4 th WORLD WATER FORUM. Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System. 4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006

Transcription

1 4 th WORLD WATER FORUM Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer System Mexico, Marsh 17 th, 2006

2 GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW

3 IAS OVERVIEW Countries : Mali, Niger, Nigeria Mali Area : km² Mali : km² (6%) Niger : km² (83%) Nigeria : km² (11%). R. Niger Niger Aquifers : Cretaceous Intercalary Continental Tertiary Terminal Continental > 2000 billion m 3 Nigeria Niger river : 30 billion m 3 per year Population : 15 million (2000) 28 million (2025)

4 NATURAL RESOURCES Non renewable Groundwater > 2000 billion m 3 Renewable Groundwater > 2 billion m 3 Surface water (Niger river) : 30 billion m 3 /y 160 billion m 3 /y to Atlantic ocean «W» National parc (Niger Republic) Fisheries > 200 species Livestock > 4 million cattle Irrigation land > ha

5 SHARED IAS ISSUES Increased water demand because of growing population : 15 millions in 2000, double in 2025 Climate change Decreased groundwater recharge rate Land degradation ha/year Deforestation > 1 million ton firewood Silting : river, lake, pools

6 SHARED IAS ISSUES Lack of exchange information between countries sharing and exploiting the same resource Lack of cooperation on aquifers although Basins Authorities exit in the region : NBA, LGA, etc Aquifers only studied in the limits of the national borders

7 Within the goal of sustainable : GENERAL OBJECTIVE environmental protection and subregional and national development cooperative framework for joint management of risk and uncertainty To establish the capacity, to identify, reduce and mitigate transboundary risks from changing land and water use and from climate change in the shared Iullemeden Aquifer System

8 PROJECT OUTCOMES Joint mechanisms for identification of transboundary risk issues in the IAS; A joint development and conservation strategy for the IAS; A joint tripartite legal and institutional cooperative framework for the IAS; Joint programmes for awareness, participation and inter-governmental communication.

9 IAS PROJECT COMPONENTS Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ; Strengthening the State of knowledge of IAS; Consultative Mechanism; Awareness, Participation, Capacity Building;

10 PROJECT STRUCTURE STEERING COMMITTEE STEERING COMMITTEE (Periodic control and Evaluation) (Periodic control and Evaluation) Countries Countries : : Partners Partners : : DNH - Mali DNH - Mali - UEP/GEF - UEP/GEF DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger - IAEA - IAEA - ESA - ESA - IRD - IRD DHH/FWRM - Nigeria DHH/FWRM - Nigeria - FAO - FAO - IGRAC - IGRAC - GTZ - GTZ UNESCO UNESCO Scientific Supervision Scientific Supervision OSS OSS Implementation Agency Implementation Agency IAS Project IAS Project - Coordination and Technical Management - Coordination and Technical Management - Regional Coordination - Regional Coordination - Scientific Control - Scientific Control National Teams National Teams National Coordinator National Coordinator National Focal Point National Focal Point National Coordination National Coordination Committee Committee Scientific Audit Scientific Audit Scientific Evaluation Scientific Evaluation Validation of final reports Validation of final reports Experts Experts Transboundary Diagnostic Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Analysis Consultative Mechanism Consultative Mechanism Recharge Recharge Modelling Modelling Remote Sensing Remote Sensing

11 ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR : Three national reports for TDA (Mali, Niger and Nigeria) for further IAS wide analysis (under implementation) ; Common digitalized maps for a further hydrogeological risks analysis; Analysis of information/data availability in support of cooperation among countries; Legal and consultative mechanism ; Management tool development (database)

12 RISKS IDENTIFIED RISKS Mali Niger Nigeria Mean value Lack of knowledge of groundwater flow patterns H M H H Lack of knowledge of Surface Water and Groundwater connexion H H H H Basin Awareness H H H H Climatic changes : floods, droughts H H H H Deforestation H H H H Groundwater exploitation W W M W Decline of Artesianism uncontrolled M H H H Water pollution H H H H Soil salinisation M M W M Inadequate groundwater network H M H H Non consultative groundwater Exploitation H H H H H = High Risk M = Medium Risk W = Weak Risk

