Solar cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers

Transcription

1 Dipl.-Eng. Christopher Paitazoglou Solar cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers

2 Agenda Development of solar heating and cooling Typology (solar) cooling technolgies Absorption process technology Specification of Bee & Bumblebee Chillers Field test performance results with Bee & Bumblebee absorption chillers Federal Environmental Agency (Germany) Field test of absorption cooling technology for trigeneration systems (Germany) Solar Cooling in Industry and Commerce (Jordan) Economic viability and challenges Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 2

3 Motivation High density of people, modern glass fronts, interior thermal load Refrigeration causes about 15% of the global electricity consumption! Worldwide increase of air-conditioning appliances growing electricity consumption+co 2 - emissions growing risk of power outages at peak load Compliance of cooling demand and solar irradiation Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 3

4 Market development of solar cooling and heating Worldwide solar thermal collector capacity 196GW, 280Mio m²* 88% FPC + ETC, 12% unglazed water/air collector Solar cooling and heating to produce 16.5 EJ/a (2050) [1] Solar cooling contribution of 17% in 2050 Absorption chiller show highest market share >70% (2009) [2] DEC solid 14% DEC liquid 2% Adsorptio n 13% Absorptio n 71% source: EURAC, Tecsol [2] *: year 2010, year 2011: 245GW source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling 2012 [1] Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 4

5 Millions of cooled room area m² Development of solar cooling and heating Worldwide growth rates of 10% to 34% [3] 2011: Installation of 750 solar cooling systems (incl. <20kW) Inceasing cooled areas europewide year Italy Spain France source: TUB Germany Greece Potugal source: Weiss et al [3] Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 5

6 Solar cooling technologies electrical systems - PV + compression chiller heat transformation systems thermal systems further thermally driven processes - Rankine/Kalina + CC closed systems liquid systems solid systems liquid systems open systems solid systems -steam jet cooling -Vuilleumier -thermoelectric / -acoustic absorption chiller adsoprtion chiller sorption based cooling DEC Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 6

7 Sorption Technology Absorption (in Liquids): Adsorption (on Surfaces): image source: Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 7

8 Heat transformation processes closed open Absorption Adsorption DEC COP max H 2 O/ LiBr ~ 0,8 (single stage) ~ 0,6 strong variations depending on ambient conditions working pair Systemcomplexity (costs) H 2 O - LiBr (NH 3 - H 2 O) H 2 O-Silicagel / Zeolith additional external chilled and reject heat circuits (dry or wet reject heat devices) LiCl or H 2 O-Silicagel / Zeolith direct air conditioning operation boundaries crystallisation robust against boundaries water consumption chiller challenges vacuum tightness (low pressure <10mbar) air quality (ambient air) Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 8

9 Compression chiller process reject heat C steam refrigerant throttle electrical energy water cooled compression chiller (Carrier) cooling C E steam the liquid refrigerant evaporates by cooling down water to cool down, rooms, entrance hall etc liquid refrigerant vaporous refrigerant C: condenser E: Evaporator Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 9

10 Absorption chiller process C reject heat steam driving heat D solution heat exchanger 10kW Phönix Absorption Chiller (TUB) cooling refrigerant throttle E refrigerant pump steam A solution pump reject heat solution throttle C: condenser E: Evaporator A: Absorber D: Desorber refrigerant concentrated solution diluted solution Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 10

11 Suitability of solar collectors solar cooling working temperature [ C] concetrating collector (Fresnel) CPC collector, advanced flat-plate ETC FPC unglazed collectors FPC: Flat Plate Collector CPC: Compound Parabolic Collector ETC: Evacuated Tube Collector Picture source Fresnel : Industrial Solar source: IEA Technology Roadmap Solar Heating and Cooling 2012 Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 11

