Research for Disaster Response and Preparedness Dyke breach hin 1953, Onga River, Japan Dr. Matsuki Hirotada: JICA Expert ASEM High level Meeting on Disaster Prevention and Relief in Response to Climate Change Strengthening Asia Europe Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development Grand Plaza Hotel, Hanoi Viet Nam, 18 November 2013 Build back better policy in Japan Reconfirming DRR Research of a river office Research outputs for DRR (vulnerability reduction) (exposure reduction) (hazard reduction) Conclusion 2
Osaka flood risk reduction (Yodo River Diversion 1896 1910) Osaka had developed by flood risk reduction after repeat floods. Kanzakigawa R. 1594 96 Uji River shifting 1606 11 11 Takase Channel excavation 1684 87 Aji Port construction 1704 Yamato River diversion Nakatsugawa R. Shinyodogawa R. Kema Ohkawa R. 1868 Yodo River Flood 1868 70 Kizu River shifting Osaka Castle 1885 Yodo River Flood 1896 10 Yodo Floodway excavation Kema overfall weir Kema lock gate Dyke widening, heightening Seta River overfall weir Seta River widening/dredging Uji River shifting 3 Tokyo flood risk reduction (Ara River Diversion 1911 1930) 1882 37yeas Dykes and retarding area 1919 Tokyo urbanization progressed due to the improvement of the safety level by the excavation of Ara River Floodway 35years 1954 Former retarding basin area has also been urbanized 42years 1996 1911 1930 Excavation of Ara River Floodway 4
Why flood among disasters? Earthquake Tsunami Storm Flood Drought Landslide Fire Blackout Accident Natural disaster forecastablity predictable (sometimes) occurrence after a time period longer than a human life We can research. Natural artificial artificial manytimes in a working We can forecastable disaster age (15 64) prepare. * Artificial disaster unforeseeable frequently We can alert. * People can analyze floods in the past and forecast floods in the future. Floods are calling for people to learn lessons and to transfer it to the next generations. People who could implement it could survive in the flood prone areas. Flood risk management was developed in the history to build a resilient society. That s why Japan survives on disaster prone islands in the Asia monsoon region. 5 Decrease of casualties 10,000 (Persons) Number of dead and missing 1,000 100 Ty yphoon Kath hleen To orrential Rain ns in So outhern Kii To oyamaru Typ hoon Ise ewan Typhoo on First Priority P lan for Social Infrastructure Development Ninth flood control (7 years) 10 Third First flood Second Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth control (5 years) 1 (Year) 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 6
GDP DRR investment effect without disaster with disaster with DRR investment Disaster Event Effect of DRR investment Enlarged view with disaster without DRR investment Stop of economic activity by direct damage Expansion of poverty Stagnation of economic activity and the recovery delay due to lack of funds con nua on of poverty trap Time By disasters, increasing poverty and continued to be stuck in an increase in poverty, widening inequality, from the trap of poverty JICA DR 2 AD Model (DR 2 AD: Disaster Risk Reduction investment Accounts for Development) http://www.jica.go.jp/topics/news/2013/ku57pq00001ecfq5 att/20130612_01_01.pdf 7 Build back better policy in Japan Reconfirming DRR Research of a river office Research outputs for DRR (vulnerability reduction) (exposure reduction) (hazard reduction) Conclusion 8
Disaster Risk Disaster risk: The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular communityorasocietyoversomespecified ifi future time period. Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Exposure: People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses. Hazard: Adangerous phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Construct of flood risk and its reduction Risk Sharing in Flood Management (WMO 2009) In order to reduce disaster risk, how to reduce vulnerability? How to reduce exposure? How to reduce Hazard? (2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction) 9 Disaster Risk Management Disaster risk management: The systematic process in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility bl of disaster through h activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness. Dis saster Response: The provision of emergency services and public assistance during a disaster. Recovery: The restoration of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of communities. Preparedness Response Recovery Mitigation: The lessening or limitationit ti of the adverse impacts of disaster. Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely disasters. Mitigation Disaster risk can be reduced as a result of people s effort in all of the disaster response, recovery, mitigation and preparedness. (2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction) 10
