Project management as a field of practice and research Johann Packendorff Projects: Definition A unique, non-repetitive task With a predetermined date of delivery Specified out from one or several goals Consisting of a number of complex and/or mutually dependent activities Project management history Before industrialism: Important ventures like crusades and warfare organized as projects. No managerial philosophy then. 1911 Taylorism/Scientific Management. Henry L Gantt invents the Gantt-schedule in 1910. Used in large constrcuction projects such as the Hoover Dam and the Interstate highway network. 1931: Karol Adamiecki (actually the father of the Gantt chart) constructs the first network diagram, the s c Harmonogram. 1
Project management history 1942-45: Manhattan project (USA). 2 bn USD in turnover, at most 120.000 employees. - Management by objectives (MBO) - Parallel activities. 1950 s: Operations analysis, RAND Corporation 1957: Sputnik shock, Polaris project initiated. 2
Project management history Polaris project: 250 contractors and 9.000 subcontractors are coordinated in the execution of 70.000 activities by means of PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). 1956-59: CPM (Critical Path Method) constructed at DuPont, independently of PERT. PERT and CPM are much alike and are both the original methods of network planning 3
Project management history 1959: The concept project manager first mentioned in Harvard Business Review. 1960 s: Large interest in matrix organisations 1967: INTERNET (IPMA) and PMI founded. 1968 starts Föreningen Nätplan in Sverige (later Svenskt Projektforum). Project management history 1980 s: Growing interest in organization and leadership issues in projects. The project form spreads to More industries, More applications Smaller tasks Internal tasks. Project management history 1987: PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge) presented in its first edition by PMI. Increasing ambitions to certify project managers as PMP s (Project Management Professionals). 1990 s: Project-based firms, standardisation of certifications 4
Makes things complicated Project research as critique Organizational critique Taxonomy/typology, Bounded rationality, planning critique, learning, stakeholder management, temporary organisations, improvisation, work life Ideological critique Power and control, actor network theory, gender, diversity, labour process Comfortable Uncomfortable Traditional project management Systems theory, planning models, team dynamics, stage-gate models, control systems Effectiveness critique Multi project methods, Critical Chain, Risk analysis, project evaluation & audit, communication, project maturity Make things simple PMI Framework Source: Project Management Institute The 5 PMI Process Groups 1. Initiating 2. Planning 3. Executing 4. Controlling 5. Closing Note: these can be repeated for each phase Each process is described by: Inputs Tools & Techniques Outputs 5
PMI Process Groups Source: Project Management Institute PMI: Process Links PMI Phase Interactions Design Phase Initiating Planning Implementation Phase Controlling Executing Initiating Planning Closing Controlling Executing Closing 6
PMI: Initiating Process Inputs Product Description Strategic plan Project Selection Criteria Historical Information Outputs Project charter Project Manager assigned Constraints Assumptions PMI: Planning Process Devising and maintaining a workable scheme to accomplish the business need that the project was undertaken to address Scope Planning Scope Definition Activity Definition Activity Sequencing Activity Duration Estimating Resource Planning Cost Estimating Cost Budgeting Risk Planning Schedule Development Quality Planning Communications Planning Organization Planning Staff Acquisition Procurement Planning Project Plan Development PMI: Executing Process Coordinating people and other resources to carry out the plan Project Plan Execution Scope Verification Quality Assurance Team Development Information Distribution Solicitation Source Selection Contract Administration 7
PMI: Controlling Process Ensuring that project objectives are met by monitoring and measuring progress and taking corrective measures when necessary Overall Change Control Scope Change Control Schedule Control Cost Control Quality Control Performance Reporting Risk Response Control PMI: Closing Process Formalizing acceptance of the project or phase and bringing it to an orderly end Administrative Closure Contract Close-out PMP certification levels Project Management Professional (PMP) The PMP is designed for Professionally active project managers and educators Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM) The CAPM is designed for: project team members; entry-level project managers; and project management undergraduate and graduate students. 8
IPMA certification levels 9