EXERCISE A: FILL IN WHO,

INDICE QUESTION WORDS... 3 I MODALI... 5 PRESENT PERFECT... 7 DURATION FORM... 8 I COMPOSTI DI SOME... 11 IL FUTURO CON WILL... 12 IL PERIODO IPOTETICO... 14 INFINITO DI SCOPO... 20 PRONOMI RIFLESSIVI E RECIPROCI... 21 IL PASSIVO... 22 (A) FEW/(A) LITTLE... 25 I VERBI CON ING... 27 IL VERBO WANT... 27 IL REPORTED SPEECH... 28 2

QUESTION WORDS 3

EXERCISE A: FILL IN WHO, WHOSE, WHAT, WHEN or WHERE : 1....Where...? in the park 2....? Jane s 3....? a table 4....? at 12 o clock 5....? at school 6....? the doctor 7....? on Sunday 8....? Peter 9....? a horse 10....? at night 11....? today 12....? Julie 13....? a snake 14....? John s 15....? at noon 16....? Mother 17....? Father s 18....? at Christmas 19....? on Tuesday 20....? in the room 21....? in May 4

I MODALI 5

Ex. 1 Rewrite the sentences using CAN, SHOULD, MUST, HAVE TO 1. It is impossible for me to come to the brunch.. 2. It s not a good idea to leave a child unsupervised... 3. It is necessary to sign up (= iscriversi) to take the course. 4. It s not possible for me to study and work at the same time. 5. It is not required to book in advance. 6. It is very important that you be there on time... 7. It is not necessary to read all those books.. 8. Swimming here is prohibited 9. It s against the law to drive over the speed limit.. 10. I think she needs to spend more time with you... Ex. 2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence 1. There s someone at the door. It can / must be the postman. 2. Don t worry, you don t have to / mustn t pay now. 3. Jones could / must be president if Smith has to resign. 4. It was 5 o clock an hour ago. Your watch can t / mustn t be right. 5. It s a school rule, all the pupils have to / must wear a uniform. 6. Let s tell Diana. She could /might not know. 7. You don t have to stay unless it s necessary / if you don t want to. 8. We can t be lost. It isn t allowed / I don t believe it. 9. We should be there soon. I expect so / It s absolutely certain. 10. We can t come in here. It isn t allowed / I don t believe it. Ex. 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. DO NOT CHANGE THE WORD GIVEN. You MUST use between TWO and FIVE words, including the word given. 1. I expect we will get there by 5.00, if there isn t too much traffic. SHOULD We. by 5.00, if there isn t too much traffic. 2. Is it necessary for me to bring my passport? HAVE Do.. my passport? 3. I am sure that the cat is in the house somewhere. BE The cat.. in the house somewhere. 4. It was unnecessary for you to come early today. HAVE You come early today. 5. I am sure that John is not the thief. BE John.. be the thief. 6. It s possible that Bill saw me. MAY Bill me. 7. It was a mistake for you to buy that car. BOUGHT You. that car. 8. It s possible that I left my wallet at home. COULD 6

I. my wallet at home. 9. I think you were wrong to sell you bike. SHOULDN T You bike. 10. I m sure that Karen was a beautiful baby. BEEN Karen a beautiful baby. Ex. 4 Complete the sentences with MIGHT (NOT), MUST (NOT), CAN( T) 1. Don t stand up in the boat! You. fall in the river! 2. Sue says she s stuck in the traffic and she be late. 3. You really.. start spending more time on your work. 4. Tell Peter he stay the night here if he wants to. 5. That s a really stupid idea! You. be serious, surely! 6. We re not sure but we.. go to Prague for Christmas this year! 7. Me learn to fly! You.. be joking! 8. Bill cooked the lunch, so you expect anything special! Ex 5 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains a modal 1. You re not allowed to park here. 2. I m sure that Liz hasn t met Harry before... 3. Perhaps Pam and Tom decided not to come... 4. Mary Knows how to stand on her head... 5. It s possible for everyone to break into the house!. 6. Jack is supposed to have arrived half an hour ago.. 7. It would be a good idea if Harry took a holiday. 8. I m sure that David took your books by mistake. PRESENT PERFECT Il Present Perfect si usa: - Per indicare un azione che si è verificata nel passato, ma senza specificare quando. 7

