NVIVO 9 - Part 1 Managing, organising & coding qualitative data. Patsy Clarke, p.clarke@oxfordbrookes.net NVIVO trainer Ed. developer - Researcher

Transcription

1 NVIVO 9 - Part 1 Managing, organising & coding qualitative data Patsy Clarke, p.clarke@oxfordbrookes.net NVIVO trainer Ed. developer - Researcher March

2 o Part 1 Today s course outline Introductions The qualitative research context How NVIVO can help Overview of NVIVO 9 Interface & terminology Show and tell Module 1: Getting started with organising project and data Module 2: Getting Data with coding activities 2 Follow up courses o Part 2 Module 3: Analysis activities linking, searching Module 4: Reporting activities modelling, charting & visualising; extracting information 3 1

3 Qualitative research context Beyond binaries Creative/ Interpretive Social constructivist Realist/ positivist (Ellingson, 2008:7) 4 Qualitative approaches o Increasingly diverse and fragmented (Creswell, 2007:4) Narrative research/ biographical studies Phenomenology Grounded Theory Ethnography Framework analysis Case study Mixed methods Crystallization (Ellison, 2008) Creative analytic practices (Richardson, 2000) o Processes in the field e.g. Participant observation Participatory action research 5 2

4 Questions Type of question About meaning (e.g. What is the meaning of.? ) and about the core or essence of phenomena or experiences Observational questions (e.g. What are the behavioural patterns of..? ) and descriptive questions about values, beliefs, and practices of a cultural group ( What is going on here? ) Process questions about changing experience over time or its stages and phases (e.g. What is the process of becoming..? ) or understanding questions (e.g. what are the dimensions of this experience..? ) Questions directly asserted in applied or policy research, where specific information is needed from the data. The methods will be less inductive, more deductive. Approach Phenomenology Ethnography Grounded theory Framework analysis 6 Lyn Richards, 2006 Data generation Triangulation / Crystallization : o Of methods, analysis, settings, perspectives/ researchers / data Interviews with individuals Focus groups Narratives Conversations Observations Video/audio-tapes/ photographs /maps /models /artifacts Archived material and records; diaries, letters, policy documents, minutes Reflective journals Field notes, memos and. Layered texts 7 3

5 Writings JOURNAL ENTRIES MEMOS 8 Literature reviews Text file formats:.txt.doc.docx.rtf.pdf 9 4

6 Images.bmp.gif.jpeg.tif.tiff Audio and video files Video formats:.mpg.mpeg.mpe.wmv.avi.mov.qt.mp4 Audio formats:.mp3.wma.wav 11 5

7 Dataset files o Microsoft Excel spreadsheets:.xl;.xlsx o Access database tables:.mdb accdb o Text delimited files and ODBC database tables or views. o Import EndNote, Zotero or RefWorks. Also export bibliographic references into those applications. 12 What to do with the data o Manage, store, access and keep track o To and fro between closeness and distance o Make sense o Reflect on o Visualise it 12 6

8 with the analysis? o Generate or confirm theories o Query/look for themes/patterns o Bring in the context o Manage complexity o Deal with diversity o Test hunches and get evidence 13 with the results? o Go beyond description o Rigorously illustrate/ explain /justify claims, options; visualise them o Fulfill ethical, confidentiality and anonymity principles o Present a trail of evidence and tell the story o Meet the deadline (within budget) 14 7

9 Research essentials o The key tools? YOU/ YOUR good thinking and reflection Collaboration Ethics Effective planning/organising/checking Keep a journal Plan and implement back-ups More good thinking and reflection o The key question? So what? 16 Technology layer Project requirements? Technology requirements? World view Paradigm Theory Ethics Relationship Access Feedback Follow up Project design? Who? Collect Store Analyse Computerbased data analysis/ management Data? Input Access Store/secure Update Maintain Computer? Software? Access Literacy Back-ups Access Familiarity Maintenance Legality Analysis techniques 17 8

10 How NVIVO 9 can help Part 1 of the course: 1.Store, manage,link documents and ideas within an NVIVO software project 2.Code documents at nodes and code on /refine your coding 3.Memo your ideas about the data/documents 4.Move between the nodes and the document detail 5.Shape the project with classifications to assign e.g. demographic categories; 6.Tree node structures to reflect your project design 18 How NVIVO 9 can help Part 2 of the course: 7. More linking 8. Search and scope to ask questions and develop and test ideas & theories 9. Model, chart and visualise to display ideas, findings etc 10. Reports extraction for inclusion in written work. 19 9

