ELECTRICITY SUPPLY- MEASURE OF LIVING AND DEVELOPMENT

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY- MEASURE OF LIVING AND DEVELOPMENT

75 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY - MEASURE OF LIVING AND DEVELOPMENT Introduction : T h e ELECTIRICTY is a basic physical infrastructure, that has the capability of improving the level of living and development. However, lack of sufficient electricity and other sources of energy has hampered the growth of industries The per capita consumption of power in India is a meager 282 Kwh whereas in Canada it is 18,117, Kwh, Sweeden 16,655 Kwh and the United States 12,160, Kwh (1996). The consumption of power per consumer in Ahmedabad is 2768 Kwh, including the commerical and industrial consumers, which is about 10 times more than the national average. About - 887,085 consumers including 474 high-tension industrial consumers consumed 2466 million units of electricity during 1996-97 within the Ahemedabad electricity zones (A.E.C.). The per capita consumption of electricity is considered as one of the realistic indicators of development and social well-being. The modem urban living needs more electricity due to the use of elevators in high-rise buildings, airconditioning systems at homes, wide ranging domestic appliances which reflect the distinct high level of living. In this section an attempt is made to analyse (1) the growth and development of electricity in Ahmedabad city (2) the power transmission network (3) the sectorwise consumption of electricity (4) seasonal variations in electricity consumption and revenue earned (5) intra-urban variations (AEC zones) in residential and commercial consumption of electricity and (6) Zone-wise distribution and density of street lamp-posts in Ahmedabad city Growth and Development of Electricity : The electricity supply operations commenced in Ahmedabad in the year 1915 with a small diesel power station of 2 x 50 Kw. The diesel alternator sets were located at shahpur within the Walled city of Ahmedabad To meet the further obligations of supplying electricity to the consumers, the company has given not only the licence to install the transmission and distribution (T & D) system in the city but also to provide adequate generating capability Thus, soon after the establishment of the power house at Shahpur, the company installed steam thermal stations A and B on the western bank of river Sabarmati near the railway bridge.

76 In late fifties, the generating capacity was increased by installing C station at Sabarmati, with an installed capacity of 120 MW comprising four units of 15 MW and two units of 30 MW. The company s license was further extended in the late seventies when another thermal unit of 110 MW D station was installed and in eighties E station with 110 MW installed capacity In the meantime, the A and B stations which had outlived their lives were scrapped and F station of 110 MW was installed and commissioned in 1988-89 (Appendix No. X) Lastly, G station, a combined cycle plant of gas and steam turbines with a total capacity of around 100 MW has been installed and commissioned in 1990-91 in the southern part of the city at Vinzol (Figure 6 1) Electricity has played an important role in the growth and development of industries in Ahmedabad. The textile industries which had flourished in the past, suffered sudden setback during the last decade leading to the reduction in load growth. However, the load in southern part of city near Vatva has been growing at the rate of about 10-12 percent per annum due to the development of industrial estates by the Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC). The growth of industries on the eastern side is also significant. The load in the commercial and residential sector also has registered an increase due to the expansion of residential areas in the Western Ahmedabad covering the fringe villages such as Ghatlodia, Sola, Thaltej, Ambli, Bopal, Sarkhej etc. and associated commercial development along the main transport arteries and junctions However, it is observed that the annual overall load growth has been varying from year to year and the average has been a little less than 4 percent. Power Transmission System : Initially, 11 Kw express cables were laid from Sabarmati thermal power station to a number of main receiving stations located at various load centres in the city, for transmitting the generated power. Later on when the C station was commissioned, two 66 Kw overhead double circuit power line transmission system was installed on the eastern perphery of the city with stepdown stations. When the subsequent 110 MW units were installed, 132 KV system at substation U Simultaneously 66 KV interconnection with Gujarat Electricity Board was also upgraded to 132 KV at Sabarmati to augment the capacity of the interconnection to 150

ELECTRICITY ZONES WITH TRANSMISSION LINES AND SUBSTATIONS OF AHMEDABAD CITY. 1996. INDEX == AECO S 132 KV UNE AECO S 66KV LINE AJECO S 66 KV CABLE 132 KV SUB-STATION a 66 KV SUB-STATION MJLS. A SWITCH HOUSE SCALE 0 1 2 KMS FIG 6.1

