Data Analysis and Statistical Software Workshop Ted Kasha, B.S. Kimberly Galt, Pharm.D., Ph.D.(c) May 14, 2009
Learning Objectives: Data analysis commonly used today Available data analysis software packages Practice coding field data instruments SPSS use and some of its functionalities Training opportunities available
Introduction to Data Analysis Software Data analysis software packages exist for: Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Methods Special application uses to highlight: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Modeling
Knowledge Claims, Strategies of Inquiry, and Methods Leading to Approaches and the Design Process Elements of Inquiry Alternative Knowledge Claims Paradigm or World View Strategies of Inquiry Quantitative (quan), Qualitative (qual), Mixed (quan+qual) Methods - Procedures Design Processes Approaches to Research of Research Qualitative Theoretical lens Quantitative Data collection Mixed Methods Data analysis Write-up Validation Conceptualized Translated By researcher Into practice Modified from original in Creswell, J.W. (2003) Chapter 1: A framework for design, in Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2008 Kimberly Galt
Juxtaposition of Qualitative and Quantitative Scientific Beliefs Qualitative World Emphasis on qualities of entities and on processes and meanings that are not experimentally examined or measured in terms of quantity, amount, intensity or frequency. There is a socially constructed nature of reality, an intimate relationship between the researcher and what is studied, and the situational constraints that shape inquiry. Seek answers to questions about how social experience is created and given meaning. Quantitative World Emphasis on the measurement and analysis of causal relationships between variables, not processes. Proponents of such studies claim that their work is done from within a value-free framework. Both Worlds Think they know something about society worth telling to others, and use a variety of forms, media and means to communicate their ideas and feelings. Becker, H.S. (1986). Doing things together. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
A general picture of the differences between quantitative and qualitative research Quantitative research: broad, generalizable trends Qualitative research: in-depth, contextual picture and the combination to construct mixed methods
Strategies of Inquiry What research method to use? Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Method Experimental Between Group Designs Within Group Designs Quasi-Experimental Correlational Explanatory Prediction Survey Cross-Sectional Longitudinal Grounded Theory Systematic Emerging Constructivist Ethnographic Realistic Critical Case Study Narrative Research Biography Phenomenology Case Study Action Research Practical Participatory Community-Based Mixed Designs Triangulation Embedded Sequential Explanatory Exploratory 2008 Kimberly Galt
Methods Procedures Within Quantitative Procedures Predetermined Instrument based questions Data Performance Attitude Observational Census Claims Analysis Statistical 2008 Kimberly Galt Qualitative Procedures Emerges through study Open ended questions Data Interviews Direct observation Documents Audio and Visual Analysis Coded and Thematic text and image analysis Mixed Method Procedures Predetermined and emerges Open, closed and instrument based questions Data All forms in both quantitative and qualitative procedures. May transform between qual and quan forms. Analysis Statistical are integrated or compared with text and/or image analysis.
Approach to Data Analysis Category Type Technical Method Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Special cases: Geographic Modeling Numeric Text Visual Sound Computer Manual Kimberly A. Galt, 2009
Examples Quantitative Data Qualitative Data Interviews Open ended questions
Mixed Methods Data Examples
Examples Geographic (GIS)
Example: E E 1 1 15A 15F 0.805 0.813 USEFU L efficient Modeling Figure 4 Modified Health Information Technology Adoption Model and Proposed Prediction Galt, KA EDPS 971 SEM E E 1 1 15D 15E 0.873 0.898 USEFUL accuracy 0.164 0.262 D D E E 1 1 11H 11I 0.905 0.868 LEARN 0.198 0.192 OUTCOME a 0.223 OUTCOME b E E 1 1 11C 11F 0.768 0.872 EMOTION 0.127 0.791 0.810 0.826 0.722 E 1 11N 11O 0.928 LOSS 1 E 0.920 1 E 11A 11P 23G 23H 1 E All parameter estimates significant at p<.0001 E 1 E 1
Software Advantages Quantitative Perform calculations rapidly Perform complex calculations difficult to do manually Qualitative Prompts detailed analysis; line by line code Store all types of data (photos and text) Transform data from qual to quan Kimberly A. Galt, 2009
Software Packages Data Collection Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Methods Statistical Modeling Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Data Collection Software Microsoft Excel Advantages: Easy to use University-wide license Familiar application for most end users Disadvantages: Lack of reports and forms
Data Collection Software Microsoft Access Advantages: University-wide license Wizards to easily create forms and reports Disadvantages: More time consuming to setup than an Excel spreadsheet
Data Collection Software BlueQ (Vovici Online Surveys) Advantages: University-wide license Create online surveys Participant completes the data entry Disadvantages: Limited number of question types and formatting options Not everyone has access to the internet
Quantitative Software Excel Analysis ToolPak Advantages: Free add-on to Microsoft Excel Easy to use Provides basic statistical analysis Anova, Correlation, Covariance, Descriptive Statistics, Sampling, etc. Disadvantages: Limited analysis options
Quantitative Software SPSS Advantages: Similar to Microsoft Excel in terms of visual layout Complex statistical analysis Advanced functionality (filter data, split data, save syntax and output files) Disadvantages: Can not easily determine how calculations are being preformed
Quantitative Software SAS Advantages: Complex statistical analysis Advanced functionality (filter data, split data, save syntax and output files) Disadvantages: More command line based (writing code)
SPSS Text Analysis Qualitative Software Advantages: Similar to Microsoft Products in terms of visual layout and organization Linguistic search tool is powerful Relatively accurate on first pass of extraction Disadvantages: Not useful for many qualitative research designs
Qualitative Software Atlas.ti Advantages: Practical tracking of codes, memos, and quotes Disadvantages: Manually organizing multiple windows
Qualitative Software MaxQDA Advantages: All analysis windows populate simultaneously it looks like quantitative data Disadvantages: Less flexible and user friendly coding system
Qualitative Software Nvivo Advantages: One of the oldest programs on the market Disadvantages: Organized differently than AtlasTI and MaxQDA
Statistical Modeling Software LISREL Mplus Advantages: Windows based modeling Disadvantages: Cumbersome with data conversion for importing
GIS Software Google Earth Advantages: Easy to use Free basic version Disadvantages: Limited analysis options
GIS Software ESRI AcrGIS Advantage: Advanced analysis options (geoprocessing tools, scripting, extensions) Disadvantage: Steeper learning curve
5 Minute Break
Exercise: Coding Raw Data Objective: Learn how to code raw data to prepare for analysis Instructions: Take questions from the survey and assign a variable name and code values.