11 Earlier version NVIVO projects o NVIVO projects from earlier versions can be opened in NVIVO version 9. o The project will be converted to a new version 9 project without overwriting the original project. o (There is no backwards compatibility or conversion) 20 NVIVO 9 Interface 21 10

12 Create New/Open Project Welcome screen * P R O J E C T (S) (* Descriptions contribute to the audit trail) Name the project - description optional - optional log /record of work on project. (By default projects are saved in the My Documents folder. Click on Browse to save to a different location Module 1 22 Password protection File > Info > Project Properties/ Passwords tab > (enter password) > Apply > OK Module

13 Ribbon interface o The ribbon replaces menus and toolbars of earlier versions. o Options are arranged in clusters from: File Home Create External data Analyze Explore Layout View plus some other options in specific contexts o A customisable quick access toolbar provides quick access to save, edit and undo commands o However, a right mouse click will usually display a context menu that provides access to the required action 24 Workspace views N A V I G A T I O N Status bar 25 L I S T D E T A I L 12

14 Sources o Sources =the project items that are your research materials o Internals are imported or created in your NVIVO project o Externals represent data you don t of can t import o Memos for your writing about your data and analysis process o You can create sub-folders to suit your project purposes to help 26 organise your sources Classifications & attributes o Classifications provide a way to record descriptive information about the sources and nodes in your project: o Source classifications are related to predefined characteristics e.g. bibliographic categories o Node classifications are for e.g. socio-demographic characteristics e.g. gender, education levels, region etc Module

15 Classification sheet Classification sheets enable you to see all the items assigned to a particular classification and see the attribute values for each item. You can also import the information from structured text files or spreadsheets 28 Nodes o Nodes provide the places/containers to store data about the ideas/themes from your analysis o Manual methods included cutting up multiple (photo)-copies of selected text and filing them according to the categories/ ideas/ themes or using highlighters o In NVIVO gather the data segments (text/images/audio/video) by coding; references to them are stored in a node. o A piece of data can be coded in many nodes 29 14

16 Nodes Module 2 30 Collections/links o Annotations: For footnotes or margin scribbles on selected content in a source/ node o Memos: e.g. comments/reflections on an entire document/ node o See Also links: reminders of connections between project items o Hyperlinks to files or web sites external to the NVIVO project o Sets enable collections of any items in your NVIVO project Module

17 Search options o Look for (Find) - simple and advanced search for NVIVO project items o Queries - simple and advanced search for actual content within the NVIVO project e.g. Word frequency Text search Coding search Matrix search Compound Group 32 Modelling Environmental change 33 16

18 Visualisations 34 NVIVO 9 sample data o Environmental Change Down East study Duke University Marine Lab, Beaufort N.C. Extracted from interviews of community perceptions of development and land use change on coastal communities in Down East area of Carteret County, North Carolina, USA (Survey data fabricated but based on actual survey responses) Sample data includes text, images, audio, video, survey data, lit reviews and newspaper articles etc 35 17

19 Getting started & organising data 36 Module 1 : Data preparation View extracts from the sample data Create your NVIVO project Create new folders for various source /node types Create a new document as a coding journal Import interviews Auto-code text interview topics at nodes Review auto-coding at nodes Import classification sheet of socio-demographics into NVIVO 9. Look at Attributes & Values in Classifications 37 18

20 Activity 1: Create your NVIVO project After we have viewed the data material: Open NVIVO in your computer From Programs > QSR > NVIVO 9 OR Double-click the NVIVO logo on the desktop o It is a large program so takes a while to open and looks as though nothing is happening on screen so: 2. Be patient. Click on New Project > Name your project e.g. Environmental change > Click OK Module 1 38 Activity 2: Create folders for sources In the Navigation View >Sources > Internals Right mouse click on the folder Internals > create a new Folder called Interviews > Click OK 3. Right mouse click on the folder Internals> Create a new folder called Survey data> Click OK 4. Right mouse click on the folder Internals> Create a new folder called Area info > Click OK You may want to create folders for other types of documents e.g. your proposal, your journals, your literature review, etc. Module