78 MW. Thus, the electricity is transmitted throughout the city via., the extra high voltage (EHV) which take care of extra bulk load. At the generating station, the 11 Kw is stepped up through the transformers and 66 or 132 EHV lines are connected to various EHV stations There are 12 EHV stations in the city including those at Narol, Odhav, Nikol, Amraiwadi, Vatva, Vasna, Naranpura, Thaltej, Jamalpur and Gandhinagar (Fig 6 1). EHV Sub-stations are fed by high capacity distribution transformers Hene the electricity is stepped down and converted to HT lines (11 KW) which connect various localities. Further it is converted into LT (440 watts) via substation transformers and power is distributed to residential houses through underground cables or through overhead lines from the street poles. EHV lines are used because one EHV line is equivalent to hundreds of lower voltage power lines. The new 132 KV Substation at Thaltej became operational during 1996-97. At the close of the year March 1997 there were 2433 kms. (Previous year - 2329 kms) of high tension lines and 8285 Ions (Previous year 7585 kms) of low tension mains in the system. 157 new distribution Substations were added during the year. Sectorwise Consumption of Electricity : The consumption of electricity by various sectors is intersting The industrial connections (277 connections) with high tension lines account for only 0.033 percent of the total connections of the city but interms of consumption account for 36.20 percent of the total consumption (Table 6.1). The urabn institutions also use the high tension power showing ratio of 1 74 as connection to power consumption. In the low tension power (LTP) use category there are 4.13 percent of total connections consuming 18.57 percent of total consumption. There are maximum number of residential connections 6,82,754, accounting for 80.56 percent of the total connections but interms of electricity consumption it only registers 28.61 percent of the total electricity consumption. Even the per residential consumption and yearly consumption is lowest among all other users. The city has in all 8,47,532 connections consuming 2312.798 million units o f power (1995-96) The decreasing order interms of absolute number of

79 TABLE - 6.1 Sectrowise Consumption of Electricity - 1995-96 Type of Yearly Number Percent of Cumulative Consumption Percent of Cumulative use consumption of total percent of of power power percent of power connections connections connections (in MU) consumption consumption r o = KWH Industrial 30,22,531 277 0.033 0.033 837.241 36 20 36 20 (HT) Instituttonal 7,68,150 100 0.0118 0.045 76.815 3.32 39.52 (HT) LTMD 12,397 34,650 4.0883 4.133 429.563 18.57 58.09 and LTP Commercial 2249 1,28,616 15.1754 19.308 289.207 12.50 70.59 Agricultural 1626 1135 0 1339 19 442 18.460 0.798 79.39 Residential 969 6,82,754 80.5579 100.00 661 512 28 61 100.00 Total 2729 8,47,532 100.00 2312.798 100.00 connections is residential, commercial, LTMD and LTP, agriculture, industry and institutional, whereas interns of absolute power consumption the decreasing order is industrial, residential, LTMD and LTP, commercial, institutional and agricultural sectors. The lorenz curve (Fig. 6.2), show the concentration of power consumption by number of connections. Nearly 71 percent of the total power consumption is accounted by 19 percent of the total electricity connections, (mainly, industrial, institutional, commercial and agricultural), whereas the remaining 29 percent of the electricity is consumed by the 80 percent of the connections (residential). Though it is highly, uneven pattern of electricity consumption, the basic requirement of power by various sectors is highly uneven. The industrial and institutional connections use high tension power which constitute 0.05 percent of the total connections of the city but account for 40 percent of the total electricity consumption o f the city (Fig 6.2)

DEGREE OF CONCENTRATION OF POWER CONSUMPTION BY VARIOUS SECTORS, IN AHMEDABAD CITY. (1995-96) CUMULATIVE V. OF POWER CONNECTIONS CUMULATIVE % OF POWER CONSUMPTION VARIOUS SECTORS 11 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTION LTMD & LTP COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE RESIDENTIAL FIG 62

81 Seasonal Variation in Electricity Consumption : o The demand for electricity in various sectors of urban life and activity varies from season to season. The variation is less significant in case of AMC requirement as compared to the residential requirement (9 percent variation). The electricity consumption in the residential sector is relatively low during winter due to cool weather condition and is high during summer and monsoon due to hot and humid condition and also due to associated mosquito menace TABLE - 6.2 Electricity Consumption and Revenue Earned by Seasons (1996-97) Type of use Summer March-June Million Revenue units (Rs. in lacs) Monsoon July-Oct Million Revenue units (Rs. in lacs) Winter Nov.-Feb. Million Revenue units (Rs. in lacs) Total Million Revenue units (Rs. in lacs) Industrial 457 59 12,55400 46867 13,129.19 432.78 13,433.44 1359.04 39,116.63 (33.67) (34.49) (31.84) (100.00) 60.43 Residential 232 02 4584.22 258.76 5052,69 173.01 3504.56 663.79 13,141.47 (34.95) (38 98) (26.06) (100.00) 20.30 Commercial 98.48 3091 90 103.31 322763 77.89 257874 27968 8898.27 (35 21) (36 94) (27.85) (100.00) 13 75 AMC* 46 57 740.29 45 93 110541 45 86 1166 38 13836 3012 08 (33.66) (33.20) (33,15) (100.00) 4.65 Agricultural 634 219.72 248-17.89 5.77 207.85 14.59 409 68 (LTP) (4345) (16.99) (39 55) (100.00) 0.63 Miscellaneous 1.33 34.86 1.27 33 38 0 84 25 61 ^ 3.44 93 85 (38.66) (36.92) (24.42) (100.00) 0.14 Street lighting 1.16 22,77 116 2291 1.43 30.58 3 75 59.65 30.93 (3093) (38,13) 10000 0 09 Total 843.53 21,569.39 883.18 22,532.27 737.63 20,433.21 2462.65 64,731.63 34.25 (35.86) (29.95) (100.00) (100.00) (*AMC - for Municipal hospitals, Water pumping stations, Sewerage treatment plants and Municipal buildings) (Figures in bracket indicate row percentage)

