 3 ) Ratio water (m 3 )/ person Albertville 18 000 140 000 7.8 Les Chapelles 400 2 000 5 Bourg Maurice St. 6750 20 000 160 000 23.7/ 8
Glacier mass balance worldwide Dyurgerov & Meier 2006
Glacier retreat of Sonnblick Glacier Austria Böhm et al 2007
Temperatures compared for high latitudes and high altitudes 15 10 5 0-5 -10 1894 1899 1904 1909 1914 1919 1924 1929 1934 1939 1944 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 Year Bourg St. Maurice (900 m) Sonnblick (3100 m) Angmagssalik 65 36 N (52 m) Annual mean Temperature ( C)
a) Villards b) Saint-Pantaléon 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 2 4 6 8 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 discharge (m 3 /s) rainfall (mm) Pluie Débit naturel Débit artificiel rainfall natural Q artificial 10 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 2 4 6 8 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 discharge (m 3 /s) rainfall (mm) Pluie Débit naturel Débit artificiel rainfall natural Q artificial Fig. 4 Precipitation, extreme flood of 12th June 2003 (blue line) and reconstruction of impacts of artificial snow melt (yellow line) for the torrent a) Villards (5) and b) Saint Pantaleon (4). 10