21 Activity 3: Create a new document In the Navigation view >Sources > Memos Right click on Memos, create a New folder >Journals Select the Journals folder Bring your cursor to the List view on the right of the screen Right click in an empty space New Memo Enter a name for the document e.g. Coding Journal and (optional) description > Click OK Module 1 40 Activity 3 (continued) For memo entries and in any other documents that record your ideas as you progress with analysis, you can use the keystroke short cut Ctrl-shift-T to automatically enter the current date and time Close the document when you have completed your entry 41 20

22 Activity 4: Import interview/s into NVIVO In the Navigation view > Sources > Internals Select the folder Interviews Bring your cursor to the List view on the right of the screen Right click in a white empty space > Import internals > Import Documents. Browse and select the interview documents > OK The import is completed though with single imports you might be presented with the option to add a new description Documents are by default read only, hence the Click to Edit near the top of each document. 42 Activity 5: Auto code interview topics Use the styled headings to auto code the interviews by each question topic. (or identified sections/ or by speaker) In these interviews all questions were in Heading 1 style. In the Interview folder, List view, select all the interviews Right click on the resulting shaded selection. Select Auto Code from the context menu that displays Click on Heading 1 and click the arrow which results in it moving from the Available paragraph style field to Selected paragraph style field. In the Under field scroll to New Node Type the new node name e.g. Interview questions Click OK Module

23 Activity 6: Review the autoauto-coding In Navigation View > Nodes Expand from the plus (+) symbol next to Interview questions to see the child nodes (for subquestions) that were created. Child nodes contain all data for each subquestion. Double click on one of the child nodes to open the coded content in the Detail View This auto-coded data enables coding on by question or sections rather than document by document. Module Import pictures/images o Import to the Area folder and from Pictures the file entitled: Competing water uses--commercial fishing, recreational fishing, development Image Image log for notes, ideas and comments about the image click to edit to access this

24 Add content to an image log o Open picture in Detail view > Click to Edit > click in row of Content column > enter text o Add content to part(s) of an image: 1. Select one region at a time in the image > Dotted box appears in the region > Add text as in previous step 2. Right-click on the row number > select >Assign Region to Rows > Region co-ordinates display in the Region column > Click outside the picture to clear the selection 3. Click the numbered column to see the image region 46 Row assigned to image part 47 23

25 8. Import video o From Interviews List view, right-click then select Import video ken.wmv. Then Click to edit to see the video and available transcription fields o See Appendix on details about working with video (audio works the same) 48 Video continued o The key controls for playing or transcribing the video material are: o In addition to Play/Pause/Stop there is the Speed (faster or slower) option and the Volume option o The Play Modes are Normal play, Synchronise mode and Transcribe mode o You can import transcripts that synchronise with the video 49 24

26 9. Import spreadsheet data In Navigation view >Internals > Survey folder> Right click in List view. Import Internals > Import dataset Browse and locate in the Datasets folder the file Survey data.xls Click Next There are two worksheets. Select survey data Click Next (Accept defaults unless you want to change any date formats etc) Click Next Decide which/all columns to import. The default is that each column will be a classification (category) Select the (5) columns that have codable (open-ended) text and select Codable Field for them. (Starting with the Natural environment column) Click Next Click Finish 50 Some approaches to Tree node structures 51 25

27 ThemeTheme-based approach o e.g. Environmental Change Down East - Sample Project Module 2 52 Narrative Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 170 Module

28 Phenomenology Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 170 Module 2 54 Grounded theory Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 171 Module

29 Ethnography Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page 171 Module 2 56 Case study (collective) Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks. CA :Sage. Page

30 Module 2 Data coding activities 1. Create nodes 2. Code data at nodes drag & drop method 3. Views of your coding 4. Code data at nodes right click menu method 5. Create node up from the data In Vivo method Create linked memos and annotations. Module 2 58 Activity 1 Create nodes o o o o o o From Navigation view select Nodes In the List view scroll to an empty white space Right click From the context menu select New Node Name the node e.g. fishing (optional description) Repeat to create a node community 59 29

31 Activity 2: Code at nodes drag & drop : 1. Open a Source doc e.g. Charles (interview) which opens in the Detail view 2. From the Navigation view, select Nodes, - this will list the Free nodes in the List view 3. If it is easier to drag from side to side then from View menu: select Detail View then select Right - this will move the course document from the bottom of the screen to the right of the screen. 4. Select required text pieces in the Source document and then with your mouse drag and drop the selections to the required Node (which will highlight in blue with a small arrow indicating when you can 'drop') 5. The selected text pieces are now coded at the node you dragged it to Module 2 60 Activity 2 - continued To check your coding: 6. Double click on the Node Fishing to open it in the Detail View. 7. You can see the text you have coded there