ES: John has gone to the library - Per indicare un azione avvenuta in un periodo di tempo non del tutto trascorso. ES: It has snowed a lot this winter. - Con SINCE e FOR nella forma di durata (Duration Form) ES: Mary has known Tom for eight months. (Mary conosce Tom da 8 mesi) Il present perfect può essere accompagnato dai seguenti avverbi: just, recently, not yet, already, yet, lately, never, ever Il present perfect si può usare anche con espressioni di tempo indefinito: many times, several times, two/three times, before SCHEMI: Forma affermativa: I have never seen you. Forma negativa: She hasn t written the letter. Forma interrogativa: Have you ever gone to London? SOGG+HAVE/HAS+PAST PARTICIPLE+RF SOGG+HAVEN T/HASN T+PAST PARTICIPLE+RF HAS/HAVE+SOGG+PAST PARTICIPLE+RF? N.B. Il past participle corrisponde al verbo con ed per i verbi regolari e alla terza colonna del paradigma per i verbi irregolari. SHORT ANSWERS: SÌ= YES, SOGG+HAVE/HAS NO= NO, SOGG+HAVEN T/HASN T DURATION FORM Indica un azione iniziata nel passato che perdura nel presente si traduce con il Present Perfect: 8

Es. I have studied English for 10 years PRESENT PERFECT + DA X TEMPO In italiano si traduce con l indicativo presente e la preposizione DA, che viene resa in inglese da FOR per indicare un periodo di tempo o da SINCE per indicare il momento in cui l azione è iniziata. Le domande sono costruite usando HOW LONG? Da quando o da quanto tempo? EX1. Write affirmative and negative sentences using the Present Perfect tense using the words given. a. He / lose / his passport. He s lost his passport. b. We / not / finish / our work. c. They / buy / a new house. d. I / visit / New York / five times. e. They / go / to the cinema. f. You / eat / four bananas! g. She / not / travel / far. h. I / not / do / any homework / this week. i. We / not / study / French. 9

EX2. Write questions and answer them. Make the answers true for YOU. a. She / see / her sister? Has she seen her sister? b. They / phone / the doctor? c. You / take / any photographs? d. He / make / any mistakes? e. We / watch / any television today? EX3. Complete the following sentences with since or for. a. She has worked as a secretary since 1991. b. They have been married a few years. c. They have lived in Manchester a long time. d. He s written 5 books I met him. e. We haven t seen them several weeks. f. I haven t been to the beach last summer. g. Have you used the phone you arrived? h. We haven t heard any noise many hours. i. Has she studied hard yesterday? EX 4. Write sentences using the Present Perfect form and since or for. a. I / not / play / tennis / last summer. I haven t played tennis since last summer. b. I / know / her / more than ten years. c. I / not / eat / anything / lunchtime. d. You / live / in this town / a long time? e. Jill / be / a good friend / we were at school together. f. You / see / Jack / the party last week? Ex 5. Complete the text using the Past Simple or the Present Perfect tense. London has had (have) an underground train system since the 19th century. The London Underground (start) in 1863, when engineers and workers (build) the Metropolitan railway. This railway line (go) from Paddington Station to Farringdon Street Station. It (be) a very short line. Eight more lines (open) since then. The world s first electric railway (open) in 1890. This line (go) from the city centre to South London. The most modern line is the Jubilee line. It (open) in 1977. Since the London Underground (begin), many other cities, like New York and Moscow, (build) their own systems. 6. Correct the following sentences: a. I have played tennis last week. I played tennis last week. b. They have finished work yet. c. When you bought that umbrella? d. Look! I have buy a new umbrella. e. I have bought three CDs last week. f. She didn t saw that film. g. She hasn t never seen that film. 10

I COMPOSTI DI SOME I composti di some danno origine ai pronomi indefiniti. Si traducono in modo differente a seconda della frase. - I composti con one e body si traducono qualcuno o nessuno - I composti con thing si traducono qualcosa o niente - I composti con where si traducono da qualche parte o da nessuna parte -ONE -BODY -THING -WHERE SOME SOMEONE SOMEBODY SOMETHING SOMEWHERE ANY ANYONE ANYBODY ANYTHING ANYWHERE NO NO ONE NOBODY NOTHING NOWHERE EVERY EVERYONE EVERYBODY EVERYTHING EVERYWHERE Abbiamo aggiunto anche every perché usa lo stesso sistema. Si usa sia nelle frasi interrogative che in quelle affermative e i significati sono: EVERYONE/EVERYBODY EVERYTHING EVERYWHERE TUTTI TUTTO OVUNQUE EX. 1 Add an indefinite pronoun to complete each sentence. 1. I put my soda down on the table, but moved it! 2. The party is going to be great! will be there. 3. Does have change for a dollar so I can buy a soda? 4. I was disappointed because that I invited came to the party. 5. Rachel was so popular that wanted to sit next to her. 6. left the freezer open, and the ice cream melted. 7. The teacher said I could bring cupcakes for in the class. 8. Henry was surprised that sent him a birthday card in the mail, but did not sign the card. 9. That painting is so simple. could have painted it. 10. The teacher passed the math tests out to, and the room was 11

