ISO International Workshop on Water Kobe Convention Center, Japan, July Water footprint. Taikan OKI

Transcription

1 ISO International Workshop on Water Kobe Convention Center, Japan, July 2012 Water footprint Taikan OKI Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 1

2 LCA result(s), not inventory result Water Inventory Result Classification Characterization Water Impact Assessment Weighting Surface water (m 3 ) Ground water (m 3 ) COD (mg/l) T-N (kg) T-P (kg) Impact category Water Use Surface water, Ground water Impact category Eutrophication T-N, T-P, COD Indicator result Category indicator Water use potential H 2 O kg eq Category indicator Eutrophication Potential 3- PO 4 kg eq Water footprint profile Area of protection Human health Area of protection Ecosystem, Biodiversity Weighted result Water Impact Interpretation Term Explanation Example Inventory Quantification of inputs and outputs Surface water(m 3 ), Groundwater(m 3 ), COD(mg/l), T-N(kg), T- P(kg) Classification Assignment of water inventory results to impact categories. - Impact category Class representing environmental issues of concern. Water use, Water availability, Eutrophication, Ecotoxity Category indicator Quantifiable representation of an impact category. H 2 O eq (m 3 or kg) Water footprint profile Profile of calculated results of water impact. Years of life lost, PDF m 2 yr Area of protection Aspect of natural environment, human health or resources. Human health, Ecosystem Weighting Process of converting indicator results of different impact categories. Single index

3 3 Only consumptive use matters? User A consumes only 10m 3 /s because 90m 3 /s returns to the same water body (in the same river basin)? User B can withdraw up to 110m 3 /s User A have right to withdraw 100m 3 /s 90m 3 /s return flow 100m 3 /s User C can withdraw only up to 20m 3 /s User D should leave 100m 3 /s for User A How about environmental impacts for 20m 3 /s section??

4 4 More water usage, much worse? Product A Product B Manufactured in Timing and origin of water Alaska with abundant water Spring snow melt water Sub-Saharan Africa End of dry season ground water Discharge Well treated At the regulation level Water footprint Total 200 liter Total 150 liter Which has less impacts on environment?

5 Withdrawals by water sources The source of evapotranspiration Precipitation Irrigation water Stream flow Reservoirs and ponds Renewable groundwater Fossil groundwater Sustainable Non- Sustainable LOW Environmental Impacts Opportunity Cost HIGH

6 6 Proposed Principles for WF WF is based on a life cycle assessment, WF is modular (i.e. the different life cycle stages of the water footprint can be summed to represent the water footprint), WF identifies potential environmental impact(s) related to water use, WF includes spatial and temporal dimensions, WF identifies changes in quantity and quality of water use, and WF utilizes existing hydrological knowledge.

7 7 A water footprint study can assist in assessing the magnitude of potential environmental impact(s) associated with water use; identifying opportunities to reduce water use related impacts associated with products at various points in their life cycle; strategic risk management related to water use; facilitating water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process, and organizational levels.

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9 9 inventory Impact category Area of protection CO2 CH4 N2O Human health Global warming biodiversity characterization Single index Single IC (single impact category) Multiple IC (comprehensive approach) weighting Water use (quantity, origin, quality, form etc) Water use Heat Eutrophication Eco toxicity Human toxicity Human health biodiversity Single index can be considered in LCA

10 10 Water Footprint--- Beyond Labeling Critical information for risk management of entities, such as a nation or an enterprise: how much water from what water source in which area their activities rely on? How sustainable is the water use? 78.5 North America 36.4 Western Europe 38.8 North West 57.5 Africa Central Caribbean America West Africa South America 33.5 Middle East South Asia 46.2 USSR East & South East Asia Oceania Importer based, over 5 km 3 /y km 3 /y 1~5 5~10 10~15 15~20 20~30 30~50 50< Virtual Water Trade through Major Crops Changes in freshwater resources under CC

11 11 Required Water for Fast Food Beef Bowl Hamburger Sandwich Hamburger Sandwich Buckwheat noodle Pasta (Udon) Regular JY280 2 regular Small Fries JY268 Teriyaki Burger Regular Fries JY430 With Egg JY300 Plain JY kcal 745kcal 911kcal 377kcal 341kcal 1,890L 2020L 530L 750L 120L (M. Sato, 2003, Thesis, The Univ. of Tokyo.)

12 12 How much water for production? Bread Beer Whisky Soft drink Coat Mobile Phone PC Bycycle Motor Byke Motor Car 15.1 L/loaf 10.3 L/633 cc bottle 49.8 L/700ml bottle 6.1 L/350ml can L/suit L 4.03 m m m m3 *excluding water for agricultural production

13 13 A (New) Water Index Needed which reflects the impacts on environment (internal & external costs) and the opportunity cost for other competing users of water usages: Larger value of the index should mean larger environmental impacts and higher opportunity cost. Should consider region, timing, water source, which can reflect the investments of watersaving efforts and water quality improvements. yet other boundaries, such as energy, land use, etc., should be considered to assess the sustainability of the water usage.

14 Brand-new Concept 1,000 mm/y 1 m 2 CF RF = 1.0 Reference condition CF RF : Characterization factor for rainfall CF SW : Characterization factor for surface water CF GW : Characterization factor for groundwater 500 mm/y 2 m 2 CF RF = m 2 5 m mm/y 200 mm/y CF SW = 1.25 CF GW = 5.0 Characterize by required area to obtain reference water volume (1000 mm/y)

15 15 River Share of precipitation in consumptive water use 農 作 物 の 供 給 源 別 水 消 費 量 Middle size reservoir Middle size reservoir Fossil ground water Fossil ground water

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