12 Development Bee & Bumblebee Chillers Development started in 2008 with case studies and optimization: -Thermodynamic design - Cost efficiency - Manufacturing process Final chiller concept fixed in 2009 Starting of pre-industrial manufacturing and laboratory measurements in 2010 Installation of first prototypes in Berlin, Dessau and Uppsala since 2011 Commercial launch started 2014: - high energy efficiency (COP > 0,75) - high energy density and compactness - high cooling water temperatures > 45 C - low driving temperatures (t start < 60 C) - spec. costs <1000 /kw Foto: TU Berlin Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 12

13 Nominal conditions for Bee/Bumblebee Specifications working pair FM050V3.1 (Bee) H 2 O/LiBr FM160V2.1 (Bumblebee) Coefficient of Performance (COP) 0,79 0,82 cooling capacity 50kW 160kW chilled water temperature in-/outlet 21/16 C chilled water volumenflow 9 m³/h 28 m³/h heat capacity 63kW 200 kw hot water temperatur in-/outlet 90/72 C hot water volume flow 3 m³/h 10 m³/h excess heat 113kW 360 kw cooling water temperature in-/outlet 30/37 C 30/38 C cooling water volume flow 14 m³/h 39 m³/h weight in kg dimensions (LxWxH in m) 750 1,8/0,85/1, ,9/1,0/2,2 FM050V3.1 FM160V2.1 Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 13

14 Brief introduction into absorption chiller control Control of external/internal actuators Fully automatic operation Power controlled / intrinsically safe Capacity control follows two objectives: supply of demanded cooling capacity (Q 0Ex,set ) maintenance of demanded chilled water outlet temperature (t 0Eo,set ) Improved solar control strategy for: Check of solar availability Cooling demand Performance improved dry cooler operation AbC D E C A chilled water hot water rejet heat water D: Desorber A: Absorber C:Condenser E: Evaporator AbC: Absorption Chiller Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 14

15 Cooling capacity ratio (operating point/nominal point) [%] Power control for absorption chiller (driving heat) % 70% 35% % Heat source inlet temperature [ C] hot water volume flow ratio Operation condition for heat source inlet temperature: ~55 C 130 C Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 15

16 Power control for absorption chiller (reject heat) Cooling Capacity [kw] 100 Cooling capacity ratio (operating point/nominal point) [%] 100% 50% 40% 25% Reject heat water volume flow ratio Operation condition for reject heat inlet temperature: 15 C 50 C Reject heat inlet temperature [ C] Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 16

17 Field test performance results with Bee & Bumblebee absorption chillers Installation and operation of Bumblee and Bee absorption chiller in various field test: Federal Environmental Agency (Germany) Field test of absorption cooling technology for trigeneration systems (Germany) Solar Cooling in Industry and Commerce (Jordan) Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 17

18 Federal Enviromental Agency (Germany) Foto: Busse Demand: Lecture hall & IT-/Computer-Centre 24 h/d Collector: Evacuated tube collector (heat pipes) 216 m² Ab Chiller: first Adsorption (NAK-C20) 69 kw now Absorption (FM050V1) 35 kw Backup: District heating & Compression type chiller 90 kw (peak load) Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 18

19 Federal Environmental Agency solar cooling system Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 19

20 Results of first year Previous year with adsorption chiller Aug Jul First year with new absorption chiller Aug Jul Change Cold generation 104 MWh 0 59 MWh 0 Driving heat Thermal efficiency 221 MWh th 0,47 MWh 0 /MWh th 80 MWh th 0,76 MWh 0 /MWh th +62% Electrical efficiency 2,9 MWh 0 /MWh el 4,5 MWh 0 /MWh el +55% Water consumption 4,0 m³/mwh 0 1,3 m³/mwh 0 68% AdC AbC AbC cooling based on district heating cooling compression chiller AbC cooling based on solar heat cooling based on freecooling Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 20

