The different type of photovoltaic systems and their applications

The different type of photovoltaic systems and their applications

Solar radiation Solar radiation: electromagnetic energy emitted by the fusion of hydrogen content in the sun. - On the solar surface to solar radiation is associated with a specific power output of 63.000 kw / m² - Outside the Earth's atmosphere, the power incident on a unit area perpendicular to the sun, has a value of about 1367 W / m² (± 3% of the variability due to ellipticity of Earth's orbit), this value is called the Solar constant - On the surface of the Earth, at sea level, under optimum conditions and sun at noon, the power density is about 1000 W / m² - The measurement of solar radiation is made by an instrument called a pyranometer

Photovoltaic effect The conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy takes place by exploiting the effect induced by a luminous flux which invests a semiconductor material 'doped', very often silicon. This physical phenomenon is what occurs in photovoltaic cells

Conversion efficiency The energy exploited depends on the characteristics of the material of the cell: the conversion efficiency (percentage of energy contained in the solar radiation that is converted into electricity available at terminals) for commercial silicon cells is typically between 10% and 17%, while laboratory cells have reached values of 24%

Different PV Technologies The majority of solar cells is costituted by silicon semiconductors. The reason is that silicon, unlike of other semiconductors, is avaible on our planet in unlimited quantity. Cells: - in silicon monocrystalline - in silicon polycristalline - in silicon amorphous

Different PV Technologies Monocrystalline Pronounced "Mono-Crystal-Line" Mono is the traditional checkered type solar panel which have been commercially developed since the 1960's. These panels tend to have the best space efficiency, meaning they take up less space than the other technologies (a great advantage if you want to generate lots of power). The cells in monocrystalline modules are made by a single silicon crystal. This crystal is cut into wafers roughly 0.2mm thick before the wafers are chemically treated and electrical contacts added. The fact that they are cut from a single crystal means that they are highly efficient, with modules in production converting up to 15% of the energy from the sun into electricity, and test models over 20%. Advantages: - Best space efficiency (Less space on roof) - Minimal framing needed (Saving Energy) - More potential power generation from your house Disadvantages: - Performance drop in shaded areas. (5% of panel can be covered)

Different PV Technologies n Policrystalline n Pronounced "Poli-Crystal-Line". Poly panels have been in mass production since the late 70's and have become more popular over time. They're the 'blue sparkling' looking panels. Traditionally their goal was to be more cost effective than Monocrystalline, which at one stage did happen (However it is now again 'neck & neck'). Polycrystalline (also known as multicrystalline) modules are made from cells containing lots of small silicon crystals. This makes them cheaper to produce but also slightly less efficient than monocrystalline modules. The many small crystals give polycrystalline modules a frosted look. Advantages: - Good space efficiency - A pretty nice 'Blue' look - Better Heat Tolerance than Mono (Depending on Manufacturer) - Better shade tolerance than Mono (15% of panel can be covered) Disadvantages: -Not quite as space friendly as Mono panels (10% more room needed)

Different PV Technologies n Thin Film Silicon (Amorphous) n Thin-Film OR "A-more-fus" panels are the latest panels to be mass produced (this however does not necessarily make them the best). Since the 80's Thin film has been used in calculators and watches because they perform better than others in low light. Thin film panels however take up almost DOUBLE the space of other panels, which can be a problem is you need to avoid areas or want to have a big system. While the 0.2mm wafers in crystalline cells are already incredibly thin, the layers making up thin-film modules are about 40 times thinner than a strand of human hair, at just 2 microns (a micron is one-millionth of a meter). The layers can be deposited on glass forming a panel similar to crystalline modules, but many other materials can also be used and even flexible panels can be made. Although the efficiency of thin-film panels is only about 10%, they use less material and are cheaper than crystalline modules. Advantages - Less silicon & energy needed to manufacture - Work well in low light - More average energy produced per kilowatt peak - Better in shade conditions Disadvantages: - More framing needed to install (therefore more energy) - Greater surface area needed for the same kilowatt power (about double)