suddenly quiet. 11. can bake a cake like Grandma Anna. Hers are the best! 12. Has seen my blue notebook? I can t find it anywhere! 13. called my house, but they hung up without saying a word. 14. The third question on the test was so difficult that could answer it. IL FUTURO CON WILL Il futuro con WILL si usa per indicare azioni che non sono premeditate. Si usa quindi: 1- Per previsioni Es: In 30 years the average temperature will be higher than today 2- Per decisioni prese al momento in cui si parla Es: It s too hot. I ll open the window! 3- Per fare promesse Es: I promise, I won t tell anyone 4- Per ipotesi (frasi ipotetiche) Es: If I study, I ll get good marks (periodo ipotetico di I tipo) 5- In una frase secondaria introdotta dai verbi THINK, BELIEVE, SUPPOSE, HOPE, etc Es: I think Milan will win the match NOTA BENE: La forma contratta è LL. La forma negativa WILL NOT si abbrevia in WON T. EX.1 Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense. Example: We (clean) will clean on Tuesday. (We just decided to clean.) Example: (drive) Will you drive on Sunday? (A decision about driving is being made.) 1) The house is dirty. I (clean) it on Monday. 2) (cook) you on Tuesday, please? 3) It looks like the washer is broken. I (ask) a repair man to come Wednesday. 4) Okay then, our group (meet) on Thursday. 12

5) Helga (hike) you with us on Friday? 6) If necessary, we (carry) the supplies in our car Saturday. 7) John and Wes, (read) you to the children on Sunday? Ex.2Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in parentheses in simple future tense. Example: I am feeling homesick. I (go) will go home to visit my family. Example: Steve, (wash) will you wash the car on Saturday? 1) I guess I (ride) the bus to save gas. 2) The cookies are all gone. (buy) you some, please? 3) Listen, team: we (win) the trophy this year! 4) Everyone is hungry. I (get) some doughnuts for breakfast. 5) Peter, (fix) you the porch tomorrow? 6) Becky, (go) you to Alaska with us this summer? 7) If we take a trip, we (put) Barkley in a kennel. 1 ) Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses. Ex.3 Use will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or Present Progressive. 1) The train...at 11:45. (to leave) 2) We... dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. (to have) 3) It... in the mountains tomorrow evening. (to snow) 4) On Sunday... at 8 o'clock I my friend. (to meet) 5) They... to London on Friday evening. (to fly) 6) Wait! I... you to the station. (to drive) 7) The English lesson... at 8:45. (to start) 8) I... my sister in April. (to see) 9) Look at the clouds it... in a few minutes. (to rain) 10) Listen! There's someone at the door. I... the door for you. (to open) Ex. 4 Complete the text with the most appropriate form of the verbs; using will, be going to or the present simple. I was standing at the bus stop reading my horoscope in the newspaper. It said You good moments and bad moments today. I looked up and saw the bus coming. Then I realized it because it was already full. Oh, no, I thought. If I walking fast, I late for my first class! I had just started walking when a car pulled up beside me and one of my classmates leaned out. Hey, Jean, get in, we you a lift. It s amazing how the bad moments the good moments feel so much better. Ex.5 Some of the sentences are correct and some have a word which shouldn t be there. If it s correct, put a tick. If it s uncorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence 13

and write it in the space. 1. They re probably going to knock the building down. 2. We are be going to get a dog soon. be 3. The bus is leaves at eight twenty. 4. The doors of the theatre are about to open. 5. The meeting will be start at half past seven. 6. The festival is for to take place in June. 7. My friend will be calling here tomorrow morning. IL PERIODO IPOTETICO Per periodo ipotetico si intende l insieme di una proposizione principale e di una secondaria introdotta da SE, in inglese IF. Esistono 4 tipi diversi di periodo ipotetico in inglese: tipo 0 si usa per dare istruzioni, per esprimere verità generali, abitudini e processi fisici o meccanici. Si costruisce usando il PRESENT SIMPLE in entrambe le proposizioni. Es: IF YOU HEAT THE ICE, IT MELTS Tipo 1 il periodo ipotetico di tipo 1 si riferisce al futuro e indica la possibilità che un azione si verifichi. In inglese la frase principale è costruita con WILL, mentre la frase con IF è al present simple. Es: I LL HELP YOU IF I HAVE TIME Tipo 2 - il periodo ipotetico di tipo 2 indica la scarsa probabilità che un azione si verifichi. La frase principale si costruisce con il PRESENT CONDITIONAL (WOULD+FB), mentre la secondaria presenta il PAST SIMPLE. N.B.: il verbo essere nella frase secondaria con IF ha sempre la forma WERE per tutte le persone. Es: I WOULD PLAY BASKETBALL IF I WERE TALLER Tipo 3 - il periodo ipotetico di tipo 3 indica situazioni che si sarebbero potute realizzare nel passato se determinate condizioni si fossero verificate. Nella frase principale si usa il PAST CONDITIONAL (WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE), mentre nella frase con IF si usa il PAST PERFECT (HAD+PAST PRINCIPLE). Es: I WOULD HAVE BOUGHT THAT CAR IF I HAD HAD MORE MONEY MAIN CAUSE IF CAUSE 0 TIPO PRESENT SIMPLE IF+PRESENT SIMPLE 1 TIPO WILL+FB IF+PRESENT SIMPLE 2 TIPO WOULD+FB IF+PAST SIMPLE 14