32 Activity 3: View your coding When you look at the content of a source or Node in the Detail View, you can use highlights and Coding Stripes to examine your coding. Using Coding Stripes 1. With Charles open in Detail View, From View menu set Coding Stripes to Show nodes most coding item. 2. This should open the Coding Stripes window. 3. Double click on any coding stripe to see all text coded at that node. 4. Hover the cursor over the grey/black Coding Density stripe to see all the node names at which that piece of text is coded. 5. Right click on a stripe and select Highlight Coding to highlight text coded at that node. 6. To see coding for particular nodes only, reset the Coding Stripes button to Selected Items. 7. Select the relevant nodes from the Select Project Items popup. Module 2 62 Views of coding examples Document with stripes showing coding at nodes Context of document showing the coding at Community node shaded Module

33 Activity 4: Code data with nodes nodes--right right--click menu* To code with the right-click-menu 1. Highlight some other text in Charles that could be coded as Fishing. 2. Right click > Code > Code selection at Existing Node. 3. In the Select Project Items box, make sure Nodes is selected > tick the Fishing node. 4. Click OK. *Useful for double or multiple coding Module 2 64 Activity 5: Code In Vivo up from the data Using the right click and In Vivo coding (or from the coding bar the In Vivo icon) 1. Use this method to create nodes using terms from the data. 2. It creates a node with the name the same as the selected text. 3. In Charles,select quality of life in question 3 4. On the Coding bar, click on the Code In Vivo icon 5. (Short cut: Ctrl-F8) Module

34 Coding other formats o Section of images can be selected and coded or code from the text about the image or parts of an image o Audio and video can be coded from transcripts or directly from the audioor video- timeline o Survey responses that are imported as codable can be coded. 66 A tip about quotes o Have a node for quotes you want to include in your report o Code the quotes node according to topics as well as to the quotes node o Can also jump to context from each quote when you need to o Run coding query search for quotes of each specific topic required 67 33

35 6. Classifications o Your sources/nodes may share common characteristics that can help you organise and analysis e.g. Source classifications may include Interviews, focus groups, journal articles etc Node classification my include persons organisations Classifications my have particular attributes e.g. Interview: interviewer, year Person: age, education, gender Attributes may have values e.g. female, male 68 7a. Source classifications o In Navigation view select Classification> Source classification o In List view> right click >New classification There are pre-defined source classification but select Create new classification e.g. >Video interview etc. > OK 69 34

36 Create attributes for it o Right click on Video interview o New attribute> name it Interviewer o From Values tab > Add (names)> e.g. Carla; then Add Henry >OK 70 Classify a source o In Navigation view > Sources > Internals >Interviews o Right click on Ken > select Video properties o From the Attribute value tab for Classification field with arrow select video interview o Attribute values Tab > for Classification field select Interviewer ; then for Interviewer > Henry 71 35

37 7b: Node classifications o E.g. characteristics of persons or organisations o In Nodes, create a folder for People and Places then o Create a node for each person Sources >Internals > Interviews Select all the sources > right click > Create As > Create as Nodes Select People and Places from the popup > OK 72 Import prepared sheet o Import prepared classification sheet that indicates the Person classification and the names of the people in the first column and the attribute values by rows o External data on the ribbon > Classification sheets > wizard > select file Interview Participants_Classification Sheet.xlsx from Other folder > Open > Next o For Classification type select Node classification > tick 3 boxes >Next o Select As names ; for Location select People and Places > Next >Next > Finish 73 36

38 Output The classification (spread)-sheet has distributed the attribute values to all the Persons in the data This will enable searches to be filtered by these values Module 1 74 Add attributes manually You can create new attribute values from within NVIVO e.g. current marital status From Classifications in the Navigation view select Node classifications > right click on Persons > New attribute For Name type Marital status From Values tab add each required value >OK The new attribute has been added as a new column in the classification sheet For each person (row), select the required value from the down arrow Module