saster Di Disaster Risk Reduction saster Di Vulnerability reduction Exposure reduction Hazard reduction Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness Rescue Relief Awareness rising Early warning* Flood fighting Quick repair Build back Build back better Daily rehabilitation Dam operation Cause analysis Review of rules Dam upgrading *Following the Tsunami Early Warning System after the East Japan Great Earthquake, more than 96% of 460,000 residents lived in the tsunami affected area. Over 3,000 students evacuated further to higher ground by their own decision, as educated. However, the local economy was completely destroyed. Can we say this sustainable? 11 Disaster Risk Reduction & Climate Change Adaptation Vulnerability reduction through Community based Disaster Risk Mismanagement is quite effective for DRR. In response to climate change, however, disaster risk is getting more frequent and severe. Preparedness process becomes more important than before. We should focus on exposure reduction and hazard reduction. Disast er Disast er Vulnerability reduction Exposure reduction Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness Rescue Relief Awareness rising Earlywarning* Flood fighting Quick repair Build back Build back better Daily rehabilitation Hazard Review of rules Dam operation Cause analysis reduction Dam upgrading 12
Build back better policy in Japan Reconfirming DRR Research of a river office Research outputs for DRR (vulnerability reduction) (exposure reduction) (hazard reduction) Conclusion 13 River office MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) is managing 7% of the total river length in Japan. Rti Ratio of MLIT direct management Length 河 川 延 長 比 直 Others 轄 管 理 : 以 about 外 の 区 93 間 % 約 93% 直 National 轄 管 理 区 Government: 間 約 7% about 7 % Population 想 定 氾 濫 区 域 内 人 口 About 約 4,700 47 万 人 million people (41%) (41%) Assets 想 定 氾 濫 区 域 内 資 産 MLIT headquarters Regional Bureaus Overview of river management in 9 regions Overview of river management in 14 rivers (Kyushu) About 約 888 888 trillion 兆 円 JPY Legend 凡 例 National 直 轄 管 理 区 間 Government 直 轄 管 理 区 間 以 外 Others Population and properties in expected inundation area are calculated from results of current river situation survey No.9 and 想 定 氾 濫 区 域 内 人 口 は 第 9 回 河 川 現 況 調 査 想 定 氾 濫 区 域 内 資 産 No.8 は 第 8 回 河 川 現 況 調 査 結 果 より 集 計 Length of river is taken from river management statistics by 河 川 延 長 は 河 川 管 理 統 計 (H21.4.30 現 在 ) 河 川 局 水 政 課 による water policy office of River Department (as of 30 th of April 2009) (As of April 30, 2009) River Offices Manage rivers at the site with 100 officials (Onga) Research and maintain before flood events 14
Purposes of a river office The purposes of river administration are flood control, water utilization and environmental protection. The facilities are grouped into river channels, dykes and structures, flowing water, and river spaces. River channel management Facility management Flowing water management River environment management Observing sediment, scours Checks and repairs of dykes, Maintaining quantity and Providing safe and preferable and vegetation development, dams, water gates, pump quality of the flowing water, for river space/environment for to maintain channel capacity. stations with operation test. stable water use and sound people and wildlife. river environment. 15 River basin observation Onga River Office and 6 branches are watching the river basin by 28 water level gauges, 30 rainfall gauges, 20 monitor cameras and communications with residents. MLIT Onga River Office Nogata Branch Tagawa Branch River mouth Branch Nakama Branch Miyata Branch Iizuka Branch Onga River Basin, Fukuoka, Japan (Length = 61km, C.A. =1.026 km2, Population = 670,000) http://www.qsr.mlit.go.jp/onga/prevents/realtime/onga_suii.html 16
River channel survey River channels are maintained to ensure that the capacity for flood discharge does not decrease. Changes in river environment such as sedimentation and scouring, growth of trees are grasped. Change in river may lead to decrease in flood control capacity Channel capaci ty Maintained and administered for not lowering the flood control level Maintenance Level for administration Comprehending the changes by measuring river forms regularly Time 17 Dyke inspection Dykes are made of soil and sand, piled up long ago. As quality and intensity are uneven, inspection and monitoring are conducted for early detection of any abnormalities. 2004 Aira river Composition of dyke is complex Grass cutting by a remote machine Inspection of looseness of dyke Detection of abnormality and repair body 18
Flowing water inspection River discharge and water quality are monitored to confirm safe and stable water use and environmental conservation. When oil is found, it will be immediately removed from the river. Preservation of water quality Measuring of flood flow velocity Chikugo River at drought 2005 Continuous monitoring and removal of oil Discharge observation at ordinary times. Flood discharge measurement for runoff analysis. Dam water release to resupply water for the downward cannel. 19 River zone management MLIT regularly monitor the condition of river zone to keep it in good order for residents safety and comfort. To protect the environment, MLIT organizes trash cleaning and extermination of alien species in coordination with local residents. Patrol/ Monitoring Care of local area Picking up trash and waterweed scouring Safe use Regular monitoring and CCTV observation to avoid illegal river use. Space management with riparian residents and local government. Clearing away trash and alien species removal. Safety inspection to prevent water accidents 20
Transaction with flood fighters In the Flood Fighting i Act, flood fighting i is dfi definedd as the responsibility of municipalities. ii lii Municipalities organize flood fighting teams of residents in the local communities to protect their lives. Residents are to engage in activities to prevent dyke breaches and minimizeflood damage. Flood fighting activities at flood time Drill at normal time Gokase River, 2005 Ushizu River, 2009 21 Build back better policy in Japan Reconfirming DRR Research of a river office Research outputs for DRR (vulnerability reduction) (exposure reduction) (hazard reduction) Conclusion 22