21 Solar Cooling / Federal Buildings, Germany BPA BMVBW UBA solarinverse Sorption- Chiller Absorption 2 x WFC10 2 x 44 kw Absorption 2 x WFC10 2 x 42 kw Adsorption 1 x NAK-C FM050V1 020 (Bee) 1 x kw Absorption 1 x 10 kw Solar Collector ca. 240 m² Ab Evacuated tube collectors ca. 210 m² Ab Flat plate collectors ca m² Ab Evacuated tube collectors ca. 25 / 42 m² Ab Evacuated tube / flat plate coll. Storage Hot water: l Hot water: l Hot water: l Hot water: 750 l Chilled water: without Chilled water: 500 l Chilled water: l Chilled water: without Backup System Thermal District heating Electrical - Compr. chiller - Ice storage Thermal & Electrical - District heating - Compr. chiller Thermal - Gas burner BPA: Press and Information Centre of the German Government in Berlin BMVBW: Ministry for Traffic, Building and Housing in Berlin UBA: Federal Environmental Agency in Dessau Phönix: Joint research Project: Phönix Sonnenwärme, ZAE Bayern, TU Berlin, IEMB Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 21

23 Field test of absorption cooling technology for trigeneration systems 15 field tests throughtout Germany Installation of approx. 25 absorption chillers Trigeneration (cooling/heating/el. supply) Research and optimization upon: construction controll concepts system integration (co-/trigeneration) supply secuirity Detailled monitoring (system/machine) Commissioning in 2013/2014 research partners 13 field test partners Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 23

24 cooling capacity [kw] Overview field test systems air conditioning laboratory-/ process cooling In sum: cooling capacity ca. 2,4MW 25 absorption chillers (8 Bees & 17 Bumblebees) 80% of total system commissioned hospital cooling data center cooling high dehumidification demand intermediate low combination FM160 combination FM160/FM050 supply Foto: TU temperature Berlin (AbC) [ C] Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 24

25 Modular combination of Bee/Bumblebee Various hydraulic combinations of hot/reject heat/chilled water circuit Increased cooling capacity and utilization degree Operation at higher reject heat temperatures Size decrease of back-up units (eg. compression chillers) or reject heat devices Increasing operation benefetis in respect to an increasing ambient air temperature A: all circuits parallel B: D 1 /D 2 parallel, AC 1 /AC 2 parallel C: D 1 /D 2 /D 3 serial, AC 1 /AC 2 parallel Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 25

27 Solar Cooling in Industry and Commerce (SCIC) Project SCIC: Solar Cooling in Industry and Commerce Installation of 2/4 pilot solar cooling systems in Jordan use of non-ozone depleting and climate-friendly coolants (LiBr/H 2 O), solarthermal energy as driving heat. Project goals Demonstration of an energy efficient solar cooling technology, Know How transfer in the field of installation/operation/maintenance, Promotion of the technology in the MENA region. Project implementation by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 27

28 Solar cooling system overview for running field tests German Jordan University (GJU) Petra Guest House (PGH) solar system solar heat for heating- & DHW / AbC Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC) 150 CPC, 480m² gross 114 CPC, 388m² gross heat storage 4 x 3,5m³ for heating hydraulically decoupled 4 x 3m³ for heating/cooling hydraulically coupled chiller(s) reject heat device cooling load TUB absoprtion chiller - type bumblebee (FM160V021) [1] 1 / 2 direct air cooled compression chillers dry cooler - GEA V-Bank type DVC244M-EC72 operating temperatures 9 C to 14 C 8 to 16 24h/7d design: 8-12 am pm Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 28

29 Solar cooling system overview Petra Guest House temperature rel. humidity solar irradiance pressure volume flow watt hour meter heat flow meter hot water reject heat water chilled water Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 29