39 Activity 8: Create memos Write a memo about a source of a node or your coding at a node 1. E.g. Write a memo about what you learnt from the interview with Charles. To do this: 2. In the List view right click on that interview s name(charles). 3. Select Memo link to Link to New Memo. Name the memo and in the open blank memo, if you Ctrl-Shift-T it adds the date and time each time you write for audit trail purpose. Then write some text. 4. The memo is linked to the source and is stored in: Sources> Memos. [Alternate method: from within the open source right click then Links > Memo link > Link to new memo] 5. Memos can record process, insights and help inform your writing about your research. Module 2 76 Activity 9: Create annotations Write an annotation as a (foot)-note/ reminder 1. The pale blue highlight text indicates annotations footnotes/margin scribbles which are stored separately 2. To Read annotations: with document open, go to View > Annotation and tick then the annotation field opens at the bottom of the Detail view. Highlight the blue text to see the specific annotation. If there is more than one or the annotation number in the field. 3. To write an annotation: In Charles > highlight some text > Right click > Links > Annotation > New Annotation. 4. An annotation field will open at the bottom of the document. Write a note there. * 77 38

40 Activity 10 Linking to external file Create an External i.e. a document/source within the NVIVO project for your ideas about e.g. external files, webpages, PowerPoint slides, or books, etc. with LINKS to them where available. Sources > External > List view > right-click > New external >General tab > Name it News today External tab > Type > Web link> URL path > Enter > click OK Blank External opens for your notes (or List view > right-click on name > Open External) To open linked web page: In List view > right-click on name > Open External File 78 What have we learnt? So far we have learnt how to: 1. Import or create documents 2. Auto-code nodes based on structured data collection 3. Work with classifications 4. Set up coding structures relevant to research designs 5. Code data at nodes using various methods 6. Use visual aids to examine your coding 7. Create memos and annotations. 8. Create externals linked to e.g. external files or websites 79 39

41 Useful tips and hints o When first you load NVIVO a user profile pop-up requires your name and initials for team work this can identify each member s work in merged projects. (This can also be set from File/Options / General Tab ( Prompt for user on launch ) o By default NVIVO projects are saved in My Documents in a file with the project name you provided and the file extension.nvp o Do not work directly off a flash memory stick be careful on network drives. You can use memory sticks to move data from one computer to another. o When first you create your NVIVO project create a new document as a Coding Journal to make notes about your coding activities and your growing and changing ideas. Ctrl-Shift-T will put in the date and time automatically each time you begin a journal or memo entry. o Add the day s date to your (short) project name each time you make a (regular) back-up. Copy/ back up to different location/media. o Make use of Help and the online animated tutorials that are added to from time to time. o If you are working in a team to code the same data you can merge (import) the separate NVIVO projects by importing them all into one of them and renaming the project (N.B make sure that any common source or node names are 80 identical. Paper Paper--based tree node structure Example of tree node structure This structure can add to the coding load and also requires two new nodes to be created each time a new topic arises Positive comments about tourism Negative comments about tourism Positive comments about real estate development Negative comments about real estate development See the next slide for a software-based option. Positive comments about another issue Keep adding a positive and negative node for each new issue 81 40

42 Software Tree node structure Example of tree node structure This structure can lightens the load as follows: Double coding is quick (e.g. code a piece of text at the node positive comments AND at comments about tourism ). Do this with the right click and code from the menu option (Module 2, slide 59). Then to obtain the specific e.g. positive comments about a topic you can do a CODING QUERY Positive AND Comments about. Then save the results as a new node. This method also requires that you simply create only ONE node - not 2 each time a new topic arises that has positive and negative comments. Broad-brush is quicker to do Text which is a positive comment about tourism gets double coded - at Positive comments AND at Comments about tourism Negative comments Positive comments Comments about tourism Comments about real estate development Comments about. Etc. 82 Appendix 1: Videos in NVIVO o Transcripts are optional as you can code direct from the timeline o If you do transcribe the optional ways to transcribe are: Within NVIVO In Transcribe play mode In Normal play mode using the Start Finish selection tool 83 41

43 Short cut keys for transcription F7 Play/Pause F8 Stop (AND creates a new row) F9 Go Back 10 seconds NVIVO creates timestamps automatically 84 Transcribe mode To help you transcribe you can set the play speed to slow. From the Media menu > click Play Speed. - You can also use the play speed slider at any time to change the speed - * In the activity that follows you may like to use the short cut keys see previous slide instead of the Play, Skip and Stop options on the media toolbar 85 42