Different PV Technologies n Hybrid Silicon (Monocrystalline/Thin-Film) n The production of hybrid panels has only been in the last 5 years. Hybrid panels are a mixture between Monocrystalline and Thin-Film (Amorphous) panels. This is usually mainly a Mono panel with a backing of Thin-Film to boost the average energy. However, now Thin-Film manufacturers are trying to introduce Mono cells into their panels to make them more space efficient. Advantages: -7-10% more average energy produced (Compared to Mono & Poly) -Space Efficient (Depending on mixture and manufacturer) Disadvantages: - Usually the most expensive technology - Hybrid panels vary depending on the manufacturer (Quality, Space & Output)

Applications of PV systems Photovoltaic system on buildings Where can it be installed? The photovoltaic modules can be placed on the roof, both flat and pitched, or on front.

System with fixed axis: Applications of PV systems Photovoltaic power plants The photovoltaic modules can be placed on the ground with the optimun tilt

Applications of PV systems Photovoltaic power plants Solar tracking system: - an axis (30% increase in production compared to fixed systems of equal power) - two axes (40% increase in production)

Producibility of a photovoltaic system The annual electricity [kwh / kwp] of a PV system can be estimated through a calculation that takes into account: - annual solar radiation of the place; - of a correction factor calculated on the basis of orientation, the angle of inclination of the system, and any shadows temporary; - the technical performance of PV modules, inverter and other system components Standard values : South Italy: 1500 kwh / kwp Central Italy: 1300 kwh / kwp North Italy: 1000 kwh / kwp

Producibility of photovoltaic system The purpose to assess and compare the performance of different types of modules in specific geographical locations, under various climatic conditions and to identify benefits/losses given by a specific surrounding context, is very important to evaluate the energetic behavior of future installations and direct them toward the most suitable technology to apply. The systems considered are located in Quaglio (Sicilia), allowing the comparison under the same climatic conditions and levels of irradiation of different solar technologies.

Producibility of a photovoltaic system Regran - Laboratory 1 - Quaglio

Producibility of photovoltaic system Regran - Laboratory 1 - Quaglio SOLAR LAB CALLED "REGRAN LAB 1 ", COMPOSED BY FIVE PV SYSTEMS, INSTALLED ON AGRICULTURAL LAND SITES IN C.DA QUAGLIO SICILY SINCE 2008 DATA OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PV PLANTS: 1-220 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon cells " SOLSONICA 610", 220 Wp N. 1 INVERTER " Fronius IG 500" 2-266 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon " SHUNDA ",185 Wp, N. 1 INVERTER " Fronius IG 500". 3-260 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon " SHUNDA ", 185 Wp, N. 1 INVERTER TYPE " Fronius IG 500". 4-225 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon " SOLSONICA 610", 220 Wp, N. 1 INVERTER TYPE " ELECTRONIC SANTERNO TG 53." 5-686 photovoltaic modules, SILICON THIN FILM " FIRST SOLAR," 72.5 Wp, N. 1 INVERTER " ELECTRONIC SANTERNO TG 53."

