Technologies and Perspectives of Solar Cooling Systems AHK Conference Sydney, Australia, 24 th March 2014 www.efficiency-from-germany.info Dr. Uli Jakob Solem Consulting / Green Chiller Association for Sorption Cooling e.v. Sydney, Australia, 24.03.2014
Global solar radiation kwh/m 2 /a Germany: 1,000 kwh/m 2 /a Australia: 2,000 kwh/m 2 /a Source: Meteonorm (data), Friedemann Jung
Opportunities Solar thermal energy in Germany German technology leaders (selected examples): Concentrating solar players (CSP and process heat) Engineering and services: 11 companies Component suppliers: 28 companies Implementation: 3 companies Research institutes: 3 institutes Solar Cooling players Engineering and services: 3 companies Component suppliers: 13 companies Implementation: 3 companies Research institutes: > 10 institutes Source: Prof. Dr. Kohlenbach, Solem Consulting
Technologies www.efficiency-from-germany.info
World exhibition Paris First solar ice block (1878) Source: Olynthus Verlag"
Solar cooling Solar resource vs. Cooling demand Resource and demand are in phase Global radiation Cooling demand Heat demand Excess solar heat in summer Source: SolarNext
Comparison of closed cooling processes Driving energy COP Specific reject heat (Qc/Qo) Cooling capacity Refrigerant Vapour compression Electricity 1.5-2 (small capacity) 3-5 (med/large capacity) ABsorption Heat (65-200 degc) 0.6 0.8 (single effect) 1.1 1.3 (double effect) 1.5 1.7 (triple effect) ODP = Ozone depletion potential (normalised to R11 = 1), GWP (Global Warming Potential) in relation to 1kg CO 2 (over 100 years) ADsorption Heat (45-95 degc) 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.7 1.6 2.7 2.4 3.5 50 W to 5 MW H-FCKW (R22) (ODP=0.055, GWP=1500) H-FKW (R134a, R410a) (ODP=0, GWP=1300-1725) NH 3 (R717) (ODP=0, GWP=0) CO 2 (R744) (ODP=0, GWP=1) 50 W to 5 MW (NH 3 ) 10 kw 11 MW (H 2 O) NH 3 (R717), H 2 O (R718) (ODP=0, GWP=0) 8 kw 500 kw H 2 O (R718) (ODP=0, GWP=0)
General scheme of a solar cooling system collector field M Cooling water heat exchanger hot water storage tank M heating system absorption chiller M M cooling tower fan-coils Source: Solem Consulting compression chiller cold water storage tank Solar Hot water Chiller(s) Chilled water
Absorption chillers (small to medium-scale capacity) EAW Wegracal SE 15-200 Water / Lithium bromide AGO congelo 50-500 Ammonia / Water Source: EAW Source: AGO
Adsorption and absorption chillers (small-scale capacity) InvenSor LTC10 & HTC18 Water / Zeolite Source: InvenSor SorTech ecoo10 Water / Silica gel Source: SorTech SolarNext chillii PSC19 Ammonia / Water Source: Pink Pink PC19 Ammonia / Water Source: Pink
Integrated hydraulic unit for comfortable system integration Source: InvenSor Source: SorTech
Commercial available standardised solar cooling kits SolarNext (Germany) " chillii Cooling Kit WFC175" Schüco (Germany) " LB15 System Package" Source: SolarNext" Source: Schüco"
Solar collector technologies Applications for solar cooling Solar thermal collector Heat transfer medium Collector temperature Application for cooling Air collector Air 40-60ºC Air-conditioning 20ºC Flat plate collector Water, Water-Glycol 70-90ºC Air-conditioning, slab cooling 15ºC Evacuated tube collector Water, Water-Glycol 90-120ºC Air-conditioning, slab cooling 0ºC Parabolic trough / Fresnel collector Thermal oil, Water 120-250ºC Refrigeration, air-conditioning, slab cooling -20ºC T
Applications www.efficiency-from-germany.info
Application (Bank, Portugal, 545 kw cooling) Source: SOLID Source: SolarNext
Application (Cosmetic industry, Greece, 700 kw cooling) Sources: Sarantis
Application (Winery, Tunisia, 12 kw cooling) Sources: ANME Source: Domaine Neferis
Application (Office building, Austria, 14 kw cooling) Source: Bachler Austria Source: Pink
Application (Residential building, China, 7.5 kw cooling) Sources: SolarNext
Funding schemes in Germany www.efficiency-from-germany.info
Supporting activities in Germany MAP (market incentive program): BAFA offers 180 EUR/m 2 for collector areas between 20 m 2 and 100 m 2 for solar thermal cooling, now for new buildings (MFH, commercial), too. MAP: KfW offers a subsidy equal to 50% of investment for solar cooling with collector areas between 40 m 2 and 100 m 2. BAFA has opened the program for promotion of efficient cooling systems in industry for sorption technology > 5 kw (25% of net investment or 35% if ammonia is used as refrigerant).
Perspectives www.efficiency-from-germany.info
Development of Solar Cooling Market Source: TECSOL / Solem Consulting"
Documented Solar Cooling Installations (2009) Source: Sparber, IEA-SHC Task 38 135 large-scale installations (blue column) 166 small/medium-scale installations (red column)
Market share of solar driven sorption chillers (2009) Sources: EURAC, Tecsol"
Cost development of solar cooling Kits (2007-2012) specific costs of solar cooling kits [EUR/kW cold] 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Source: Solem Consulting / Green Chiller" - 50%! 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 year small capacity up to 10 kw medium capacity up to 50 kw large capacity above 50 kw Cost reduction of 45-55% within last 5 years!
IEA Technology Roadmap SHC Market potential by 2050 Source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling, 2012 1.5 x 10 18 J/a = 416.7 TWh/a Solar Cooling by 2050 Systems could enter the market between 2015 and 2020
IEA Technology Roadmap SHC Share of solar cooling by 2050 Source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling, 2012 Solar Cooling nearly 17% of total energy use for cooling!
Conclusion Over 1,000 solar cooling systems installed worldwide (2013) Several new small and medium-scale Absorption and Adsorption chillers were developed in Europe Standardized Solar Cooling Kits available to bring down the costs Incentive schemes available, e.g. in Germany (KfW) up to 50% repayment bonus of net investment costs! Solar heat is particularly of interest if a solar thermal system is used for other heat needs, too (e.g. heating, DHW)
Thanks for your attention! AHK Conference Sydney, Australia, 24 th March 2014 www.efficiency-from-germany.info Contact: Dr. Uli Jakob Solem Consulting Green Chiller uli.jakob@solem-consulting.com uli.jakob@greenchiller.de