82 However, during the summer season the electricity consumption is relatively low on account of residents habit of sleeping on the terrace, balcony and in the open space. The electricity consumption by way of street lighting is more (38.13 percent) during winter (Table 6 2) due to longer duration of night hours The low demand for electricity (17 percent) in the agricultural sector during monsoon season is well reflected However, for winter crops including greengrocery there is a need of irrigation and hence the higher electricity consumption (39.55 percent of the total annual requirement of agriculture) Thus, except agriculture and street lighting all other sectors consume less electricity during winter season compared to other seasons. The summer and monsoon season requirement does not show much of difference except in agricultural sector (Table 6.2). The industrial sector contributed nearly 60 percent to the total revenue earned by the AEC during 1996-97. The residential consumers contributed about 20 percent and the commercial consumers about 14 percent and AMC about 5 percent to the total revenue The industrial sector registered an increase in the percentage share of electricity consumption from 36 20 in 1995-96 to 55.19 in 1996-97 (Table 6 1 and 6.2) Intra-urban Variation in Electricity Consumption : The Ahmedabad Electricity Company has made three zones of Ahmedabad namely the City zone, Naranpura and Amraiwadi for their administrative and services purpose The City zone o f AEC covers 17 municipal wards extending over 46.46 sq km. area and serve 39 percent of total residential and commercial consumers of Ahmedabad city. About one third of the total residential and commercial consumption of the city is recorded in the City zone. The Naranpura zone covers 9 municipal wards west of Sabarmati river extending over 42.32 sq.km, area and serve 34 percent of the residential and commercial consumers who consume 44 percent of the total residential and commercial consumption. This shows the higher level of socio-economic condition and living of the residents of Naranpura zone (Western Ahmedabad) The landscape of Western Ahmedabad is marked by the quality development of residential and commercial establishments Even the per consumer per year average electricity bill is about Rs. 5212 (Table 6.3), which is much higher than the other two zones. Amraiwadi zone shows a lower per consumer per year electricity bill (Rs. 3036) indicating the residential and commercial

83 development of lower socio-economic nature Except for the average number of consumers, the descending order of zones for electricity consumption, average consumption, total revenue generation and per consumer per year electricity bill is Naranpura, City zone and Amraiwadi 46 percent of the total residential and commercial electricity revenue comes from Naranpura zone. The city zone has more number of consumers (Table 6 3) but their relative per consumer consumption is low on account of short duration of use in case of commercial consumers and conservational attitude o f residential consumers (Fig 6.3 & 6.4) TABLE - 6.3 Zonewise Distribution of Residential and Commercial Consumers, Consumption and Revenue (1996-97) AEC zones Absolute and average No. of consumers (Res.+ comm. + others Elect. consumption in million units Average consumption (Kwh) Per consumer per year Elect bill (in Rs.) Total revenue (Rs. in lacs) City zone 349 374 347 73 995 2 3304 11,542.74 (39 29) (33 29) (33.36) Naranpura 306,297 464 63 1516.9 5212 15,963 21 (34 44) (44 49) (46.14) Amraiwadi 233,592 232.01 993.2 3036 7091.36 (26.27) (22.22) (20.50) Total 8,89,263 1044.37 1174.4 3891 34,597.31 (100) (100) (100) Residential and Commercial Consumers : The maximum number of residential consumers are (38 percent) in Naranpura zone (Western Ahmedabad) accounting for 52 percent of the total residential consumption of the city Simlarly, Naranpura zone also has a maximum average consumption of electricity by the commercial consumers despite their low percentage. (606 Kwh and 52 percent of the total commercial consumption of the city) (Table 6.3). However, the concentration of commercial consumers is observed in the City zone (48 91 percent) but their electricity consumption is

ZONEWISE PATTERN OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION. ABSOLUTE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION INM.U. TOTAL REVENUE IN LAKH Rs. A iaolate Electricity C e jw m p tie a i» n.a. 200-300 300-400 400-500 Tom Revenue m u m Rs. 500-10.040 10.000-154)00 15400-204)00 I CITY ZONE, 2 AMRAIWADI ZONE, 3 NARANPURA ZONE. AVERAGE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION (KWH) PER CONSUMER BILL INRs. ia Irw i il n ' <1000 "if. z >1000 Bill ia Rs. <4000 11 >4000 FIG 6,3