30 Operation results for a characteristic day First operation year (@GJU: >1200 operation hours) absorber inlet chilled water inlet outlet set point chilled water outlet collector outlet solar irradiance ambient air desorber inlet mean storage temperature Solar circuit t heating capacity 2Mm,Prod C 86 cooling capacity running hour of running hour of I g,t MJ/m² 27 DU col - 0,33 H g,t GJ 9,0 collector capacity E 2Mx,Prod GJ 3,0 Q 2Mx,Prod kw 92 t amb C 31 C Chilled water circuit I g,t : global surface specific irradiation on tilted collector surface H g,t : global irradiation on tilted collector surface E 2Mx,Prod : thermal output of collector field t 2Mm,Prod : mean collector fluid temperature E 0Mx,Prod : supplied cooling to building t 0Mm,Prod : mean chilled water temperature Q 2Mx,Prod : collector capacity t amb : ambient dry air temperature Q 0Mx,Prod : cooling load Q 0Mx,Prod kw/d 47 t 0Mm,Prod C 11,8 E 0Mx,Prod kwh 795 γ AbC 42% ζ th,abc 0,63 ζ el,abc / ζ el,cc 1,41 γ AbC : fraction of cooling work supplied by AbC ζ th,abc : thermal efficiency of AbC ζ el,abc / ζ el,abc : ratio of electrical efficiency of AbC to CC DU col : collector degree of utilization Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 30

31 System overview for coming solar cooling systems GJU PGH Royal Culture Centre Amman Irbid Chamber of Commerce solar system heat storage solar heat for heating- & DHW / AbC Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC) 150 CPC, 480m² gross 4 x 3,5m³ for heating 114 CPC, 388m² gross 132 CPC, 449m² gross 41 CPC, 140m² gross 4 x 3m³ for heating/cooling 3 x 3m³ for heating/cooling 1 x 3m³ for heating chiller(s) reject heat device TUB absoprtion chiller Bumblebee 1 / 2 direct air cooled compression chillers dry cooler - GEA V-Bank type DVC244M-EC72 operating temperatures 9 C to 14 C TUB absorption chiller Bee dry cooler - GEA V-Bank type DVA224M- EC615 cooling load 8 to 16 24h/7d design: 8-12 am pm 8 to 24 8 to 16 Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 31

32 Solar and geothermal cooling Design and demonstration of a hybrid solar/geothermal cooling system Continuous hybrid cooling using geothermal and solar heat sources and underground storage systems Capacity building in Oman: Geothermal/Solar thermal energy Coorporation with Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam Funded by Council of the Sultanate of Oman Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 32

33 Basic concept of hybrid geothermal/solar cooling operation at day operation at night Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 33

34 Economic viability Installation costs for solar cooling: 33% collector field / 33% Piping&Installation / 20% Chiller / 10% control / 4% Miscellaneous Spec. costs of solar cooling: 2k -5k per kw of cold production Future cost reduction for main components such as collector field / absorption chiller can provide cost neutrality (or even better) Solar cooling and heating systems provide multiple benefits Payback time < 10 years remains a challenge Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 34

35 Technical challenges in solar cooling systems Overall system design and chiller integration Use of high efficiency pumps (variable speed) Reject heat device (dry/wet/hybrid) Storage design (hot/chilled water) Hydraulic decouplement due to pressure level and medium Control and operation strategies (chiller/pumps/reject heat devices) Volumeflow adjustment during operation Short- and long-time maintenance Solar cooling systems must be well-designed according to the site demands Monitoring provides measures for increasing system performance (high primary energy efficiency ratio / low spec. cooling costs) Target value for electrical energy performance >10 (average: 6-8) Dipl.-Eng. C. Paitazoglou Institute for Enery Engineeiring Solar Cooling with highly efficient absorption chillers page 35

36 Thank you very much for your attention! Dipl.-Eng. Christopher Paitazoglou Technische Universität Berlin Institute for Energy Engineering / Department of Energy Conversion Marchstr. 18, KT2, Berlin Germany Tel: +49 (0)30 / Fax: +49 (0)30 / [email protected]