3 TIPO WOULD HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE IF+PAST PERFECT Ex. 1 Use Zero and First Conditional Clauses to complete the sentences. 1) If he has (have) got a temperature, call (call) the doctor. 2) (take) your umbrella if it (rain). 3) If you (heat) water to 100ºC, it (boil). 4) (take) a taxi if you (be) in a hurry. 5) If it (be) too late when you get home, (not/wake) me up. 6) If you (put) butter near the fire, it (melt). Ex. 2 Complete the following sentences. 1) If we don t hurry, we will be (be) late. 2) If I see her, I (give) her your message. 3) If you re hungry, I (make) you a sandwich. 4) If he (not/come) to the party, I will be very upset. 5) If she (go) to Paris, she ll send me a postcard. 6) If we (not/be) busy, we ll come with you. 7) If he does that again, dad (be) very angry. 8) If he (not/finish) his homework, he won t go out. 9) If he ome), I ll talk to him. 10) If she (hurry), she won t be late. 11) If it rains, we (not/go) out. 12) If they are late, they (miss) the bus. Ex.4. Complete with the First Conditional. 1) If I am not (not/be) busy, I will come (come) with you. 2) If it (rain), we (stay) at home. 3) I (call) you if I (have) time. 4) If she (not/study) hard, she (not/pass) the test. 5) If the weather (be) nice, we (go) to the beach. 6) You (get) fat if you (not/stop) eating so much. 7) If I (see) John, I (tell) him about the party. 8) Mum (be) very angry if I (not/tidy) my room. 9) If we (not/leave) now, we (miss) the bus. 10) You (not/go) to the party if you (not/do) your homework. Ex. 5 Complete the sentences. 1) If Liam doesn t shave (not/shave) off his beard, Sharon won t go out with him. 2) Will you take me with you if you (go) to the beach? 3) If Kelly invites me to the party, I (go). 15

4) The man will hurt himself if he (jump) from that height. 5) If you clear up this mess now, I (not/tell) Mum. 6) (you/look) after my dog if I go away on holiday? 7) If they (not/come) out of the sun, they will get burnt! 8) Rosie will get into trouble is she (not/go) home soon. 9) If Peter (not/like) the sweater, will Mrs Hardy give it to Tom? 10) He (stay) for lunch if she asks him. Ex.6. Read, choose and complete. Today it is Jenny s first day at work. Complete the list of notes her boss has left for her. COME MAKE- NOT HAVE- NOT POST- GIVE- SEE 1) If Mr Barnes comes, tell him I m in a meeting. 2) If you have time, a hundred copies of this document. 3) If you don t need the store room keys, them to Mark. 4) If you the cleaners, ask them to do the windows downstairs. 5) If visitors an appointment, don t send them to my office. 6) If you finish the letters, them. I want to see them first. Ex.7 Write First Conditional sentences using the prompts. 1) if / we / be / late we / miss / the beginning of the film If we are late, we ll miss the beginning of the film 2) if / it / snow the children / make / a snowman 3) unless / you / work / harder you / fail / the exam 4) he / not like / the food if / you / not put / more salt in it. 5) I / come / with you unless / I / be / busy 6) unless / you / give / the dog / a bone it / not go / away 7) unless / she / rest she / become / ill 8) if / I / find / Leslie s book I / send / it / to her Ex 8. Form Zero Conditional sentences. 1) Jack / always / bring / flowers / when / he / come / to visit us. Jack always brings flowers when he comes to visit us. 16

2) if / you / mix / red and blue / you / get / purple 3) glass / break / when / you / heat / it? 4) if / you / not eat / you / get / thin 5) when / the weather / be / nice / I / walk / to work 6) your brother / help / you / with your homework / when / he / have / time? 7) I / usually / read / a good book / when / I / not be / busy 8) if / plants / not get / enough water / they / die Ex.9 Complete the First Conditional sentences. 1) You will feel (feel) better if you take (take) an aspirin. 2) If they (come) with us, we (have) a great time. 3) If it (rain), I (might / stay) at home. 4) (you / post) this letter for me if you (not / be ) too busy? 5) You (should / apologise) if it (be) your fault. 6) If David (invite) Janice, I (not / go) to his party. 7) If you (not / know) the answer, (ask) Mr Walters. 8) Jack (move) to Scotland if he (find) a good job there. 9) If the pain (not / stop), I (see) a doctor. 10) If you (not / like) that dress, (not / wear) it. 11) What (you / tell) Andrew if he (ask) you? 12) Anne (can / borrow) her brother s car if she (ask) him nicely. Ex. 10. Complete with the Second Conditional. 1) If he (exercise), he would be healthier. 2) If I (be) you, I would call the police. 3) I (buy) a new jacket if I had some money. 17