85 quite low (1 : 0.54) due to smaller units of commercial establishments that are huddled together In Amraiwadi (the Eastern Ahmedabad) zone the commercial consumers have an average consumption of 485 Kwh electricity on account of the power consuming commercial complexes and units such as saw mills, flour mills, workshops etc. Among the residential consumers, the residents of Naranpura zone have a higher average (149 Kwh) of power consumption followed by the residents of City zone and Amraiwadi zone. The average commercial consumption for the whole city is 12 times more than the residential average consumption. The ratio of commercial consumers to residential consumers is 1 3 for the whole city and is maximum in Amraiwadi (1. 5.04) followed by Naranpujra zone (1 : 3.4) and the city zone (1. 1.97) (Table 6.3). This shows the relative proportion (predominance) of residential consumers and commercial consumers. The Amraiwadi has the preponderance of residential consumers with low average consumption whereas the City zone has relatively lower proportion or residential consumers in relation to the commercial consumers. Zonewise bi-monthly variation in power consumption and revenue : In all the three zones of AEC, the electricity consumption is lowest in the months of Februaiy-March and highest in the months o f June-July. TABLE - 6.4(A) Bimonthly Variation in Electricity Consumption *(1996-97) (in million units) AEC Zone April-May June-July Aug.-Sept Oct-Nov. Dec.-Jan. Feb.-March City Zone 57.88 66.92 65.89 6179 49 17 46.08 Naranpura 74.60 95 27 91 10 82 68 63 10 57.88 Amraiwadi 38 32 47 72 43 29 42 23 34.02 31.43 Total 170.80 204.91 200.28 186.70 146.29 135.39 (*only the residential and commercial sectors)

86 The decreasing order of bimonthly consumption of electricity is Naranpura, City zone and Amraiwadi zone. (Table 6 4(a)) throughout the year 1996-97 The collection of electricity bill also follows the similar pattern of bimonthly variation and decreasing order of zones. The electricity consumption and the collection of revenue is relatively more during June to November and is relatively less during the remaining months in all the zones TABLE - 6.4(B) Bimonthly Variation in Revenue Collection (Residential & Commercial) (1996-97) (in lacs Rs.) AEC Zones April-May June-July Aug.-Sept. Oct.-Nov. Dec.-Jan. Feb.-March City zone 1786.92 2183 14 2121.77 2086.89 1713.96 1650 06 Naranpura 2356.92 3170.69 3109.81 2933.25 2278 33 2114.21 Amraiwadi 1071.42 1246 83 1316 18 1324.18 1089.34 1043.41 Total 5215.26 6600.66 6547.76 6344.32 5081.63 4807.68 Street lighting : The city glamour and beauty is enhanced by the density, type of lighting and alignment of street lamp-posts (Refer Chapter IV also). Nearly 41 percent of the total lamp posts of the City are in the City zone having a density of 5 per hectare. This is mainly because of the concentration of commercial, transportational, residential and institutional activities. The other outer areas have about 17 to 24 percent of the total lamp-posts each. However, in the newly annexed areas of Eastern Ahmedabad the density of lamp-posts is one per hectare (Table 6.5) This area is characterised by low level of socio-economic condition and hence needs provision of more lamp posts to facilitate their social condition. The overall density of lamp-posts in the city is 3 per hectare (Appendix No. XI)

87 TABLE - 6.5 Distribution and Density of Street Lamp-Posts (1996) AEC zones Number of mun. wards Total area Total number (in sq. kms.) of street lamp-posts Percentage of total lamp-posts Number of Lamp-posts per Ha. City zone 17 46 46 22,994 41 05 5 Naranpura 9 42 32 13,386 23.90 3 Amraiwadi 9 22 15 10,138 18.10 5 East Ahmedabad (Newly incorporated areas) 8 79.91 9,500 16.96 1 Total 43 190.84 56,018 100 3 Thus, the foregoing analysis shows the lions-share of industrial consumption (36 percent of the total consumption) of electricity, whereas interms of number the residential consumers dominate the scene forming 80 percent of the total consumers. The industrial consumers contribute about 60 percent of the AEG earnings Naranpura zone showed higher percentage of electricity consumption (both residential and commercial) compared to other two zones reflecting relatively a higher level of socio-economic condition. The newly annexed areas of Eastern Ahmedabad need more electricity for various developmental purposes and also the provision of more street lamp-posts. The generation of power represents a plant load factor of over 75 percent. The AEC is fairly successful in achieving the goal of providing steady, stable and quality power to its consumers.