Exercise: Coding Raw Data Questions Sample Solution
Exercise: Coding Raw Data Sample Solution
SPSS Introduction SPSS Inc. founded in 1968 In 2009, SPSS Statistics was renamed to PASW(Predictive Analytics Software) Statistics http://www.spss.com/software/product-name-guide/ SPSS Software Version Comparison: http://www.spss.com/software_version/index.cfm?product=base To find the version of the product you are using: Open SPSS. Then click on the Help Menu About
SPSS Demo Open SPSS For this demonstration we are using SPSS Version 16. To Start the Program: Start Menu All Programs - SPSS Inc - SPSS 16.0 - SPSS 16.0 Access training tutorials and case studies. Start a new blank data project. Import data from an Excel or Access database. Browse to an existing SPSS data file. Browse to an existing SPSS output or syntax file.
SPSS Demo Data/Variable View Two primary views: Data View Manipulate data Similar to Microsoft Excel Rows = Cases Columns = Variables Variable View Manipulate variables Similar to Microsoft Access Table Design View Rows = Variables Columns = Variable settings
SPSS Demo - Menus File Open, Save, Print, Edit Undo, Redo, Copy, Paste, Find, Options, View Display options, edit toolbars, etc, Data Sort cases, Merge files, Split File, Select Cases (Filter),... Transform Compute variables, recode variables, Analyze Descriptive Statistics, Frequencies, Compare Means, Graph Chart builder, Utilities Define variable sets, Add-ons Add on modules (most must be purchased separately). Window Switch between SPSS datasets. Help Help topic, tutorials, and case studies.
Exercise: Coding SPSS Variables Objective: Learn how to assign variables to the SPSS dataset to prepare for analysis Instructions: Create an SPSS variable data dictionary from the provided sample questions (see slide Exercise: Coding Raw Data Sample Solution )
Exercise: Coding SPSS Variables
Exercise: Coding SPSS Variables Sample Solution
SPSS Demo - Data Analysis Three Analysis Questions 1. How many surveys were received? 2. Display frequencies for question What is your primary role in this pharmacy? 3. Frequencies breakdown of What is your primary role in this pharmacy? by Pharmacy Type
SPSS Demo Frequencies How many surveys were received? Run a Frequencies on Received Variable» Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies Options
SPSS Demo Select Cases Display frequencies for What is your primary role in this pharmacy? Run a filter on the dataset to select only cases where respondent completed the survey.» Data Select Cases Run a Frequencies on Q1 Variable» Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
SPSS Demo Split File Frequencies breakdown of What is your primary role in this pharmacy? by Pharmacy Type Filter is still active from previous step. Split the dataset by the Pharmacy_Type variable.» Data Split File Run a Frequencies on Q1 Variable» Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
SPSS Demo Managing Output Parts of the Output window Associated Output Output Navigation
SPSS Demo Managing Output How to edit items and options: Double click or right click for most formatting/editing options How to save output file: File Save How to print output file: File Print Selected output or All visible output How to export output file: File Export Select document type: Word/RTF(*.doc), Excel, PowerPoint, PDF Specify File Name and location
SPSS Demo Beyond the Basics Dialog recall List of recent used dialogs Import Data from other programs Excel: Open SPSS. Click File Open Database - New Query Excel Files BlueQ: Log into BlueQ. Click on the desired survey. Click Manage Responses. Click Save As - SPSS Syntax File Create syntax by clicking on Paste in dialogs.
SPSS Resources Help Button Available in most dialog boxes
Help Menu SPSS Resources
SPSS Resources BlueTrain.creighton.edu Log in with Creighton NetID and password Online repository containing software video tutorials range from 1-5 minutes in length
Wrap up Data analysis commonly used today Available data analysis software packages Practice coding field data instruments SPSS use and some of its functionalities Training opportunities available
Questions?
Contact Us Senior Technical Specialist Ted Kasha, B.S. 402-280-3631 e-mail: tkasha@creighton.edu Program Administrator Mavis Hall, B.S. 402-280-5172 e-mail: mavishall@creighton.edu Senior Administrative Assistant Jamie A Barbee 402-280-4944 email: jamiebarbee@creighton.edu Program Director Kimberly A. Galt, Pharm.D., Ph.D. (c) e-mail: kgalt@creighton.edu