4) I (help) him if I were you. 5) I would travel round the world if I (win) the lottery. 6) If she had time, she (go) to the gym. 7) If I (meet) an alien, I wouldn t be scared. 8) If I (go) to New York, I would visit the Empire State building. Ex. 11 Peter is ill in bed. Give him some advice. Begin with If I were you. 1. make a cup of tea 2. stay in bed all day 3. call the doctor 4. take an aspirin 5. not go to school tomorrow 6. stay in bed for two days 7. eat some soup 8. drink some orange juice 1) If I were you, I would make a cup of tea. 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Ex. 12 Read and complete. JANE: Nicola, I can t come to the cinema with you. If I 1 (not have) so much to do, I 2 (come). NICOLA: Why are you so busy? JANE: I ve got a History test tomorrow. I wish I 3 (can come) with you. We 4 (have) a great time. NICOLA: But, Jane tomorrow JANE: Life 5 (be) much easier if we didn t have to go to school. We 6 (do) so many things if we 7 (have) more free time. NICOLA: Jane! Listen to me! You don t have to do any homework for tomorrow! It s a school holiday. JANE: Oh! I wish 8 (not be) so silly. Ex.13 Circle the correct answer. 1) If she would live / lived in London, I wouldn t see her very often. 2) If you ate / eat more vegetables, your skin would look better. 3) Will / Would they play with us if we asked them? 4) He wouldn t read / didn t read that book if he didn t have to. 5) If they went to the theatre, will / would they invite you? 6) If she knew / knows how to drive, she would buy a car. 18

Ex 14THE DESERT ISLAND QUESTIONS This week we ve got the mayoress with us! If you had to spend a month alone on a desert island, what would you take with you: If I had to spend a month on a desert island, I 1 (take) lots of drinking water with me. Then I 2 (take) a knife, a fishing rod and some matches. If I 3 (catch) any fish, I 4 (light) a fire and cook them. I love fish! If there 5 (be) any animals on the island, I 6 (keep) one as a pet and then I 7 (have) some real company. If I 8 (take) any books with me, I 9 (choose) something funny. If I had to spend a month on a desert island, I 10 (carry) a trombone with me and learn how to play it! Ex. 15 Conditional Sentences 1) If I wouldn t call / didn t call, Mum would be very worried. 2) If we had / would have more pocket money, we d go to the cinema. 3) He won t be / wouldn t be such a good athlete if he didn t train so hard. 4) If he wouldn t be / weren t so rude, people would like him. 5) If we didn t have time, we wouldn t watch / won t watch TV. 6) She would get / got the job if she spoke Spanish. Ex 16 Complete the sentences. 1) If I found (find) a wallet in the street, I would give it to the police. 2) If you saw him again, you (not / recognise) him. 3) We would go skiing if it (snow). 4) If he didn t feed the cat so much, it (not / be) so fat. 5) Would he do me a favour if I (ask) him? 6) If I (have) a million pounds, I would never work again. 7) If she (not / be) a good player, she wouldn t be in the team. 8) I (invite) all my friends if I lived in a big house. 9) If she (not / like) your present, what would you do? 10) The children would be happy if they (be) on holiday. 19

EX17. Rewrite the sentences. Use the Second Conditional. 1) I haven t got any money, so I won t buy that CD. If I had some money, I would buy that CD. 2) Pigs haven t got wings, so they don t fly. 3) His marks aren t good because he doesn t work hard. 4) I m busy, so I won t come with you. 5) They don t know her, so they won t invite her to their party. 6) I won t call him because I haven t got his phone number. 7) She walks to school because she hasn t got a bike. 8) It s cold, so we won t go to the beach. 9) I won t join you because I have to stay at home. 10) He won t lend you his camera because he needs it. INFINITO DI SCOPO Si usa l infinito di scopo (infinitive of pur pose) per indicare il perché, lo scopo di un azione. Lo scopo di un azione o di qualcosa si può esprimere in due modi: - to + infinito - for + nome To + infinito I went to Milan to see the match. Sono andato a Milano per vedere la partita. For + nome They went to Milan for the match. Sono andati a Milano per la partita. Da notare: In italiano traduciamo to see con per vedere, non bisogna però usare for! Ex. 1 Join the two sentences, using an infinitive of purpose. 1.He got a taxi. He wanted to save money. 20