44 Transcribe(cont.) On the Media menu > click Play Mode > select Transcribe On the Media toolbar, click the Play button A transcript entry is added with the starting time in the Timespan field. Enter the required content. You can pause or skip back in 10 second intervals (this default time can be changed to e.g. a shorter time interval) Press the Stop button when you have completed the entry. The end time is added to the Timespan field. Although the new row appears on top of the row you just transcribed, the order will be corrected as you proceed. Continue until you have transcribed the required content. Turn-off transcribe mode > on the Media menu, click Play Mode > Normal. 86 Importing transcripts o Transcripts can be prepared in Word or Excel and imported in.doc,.docx, or.txt and some.pdf formats o Transcripts can be prepared with or without timestamps. o Timestamp format is: hh:mm:ss e.g. 2:36.4 =2 minutes 36.4 seconds o For optional formats type 'Importing transcripts in the NVIVO Help Search field o One transcript import option will be practiced here with a table format transcript 87 43

45 Table format transcript 88 Import transcript for video o Open the video or audio source that you want to import the transcript entries into. o Make sure you are in edit mode (Click to Edit). o On the External Data tab, in the Import group, click Rows. o The Import Transcript Entries dialog box opens. o In the Import from filed, click the Browse button. Locate and select the file containing the transcript entries, and then click Open

46 Import transcript (cont.) o Complete the fields to agree with the table format transcript as show here 90 More on video files o Coding from transcripts or directly from the time-line is possible o Annotations, memos and auto-coding (e.g. by speaker s name) can all be carried out on the video (and audio)sources as was done for text data o Audios and videos can be included in models 91 45

47 Export (coded) video 1. List view > right-click on filename > Export > select options 2. Creates a web page with the working video, transcript and any other options selected 3. To share the webpage check that you have the file name (ken.htm) AND the folder with the name Ken_files 92 Other features o Annotations, memos and auto-coding (e.g. in the focus group by speaker s name) can all be carried out on the different format sources as was done for text data o Audios and videos can be included in models 93 46

48 Export coded video 1. List view > right-click on filename > Export > select options 2. Creates a web page with the working video, transcript and any other options selected 3. To share or copy the output to another context ensure you take the *.htm file as well as the folder that refers to the same file name 94 Appendix 2 Managing your NVIVO project 95 47

49 NVIVO project properties o From the File/ Info menu access the Project Properties o As well as access to the Project Event Log if you have selected it 96 Media location options o Project properties include the Audio/Video location options o By default media under 20Mb is embedded within the NVIVO project o It is recommended that you deselect this option and keep audio and video media NONembedded so as not to slow down the application. Remember to back up and move the media with your NVIVO project 97 48

50 Name change options o An NVIVO project has an external file name and an internal title/name o To get the names to be the same: o Internal name can be changed from File/Info/Project options 98 More project functions o From the File/Manage menu there is a Copy Project option and Compact and Repair option 99 49

51 Performance options o In theory NVIVO can handle projects up to 4Gb in size o The File/Options menu includes access to an option to Optimize performance of stand alone project. The default is for project size Small. Select Large if your project has more than 500 sources. o (The above features also depend on the capacity of your computer) o Time duration between Saves and other notifications are also accessed from the File/Options menu 100 NVIVO 9 help resources o Help from the help within NVIVO 9 o Downloadable Getting started at: o Animated tutorials plus free Web-based Help Forum and FAQ linked to o Compare NVIVO 8 and NVIVO 9: cumentfile/712/differences-nvivo8-nvivo9.pdf

52 References o Creswell, J.W. (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage. o Ellingson, L.L (2009). Engaging crystallization in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage. o Richardson, L. (2000). Writing: A method of Inquiry. In N.K Denzin & Y.S Lincoln (Ed.) Handbook of qualitative research. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks: Sage. 102 Useful books o Bazeley, Pat (2007). Qualitative data analysis with NVIVO. Second Edition. Sage. (Practical approach with numerous load lightening tips) o Di Gregorio, S and Davidson, J. (2008) Qualitative Research Design for Software Users. Open University Press o Lewins, Ann & Silver, Christina (2007). Using software in qualitative research: a step-by-step guide. Sage. (Guidance on using Atlas.ti 5, MAXqda 2 and NVIVO 7) o Richards, Lyn (2009). Handling qualitative data: a practical guide. Sage. (2nd edition) (Useful data-centric approach to qualitative methods)