From research to communities Honest activities for promotion of basic information are conducted in cooperation with resident groups such as NPOs to spread basic knowledge, to raise awareness of disaster prevention and to grow kindness for protection of river. Evacuation mapping Studying meeting Education for evacuation and environment conservation Community based flood Discussion with mass Disaster/environment education for children in hazard/inundation mapping media and fire fighters cooperation with primary schools and local NPOs. 23 Challenge 1: Disseminate information swiftly and surely Provide information on TV. Construct River warning light. Digital terrestrial broadcast Tickers to provide flash reports Send information by e mail. Indicate degree of risks by water level. Select information E mails are Information is you wish to receive and register your E mail address sent to you automatically provided in the E mails 24
Challenge 2: Provide accessible, understandable information Provide water level forecast information. By knowing the predicted water levels, people can prepare for evacua on Integrate information on disaster prevention. Improvement On computers & Digital terrestrial radio broadcasts Through community wireless system 25 Challenge 3: Make regular communication with residents Hold study sessions on prevention of water related disasters. By holding study sessions, residents can share common informa on that would be helpful when evacuating in case of emergencies. Disseminate knowledge on disaster risk reduction by cooperating with NPOs 26
Build back better policy in Japan Reconfirming DRR Research of a river office Research outputs for DRR (vulnerability reduction) (exposure reduction) (hazard reduction) Conclusion 27 Post disaster restoration schemes (after Sendai Flood 2006) A rain gauge station in Sendai River basin recorded 1,165mm in 5 days. The post disaster restoration schemes has completed in 2012 under 5 year budgetary support of the central government to preventing repeat disasters and Damage on to secure sustainable development. river facilities 1,700mm in 365 days 2,800mm in 365 days 1,165mm in 5 days Restoration ti work by river offices Post disaster restoration schemes support by the central government under Build back better policy Rapid repair of facilities Prevention of repeat disasters 28
Post disaster restoration (Response process) Observe rainfall and water level for emergency alerts. Site inspection. Support for rescues. Support for searching. 29 Post disaster restoration (Recovery process) Access road opening. Emergency drainage by pumper trucks. Quick repair of dyke breaches. Quick repair of bank erosions. 30
Post disaster restoration (Mitigation process) DDR discussions in communities. Model experiment at a university. 31 Post disaster restoration (Preparedness = Pre disaster) before after Sogi diversion. before after Torai diversion. bf before after Kusumoto dyke (16 km in total). 32
Build back better policy in Japan Reconfirming DRR Research of a river office Research outputs for DRR (vulnerability reduction) (exposure reduction) (hazard reduction) Conclusion 33 Dam operation in Sendai Flood 2006 (Response) Dam Operation in flood time at Tsuruta dam 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 流 入 量 (m3/s) 放 流 量 (m3/s) (T.P.m) Pm) Water level in downstream (Miyanojo) 33 Lowered by 1.3m 32 31 30 29 28 27 ( 水 位 ) Peak time delayed by 4 hours 標 高 26 25 24 23 24:00 4:00 Observed Water Level Evacuation/Rescue 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 2:00 Jul 22 Water level without flood control operation (estimated) 12:00 Call for SD Force from pref. 11:45 Call for SD Force from Satsuma town 11:00 Evacuation advice Jul 23 0 Tsuruta Dam controlled discharge for evacuation and rescue using full capacity of the reservoir to lower the water level downstream by 1.3 m and to delay the flood peak time by 4 hours 34
Dam upgrading under operation (Preparedness) Tsuruta Dam is now on upgrading to enlargethe discharge control capacity until 2015 under power generating operation. http://www.wec.or.jp/image/130716_saiseigijutsu.pdf 35 Build back better policy in Japan Reconfirming DRR Research of a river office Research outputs for DRR (vulnerability reduction) (exposure reduction) (hazard reduction) Conclusion 36
Conclusions Repeat floods are a mainstream of disasters. Mainstreaming of disaster is how to reduce flood risks. For DRR and CCA, itisis important to reduce vulnerability, exposure and hazard. What we can do? We have good practices in vulnerability reduction. Now we should focus on exposure and hazard reduction. To make progress of them, an office of each river should play a key role. The river office should implement daily/monthly/yearly research. Do not say luck of fund but implement what it can do within the fund. That is the best way to save cost for disaster risk reduction in total. The government and the internationalsociety shoulddiscussdiscuss budget allocation. Provide research budget first to promote response and preparedness later. That is the best way to ensure the society to develop sustainably. Thank you very much for further discussion. 37