2.Susan got a part-time job. She needed to get some extra money. 3. David went to the post office. He had to post a parcel. 4. He stayed at college until 8 p.m. He needed to finish his project. 5. He telephoned Susan. He wanted to wish her a Happy Birthday. 6. Peter did some exercises. He wanted to keep fit. 7. She s gone to the chemist s. She needs to buy some toothpaste. 8. Carmen is studying hard. She wants to be a teacher. 9. They have gone to town. They want to buy some new clothes. 10. We are on a diet. We want to lose weight. 11. I phoned Andy last night. I wanted to invite him to the party. 12. My sister is organising a party. She wants to celebrate her exam results. 13. I would like to go to Ireland. I want to improve my English. 14. Gloria is studying. She wants to be a doctor. 15. We are going to David s house. We want to watch the match. PRONOMI RIFLESSIVI E RECIPROCI Si usano quando il soggetto di un'azione è anche oggetto, diretto o indiretto, della stessa azione. I pronomi riflessivi sono: MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF HERSELF ITSELF OURSELVES YOURSELVES THEMSELVES Seguono le stesse norme di concordanza dei pronomi personali. Si usano: 21

nella coniugazione dei verbi riflessivi Es.: Enjoy yourself! Divertiti! Come complementi indiretti, con o senza preposizione Es.: she can be proud of herself può essere orgogliosa di sè Col significato di "da solo", spesso preceduti dalla preposizione by Es.: He did it all by himself Fece tutto da solo Con valore enfatico Es.: I myself went there ci andai io stesso Quando il verbo riflessivo è seguito da un nome che indica una parte del corpo o un oggetto di vestiario i pronomi riflessivi vengono sostituiti dagli aggettivi possessivi Nel caso in cui la reciprocità riguardi due persone/cose si usa la FORMA EACH OTHER, per esempio we love each other (ci amiamo), You and I saw each other at the bar (io e te ci siamo visti al bar). Give the right reflexive pronoun: They are not old enough to dress. 2) The boy killed with drugs and alcohol. 3) My mother burned while she was cooking. 4) I told that I would get that job, and I did it. 5) She hurt when she fell off the swing. 6) Some girls spend hours looking at in front of the mirror. 7) He is going to cut with that knife. 8) The cat hurt when it jumped off the fence. 9) The car is so hi-tech that it can drive. 10) I cut almost every morning when I shave. 11) The soldier shot because of the war. 12) Try not to blame for that mistake. 13) Did you enjoy at the party? 14) I made the cake. 15) Give a round of applause. You all did a good job. 16) I bought a new T-shirt. 17) He built the house. 18) The dog takes the newspaper. 19) I went to the supermarket. 20) The dog came home. IL PASSIVO La forma passiva si costruisce con i diversi tempi di TO BE + participio passato del verbo principale 22

SOGGETTO TO BE PARTICIPI O PASSATO RESTO FRASE PRESENT THOSE ARE MADE IN JAPAN SIMPLE COMPUTERS PRESENT LUNCH IS BEING COOKED NOW CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE THE WORK WASN T FINISHED IN TIME PAST CONTINUOUS BREAKFAST WAS BEING PREPARED WHEN THEY ARRIVED PRESENT THOSE HAVE BEEN TYPED BY TOM PERFECT LETTERS PAST PERFECT THE FIRE HAD ALREADY BEEN LIT IN THE FIREPLACE GOING TO FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE JOHN S CAR IS GOING TO BE REPAIRED TOMORROW THE DINNER WILL BE SERVED AT 8 O CLOCK LA FORMA PASSIVA VIENE USATA: 1 quando è più importante descrivere l azione che sapere chi la compie Es: Penicillin was discovered in 1932 2 quando non si sa di preciso chi ha compiuto l azione Es: The museum was built last year 3 per tradurre la forma impersonale italiana introdotta da SI (si parla) Es: English is spoken here 4 in avvisi, descrizioni scientifiche o articoli di giornale Es: Passengers are kindly requested not to smoke E possibile usare la forma passiva anche con i modali e con have to che quindi sono seguiti da un infinito passivo (be+past participle) Es: That homework can be done tomorrow Es: That translation has to be finished by 9 o clock Se e indicato chi compie l azione cioe il complemento d agente, questo è preceduto da by. 23

Es: That picture was painted by Van Gogh Non e necessario indicare il complemento d agente qualora sia espresso da un pronome personale, da un pronome indefinito o quando non riveste particolare importanza Es: Someone has stolen my car My car has been stolen (by someone) N.b.: nella trasformazione della frase attiva in passiva il verbo to be- rimane nello stesso tempo del verbo della frase attiva es: They make very good instruments in that factory (present simple) Very good instruments are made in that factory Quando nella frase attiva sono presenti sia il complemento oggetto che quello di termine (doppio accusativo) quest ultimo diventa soggetto della frase passiva. Es: Mr Brown gave John a driving lesson 1-A driving lesson was given John by Mr Brown 2-John was given a driving lesson by Mr Brown 1 Rewrite the sentences using the passive voice. 1 The police questioned George. George. 2 We have chosen this one. This one. 3 They were rebuilding their house. Their house. 4 They have drunk all the wine. All the wine. 5 They have broken the window. The window. 6 They can draw a house easily. A house easily. 7 They are repainting the house. This house. 8 They are cutting down the tall trees in our street. The tall trees in our street. 9 They are broadcasting this program a ll over the world. This program all over the world. 10 The wind blew away our tent. Our tent by the wind. 11 The police has caught the bank robbe rs. The bank robbers by the police. 12 Somebody was digging a big hole in the garden. A big hole in the garden. 13 Somebody has bought all the ingredie nts. All the ingredients. 24