Producibility of photovoltaic system Regran - Laboratoy 2 - Quaglio

Producibility of a photovoltaic system Regran - Laboratory 2 - Quaglio SOLAR LAB CALLED "REGRAN LAB 2", COMPOSED BY NINE PV SYSTEMS INSTALLED ON AGRICULTURAL LAND SITES IN C.DA QUAGLIO SICILY DATA OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PV PLANTS : 1-100 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon" HECKERT SOLAR ", 200 Wp, N. 1 INVERTER " JEMA IF 20." 2 84 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon QG SOLAR ", 230 Wp N. 1 INVERTER JEMA IF 20." 3-43 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon " QG SOLAR, 230 Wp, + 45 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon SOLSONICA, 220 Wp. N. 2 INVERTER " POWER ONE PVI 10.0 OUTD- IT-S." 4-160 photovoltaic modules, SILICON THIN FILM " INVENTUX X 125 ", 125 Wp, N. 3 INVERTER " SMA SMC 7000HV -IT". 5-100 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon SOVELLO, 200 Wp, N. 2 INVERTER " POWER ONE PVI -10.0 - OUTD -S- IT " 6 40 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon QG SOLAR 230 Wp + 40 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon SOLSONICA 240 Wp, N 2 INVERTER POWER ONE PVI -10.0 -OUTD -S- IT " 7 28 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon IATSO 225 Wp + 28 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon MAGE SOLAR 225 Wp + 36 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon SHUNDA 180 Wp, N 3 INVERTER POWER ONE PVI -6000 -OUTD -S- IT 8-29 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon QG SOLAR 230 Wp + 28 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon SOLSONICA 230 Wp + 34 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon SHUNDA 180 Wp, N 2 INVERTER POWER ONE PVI -6000 -OUTD -S- IT + N 1 INVERTER MATERVOLT 6500 XS 9-84 photovoltaic modules, polycrystalline silicon QG SOLAR ", 230 Wp N. 1 INVERTER JEMA IF 20."

Producibility of a photovoltaic system Results of laboratory

Producibility of a photovoltaic system Results of laboratory 2000,00 1800,00 1600,00 1400,00 1200,00 1000,00 800,00 600,00 400,00 MARCO ANFUSO -Cessiono Parziale- CAPPELLO ALESSANDRO - Nuovo impianto ANFUSO GIORGIO - Nuovo impianto MELFI VITTORIA - Nuovo impianto GRANDE PAOLO - Nuovo impianto GRANDE ANTONIO - Nuovo impianto GRANDE ANTONIO - Nuovo impianto LAMANTIA SILVIA- Nuovo impianto ROMANO CLAUDIA - Nuovo impianto ARRABITO ANDREA - Nuovo impianto MELFI VITTORIA ANFUSO MARCO - Nuovo impianto GIORGIO ANFUSO GIOVANNI ANFUSO MARCO ANFUSO PROGECO 200,00 0,00

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 1 September 2012

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 1 December 2012

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 1 April 2013

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 1 July 2013

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 2 September 2012 Inv1 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv2 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv3-4- 5 Giorgio Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv 6 7 Andrea Arrabito Power one 10.0 Inv 8 9 ALessandro Power One 10.0 Inv 10 11 Antonio Power One 10.0 Inv 12-13 14 Paolo SMa 7000 Inv 15 La ManHa Jema IF20 Inv 16 Melfi Jema IF20 Inv 17 CLaudia Jema IF 20

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 2 December 2012 Inv1 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv2 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv3-4- 5 Giorgio Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv 6 7 Andrea Arrabito Power one 10.0 Inv 8 9 ALessandro Power One 10.0 Inv 10 11 Antonio Power One 10.0 Inv 12-13 14 Paolo SMa 7000 Inv 15 La ManHa Jema IF20 Inv 16 Melfi Jema IF20 Inv 17 CLaudia Jema IF 20

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 2 April 2013 Inv1 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv2 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv3-4- 5 Giorgio Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv 6 7 Andrea Arrabito Power one 10.0 Inv 8 9 ALessandro Power One 10.0 Inv 10 11 Antonio Power One 10.0 Inv 12-13 14 Paolo SMa 7000 Inv 15 La ManHa Jema IF20 Inv 16 Melfi Jema IF20 Inv 17 CLaudia Jema IF 20

Results of laboratory - Quaglio 2 December 2012 Inv1 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv2 - Marco Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv3-4- 5 Giorgio Anfuso Power One 6000 Inv 6 7 Andrea Arrabito Power one 10.0 Inv 8 9 ALessandro Power One 10.0 Inv 10 11 Antonio Power One 10.0 Inv 12-13 14 Paolo SMa 7000 Inv 15 La ManHa Jema IF20 Inv 16 Melfi Jema IF20 Inv 17 CLaudia Jema IF 20

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