13 DIRECT CAUSES (Natural origin) Climatic changes, (reduced rainfall and runoff) Frequent droughts Reduced connexion between surface water and groundwater because of silting, sand dunes established High concentration of fluoride, nitrates Climatic change: droughts, desertification, establishment of sand dunes PARTIAL CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSIS ENVIRONMEN TAL ISSUES Groundwater resources scarcity Groundwater quality degradation Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources DIRECT CAUSES (Human origin) Increase in water demand (growth population, mining and agricultural activities) Inadequate water infrastructure Pollution by urban, industrial and mining activities Agricultural activities (pesticides, manures) Land use and inadequate change in land use Deforestation (firewood) Uncontrolled hunting activities Clearing of land for agriculture Migration of the population from deserted zone to wetlands Land use and inadequate change in land use IMPACTS Reduced groundwater recharge Decline of artesian water pressure Reduced renewable groundwater resource Alternative water resources Soil Salinization Less production in agriculture Diseases Employment (firewood) Reduced tourism Increase water erosion COMMON BASIC CAUSES Deficient political and legal practical framework Inadequate basin awareness Insufficient knowledge and participation in sustainable water resource management Lack of consultative mechanism in groundwater resources management although several Basin Authorities Deficiency in application of law

14 NVIRON. ISSUES & TRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES EFFECTS & SYMPTOMS TRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONS STRATEGIC ACTIONS Groundwater resources scarcity Increase of percentage of population without access of drinking water Less agriculture (reduced area under irrigation) Transfer water (big towns, mining areas) Transboundary migration of the population increasing water demand in the new habitat Increase potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists using the same water point (well, dug well, boreholes) Sustainable and jointly development of water resources Operational consultative mechanism of water resource management (exchange data, groundwater exploitation modelling, ) to alert water scarcity Groundwater quality degradation Change option in water demand (fluoride) Less production of agriculture Sanitation issues (diseases) More importation of food Change option of water use Transport pollutions with effects on human population, ecosystem. Transport of diseases Prevention and control of risk pollution Pollutant-Payer, taxes Operational legal framework Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources Reduced wildlife populations of flora and fauna Reduced biological properties of the soil (fertilisation) Increase of denuded areas and loss of wetlands Increase of water erosion, and sand dunes establishment Migration of fauna and flora to wetland and peaceful zones Migration of the population including diseases migration, destruction of new humid habitat Migration and increase potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists Strengthening public awareness in support of decision-making processes; Environmental education for civil society Pollutant-Payer, taxes

15 DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE Sliding of isohyets southwards by 100 km: decrease of 20%- 30% of the rainfall

16 DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE Development of sand dunes Erosion and silting in Niger river

17 CLIMATIC IMPACTS Evolution des Débits annuels : Ecart à la Moyenne Ecart / Moyenne (864 m3/s) Reduced Niger river runoff at Niamey : 36,2% Ecart (m3/s)

18 CLIMATIC IMPACTS 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00-1,00-2,00-3,00-4,00 Reduction of groundwater recharge Ecr (Pluie) Ecr (Débit) Cumul Ecr.-Piézo (R. Dessouassi et G. Mahé, 1997)

19 DIRECT HUMAN CAUSE

20 DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : FLUORIDE (6mg/l) Bony Fluorosis Apatite : Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH, F, Cl) More than 300 victims mainly children incurably deformed

21 TEMPORAL CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM COMITE DE PILOTAGE (Niveau Politique) STEERING COMMITTE (Political level) SECRETAIRE Facilitateur) SECRETARY Facilitator) MALI MALI Comité Technique Technical Committee NIGER NIGER Comité Technique Technical Committee NIGERIA NIGERIA Comté Technique Technical Committee

22 PERMANENT CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM STEERING COMMITTEE (Political Level) EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Maintenance of Database; coordination national committee activities ; preparation of decisions to the Steering committee MALI Technical Committee NIGER Technical Committee NIGERIA Technical Committee

23 COMMON DATABASE Surface Water Climatology Groundwater Administrative Domains Users

24 COMMON DIGITALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP

25 REMOTE SENSING : PILOT SITES

26 CHALLENGES Definition, Quantification and Analysis of Transboundary risks in IAS Addressing lack of data/information : A need for country capacity building ; Rational management of surface water and groundwater ; and Implementable consultative mechanism for cooperation and coordination.

27 END