14 Somebody beat him up last week. He last week. 15 Shakespeare wrote this play. This play by Shakespeare. 16 Nobody is dealing with this problem. This problem. 17 Nobody ate the food. The food. 18 He never does his homework. His homework. 19 A robot drives this airplane. This airplane by a robot. 20 A dog bit her yesterday. She by a dog yesterday. 21 They are lending the picture to a fam ous museum. The picture to a famous museum. 22 They left the stolen car in the ditch. The stolen car in the ditch. 23 They did not mislead John and Ann. John and Ann. 24 Nobody had known it for years. It for years. 25 They could not keep the thing secret. The thing secret. 26 Peter and Tom hurt themselves in an accident yesterday. Peter and Tom in an accident yesterday. 27 A hurricane has hit southern Florida a nd Hawaii. Southern Florida and Hawaii by a hurricane. 28 They must have hidden the treasure. The treasure. 29 Everything they had overheard remai ned secret. Everything that remained a secret. 30 They have not given me the money. The money to me. 31 They have not given me the money. I. 32 They froze all bottles before transpo rtation. All bottles before transportation. 33 I cannot forgive him what he has done to me. What he has done to me. 34 They are going to forget everything. Everything. 35 Everybody forbids everything. Everything. 36 I will find the best way. The best way. 37 They had fought the battles for libera tion. The battles for liberation. 38 We could not feel the mosquito bite. The mosquito bite. 39 They say that learning English is easy. It that learning English is easy.20. 40 We feed our horses well. Our horses. (A) FEW/(A) LITTLE Tutte e quattro significano un po, poco, pochi ma con sfumature diverse. Innanzitutto a few e few sono utilizzate con i sostantivi plurali numerabili, mentre a little e little sono impiegate nel caso di sostantivi non numerabili. Inoltre la 25

presenza dell articolo indeterminativo a conferisce sempre un senso di posività, ovvero di sufficienza; per contro few e little hanno sempre una valenza negativa (di insufficienza). Alcuni semplici esempi aiuteranno a capire meglio le differenze. Hi guys, help yourselves, there are a few beers in the fridge ciao ragazzi, servitevi da soli, ci sono un po di birre nel frigo (e sono sufficienti per tutti) I ve got few friends ho (solo) pochi amici There s a little tea if you like c è un po (abbastanza) di tè se ti va I am afraid I cannot afford it today, I ve got little money temo di non potermelo permettere oggi, ho pochi sodi (e non sono sufficienti) Choose the correct option: a) I eat I prefer fish. FEW A FEW LITTLE b) Has she got.. potatoes? Yes,.. A LITTLE A LOT MUCH c) She doesn t eat sweets because she is on a diet. MANY A LOT MUCH d) Sprinkle chocolate on the cake. She loves it! A FEW A LOT A LITTLE e) He s got.. sweets in his pocket, so hurry up and ask him! LITTLE A FEW A LITTLE f) She went to the market because she had. butter for the cake. LITTLE A LITTLE A FEW g) We need milk to make the cake. I only have.in the fridge FEW LITTLE A FEW h) A: Have you got pepper to spice this dish? B: Yes, I have here! It will be enough. FEW LITTLE A LITTLE Complete with a few, few, little or a little: 1) A: We ve got. eggs. We can t make the pie. B: Sue s got.. eggs. Ask her for some. 2) I ve got... strawberries. I can make some jam. 3) There are.. tomatoes. We can make a salad. 4) She ate only soup. Maybe she didn t like it. 5) I have got. biscuits. I don t have enough for all of you. 26

