GROUNDWATER BANKING AN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR WATER SECURITY IN CALIFORNIA
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1 GROUNDWATER BANKING AN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR WATER SECURITY IN CALIFORNIA Helen Dahlke Assistant Professor in Integrated Hydrologic Sciences LAWR, UC Davis FEBRUARY 13,
2 Signs of a 3-year drought NOAA drought index AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER BANKING Jan 2013 Aug 2013 Jan 2014 May 2014 Aug 2014 Feb 2015 Source:
3 How did we get here? The California Water Budget Evapotranspiration ~ 125 MAF Precipitation ~ 200 MAF 3 Storages in California SNOW? RESERVOIRS Water available as runoff ~ 75 MAF GROUNDWATER
4 Changes in cropping patterns in the Sacramento Valley Average values (in acres) for five northern Sacramento Valley counties. Crop Change Need reliable water supply! Deciduous Nuts & Fruits 219, ,113 38,931 Olive & Citrus 28,997 37,002 8,005 Vineyard 4,000 3, Rice 348, ,316 1,927 Pasture 112, ,528 14,905 Grain & Hay 71,774 61,434 10,340 Field Crops 58,440 37,874 20,566 Truck Crops 33,788 33, Idle Land 32,204 26,609 5,595 Total 909, ,146 26,749 Source: Northern Region, Land Use Section, 2012
5 Changes in irrigation methods in the Sacramento Valley Average values (in acres) for five northern Sacramento Valley counties. Irrigation Method Change Basin Flood 353, , Surface Drip 60,232 83,393 23,161 Micro Sprinkler 46,725 88,390 41,665 Border Strip 117,521 76,581 40,940 Furrow 87,912 59,392 28,520 Hand Move Sprinkler 24,704 19,609 5,095 Buried Drip 600 2,515 1,915 Solid Set Sprinkler 1,624 1, Source: Northern Region, Land Use Section, 2012
6 Farm level decisions impact on groundwater resources Advantages: Reduced crop stress, more efficient crop fertilization Increased yields, improved crop quality More food grown per unit of water and land Consequences: Less groundwater recharge Irrigation inefficiency is a major source of groundwater recharge! More reliance on groundwater than surface water for drip/microirrigation (timing, sediment)
7 What is groundwater banking? is the active and intentional recharge of groundwater aquifers during years when rainfall is abundant to increase water supply reliability during drought years Agricultural groundwater banking: Infiltrate/percolate water on agricultural fields to recharge groundwater but possibly not in the form we might first envision.
8 Feasibility study of agricultural groundwater banking Surface water source and conveyance Suitable cropping system Clean recharge and effective retention Cost-benefit, legal constraints?? Figure: Faunt, 2009, p. 22
9 UC Davis groundwater banking project team Helen E. Dahlke, Asst. Prof. in Integrated Hydrologic Sciences, UC Davis Samuel Sandoval Solis, Asst. Prof. and CE Specialist in Water Management, UC Davis Thomas Harter, Toby O Geen, Prof. Prof. and CE and CE Soil Resources Specialist in Specialist, UC Davis Groundwater Hydrology, UC Davis Daniele Zaccaria, Asst. Prof. and CE Specialist in Agricultural Water Management, UC Davis Josué Medellín- Azuara, Professional Researcher in Hydroeconomic modeling, UC Davis Daniel Putnam, CE Agronomist and Forage Specialist, UC Davis Steve Orloff, CE County Director and Farm Advisor, Siskiyou County Allan Fulton, CE Irrigation and Water Resources Advisor, Tehama County Mark Lundy, CE Agronomy Advisor, Colusa County
10 Begin with emphasis on agricultural systems growing alfalfa and irrigated pasture. Why? Large acreage in CA (~ 1.5 million acres) higher probability to find land parcels with the right soils and suitable groundwater aquifers for banking Relatively low use of fertilizers, pesticides low risk for leaching Flood irrigation with surface water more common suitable conveyance system for banking Preliminary assessment suggests Costs/Benefits more favorable than other crops But we are also interested in other annual lowvalue, low-nutrient crops and possibly tree crops
11 Current status of project? 1. Experimental sites (Team Orloff, Harter, Putnam, Fulton, Dahlke) Scott Valley Irrigation District (recharge experiments under way!) Orland-Artois Water District (OAWD) (GIS analysis, modeling) 2. Economic Model (Team: Sandoval, Medellin, Rodriquez, Dahlke) Model for farm and district level, will be tested for OAWD 3. Alfalfa Flooding Tolerance (Team Putnam, Orloff, O Geen, Dahlke) Randomized Complete Block Design, 21 alfalfa plots (Campbell Tract, UCD)
12 Scott Valley AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER BANKING Scott Valley
13 Scott Valley AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER BANKING How much water can be recharged in a conventional alfalfa field? Experimental Recharge Site 5 cm 15 cm 25 cm
14 Glenn County, Target Work Area - Groundwater elevation change from Spring 2004 through Spring 2014
15
16 almond alfalfa grapes
17 Hydro-economic model for cost-benefit analysis AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER BANKING Rodriguez Arellano et al. 2015
18 Flooding tolerance of alfalfa How much and at what time during the winter can alfalfa tolerate high water application rates? 21 test plots with 4-yr old alfalfa Alfalfa immediately prior to last cutting of Nov Location West side of UCD campus
19 Flooding tolerance of alfalfa Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Randomized Complete Block Design 3 blocks, 7 plots each along 1 alfalfa check (4-yr stand) Factorial: Three timing and two intensity treatments Plus control Dimensions: 20 ft. by 50 ft = 1000 sq. ft. Measured plant parameters: initial stand density, plant and stem count, yield Measured physical parameters: Soil moisture, soil, air, water temperature, redox potential, control volume
20 Flooding tolerance of alfalfa Week #1: 4 acre-feet on Low and High January plots 1/26 2 acre-feet 6 hours 1/28 1 acre-foot 2 hours 1/30 1 acre-foot 2 hours Week #2: 2+ acre-feet on High January Plots 2/4 1 acre-foot 1 hour 2/5 1 acre-foot 1 hour 2/6 to 2/8 rainfall (~3 in.) Low Treatment High Treatment
21 Anticipated Outcomes and next steps Assess site specific feasibility for groundwater banking based on a farm s soils, climatic, water supply and water-infrastructure Estimate production risks with flooding specific crops Provide crop-specific and soil-landscape specific management guidelines to minimize risk to crop while banking groundwater Give a holistic estimate of on-farm costs of groundwater banking: costs associated with yield, reduction in crop quality, water, labor, permits, and other management practices)
22 Thank you! Questions?
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