6) Mike has got honey. It is enough for two. 7) I have got chocolate. I can prepare a milkshake for you. 8) I have got bread to make toast. We will have to eat cookies this time. 9) Could I have more coffee? 10) Are you hungry? I have got food in the fridge. 11) There was. water there and we all got very thirsty. 12) There was. food in her house, so she ordered a pizza. 13) A: I ate only. soup because I am on a diet. Now, I am so hungry! B: don t worry! I have. tomatoes and some lettuce for a salad. I VERBI CON ING I seguenti verbi sono seguiti da to + forma base del verbo WANT DECIDE HOPE LEARN WOULD LIKE FORGET MANAGE - OFFER TRY NEED PROMISE - REFUSE I'm trying to understand this exercise. Sto cercando di capire questo esercizio. I d like to go to England this summer. Vorrei/Mi piacerebbe andare in Inghilterra quest estate Alcuni verbi sono seguiti dalla forma ing del verbo A questi verbi possiamo aggiungere: LOVE LIKE - DON T MIND HATE - PREFER ENJOY - FINISH - MISS I finished doing my homework at eight. Ho finito di fare i compiti alle 8. I seguenti verbi possono essere seguiti sia da to sia da -ing: START BEGIN - CONTINUE It started raining. It started to rain. Ha cominciato a piovere. Anche il verbo STOP può essere seguito sia da to che dalla forma ing, ma cambia significato. I stopped writing and went to bed Ho smesso di scrivere e sono andato a letto We stopped to have a drink Ci siamo fermati per bere qualcosa IL VERBO WANT Il verbo WANT é usato come segue: I want to go home. 27

Voglio andare a casa. Do you want to play football? Vuoi giocare a calcio? Esiste anche un altra struttura grammaticale con want. I want you to help me. Voglio che tu mi aiuti. They wanted us to help them. Volevano che noi li aiutassimo. SOGGETTO + VERBO + COMPLEMENTO OGGETTO + INFINITO Questa struttura si usa anche con il verbo WOULD LIKE: I d like you to stop talking. Vorrei che voi smetteste di parlare. Would you like me to help you? Vuoi che ti aiuti? IL REPORTED SPEECH È importante conoscere la differenza nell uso dei 2 verbi SAY e TELL che significano DIRE TO TELL TOLD TOLD si usa: 1-nel discorso indiretto quando è espresso il complemento di termine che in questo caso NON è preceduto da TO Es: George tells me he will probably leave for Palermo next week 2-con espressioni come TO TELL THE TRUTH, TO TELL LIES, TO TELL THE TIME 3-con il significato di raccontare, ordinare e informare Es: They told the police about the accident TO SAY SAID SAID si usa: 1-nel discorso indiretto quando non è espresso il complemento di termine Es: George says he will probably leave for Palermo next week 2-nel discorso diretto con o senza complemento di termine, che in questo caso è preceduto da TO Es: Betty s mother always says (to her): Don t come home late! Se il verbo dichiarativo è nel past simple i tempi verbali del discorso indiretto si spostano all indietro di un tempo. 28

DISCORSO DIRETTO PRESENT SIMPLE THEY SAID: WE DON T LIKE FOOTBALL PRESENT CONTINUOUS HE SAID: I M DOING MY HOMEWORK PRESENT PERFECT HE SAID: I VE JUST SEEN JANE Today Yesterday DISCORSO INDIRETTO PAST SIMPLE THEY SAID THEY DIDN T LIKE FOOTBALL PAST CONTINUOUS HE SAID HE WAS DOING HIS HOMEWORK PAST PERFECT HE SAID HE HAD JUST SEEN JANE That day The day before Ex1. Write what Sarah said, making the necessary changes. a) «I m living in New York.» She said b) «My mother isn t very well.» She said c) «Janet and Paul are going to visit Italy next month.» She said d) «My brother had an accident.» She said e) «I haven t seen Diana last night.» She said f) «Jack and Jill were waiting for the bus.» She said g) «I don t drink coffee anymore.» She said h) «Tom can speak Japanese.» She said i) «I will go to Anna s birthday party.» She said j) «My purse was stolen this morning.» She said k) «Kate took my keys.» She said l) «My husband has just finished reading a very interesting book.» She said m) «Daniel didn t buy the tickets for the theatre.» She said b) Mr Jones said / told the manager he was leaving. c) Everybody said / told the concert had been terrible. d) I didn t say / tell Meg that I was coming today. e) The Prime Minister said / told that things would get better soon. f) Alice said / told she was sick. g) Nancy didn t say / tell us anything. h) You said / told me you were working tonight. Ex. 3 Write in the DIRECT SPEECH. a) He said that she would leave at six. b) He said that Peter often went fishing. c) Mary asked if she could come back later. d) I said that I had just seen Mark. e) Alan told me that Angela was watching TV. f) They said the cat had been sleeping on the sofa. g) I said that we were late. h) She asked what the boys were doing. Ex 2. Choose the correct word. a) She said / told us to stand up. 29

Ex. 4 These are some of the questions from Andrew s Job interview.write them in the REPORTED SPEECH. a) How old are you? He asked b) Are you married? He asked c) Do you live nearby? He wanted to know d) Where have you worked before? He asked e) Can you speak German or French? He wanted to know f) Do you have a driving licence? He asked g) How much do you expect to earn? He asked h) When can you start? He asked 30