Flood Damage Statistics in Japan - What is required for mainstreaming DM?

Flood Damage Statistics in Japan - What is required for mainstreaming DM? 30 September 2013 Yusuke AMANO Director, International Affairs Office Water and Disaster Management Bureau Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

1. Background Outline 2. Methodology for Flood Damage Statistics Survey in Japan 3. Utilization of the Flood Damage Statistics 2

Official Statistics in Japan Official Statistics is defined in the Statistics Act in Japan as critical information for the citizens in their reasonable decision making. In accordance with the Statistics Act, the Basic Plan concerning the development of official statistics is established, in which the Basic Policy and implementation measures are set. Basic Policy The role of official statistics To serve as the information bases for the country, enterprises, and individuals in their reasonable decision making. Fundamental viewpoints for the policy implementation To secure the effectiveness of the official statistics; 1. Develop statistics systematically 2. Respond to changes to economical and social environment 3. Promote effective use of the statistical data 4. Prepare statistical data efficiently, secure statistical resources and utilize them effectively Flood Damage Statistics is designated as Official Statistics.

Survey and Statistics on Flood Damages in Japan Post-Disaster Survey in accordance with the Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act Post-Disaster Survey determines the number of people and housings (totally damaged, half-damaged, partially-damaged, inundation above/below floor level etc.) damaged by natural disasters including flood, earthquake and tsunami. The survey is conducted and the results are published immediately after the disaster occurrence and are updated as needed. Focusing on announcement and securing budget for urgent recover Flood Damage Statistics Survey Flood Damage Statistics Survey has been carried out every year since 1961 to estimate the actual damage caused by water-related disasters such as floods, landslides, storm surges, tsunamis, etc. to various general assets owned by individuals or corporate bodies (housings, household commodities, machineries for businesses, agricultural products), public infrastructure such as rivers, roads, etc. and assets for public services such as transportation, communication, etc. The survey provides basic data to present the need for and effectiveness of flood control measures. Focusing on determination of economic damage

White Paper on Disaster Management Post-Disaster Survey in accordance with the Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act Flood Damage Statistics Survey Survey results are utilized as data source White Paper on Disaster Management Based on Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, White Paper has been issued every year since 1963. It includes the overview of the disaster management measures implemented in the second preceding fiscal year, and the plan for disaster management measures for the current year. (Major disasters in the previous year is also described.)

1. Background Outline 2. Methodology for Flood Damage Statistics Survey in Japan 3. Utilization of the Flood Damage Statistics 6

Overview of Flood Damage Statistics Survey 1. Overview of Flood Damage Statistics Survey Flood Damage Statistics Survey has been carried out every year since 1961 to estimate the actual damage caused by water-related disasters such as floods, landslides, storm surges, tsunamis, etc. to various general assets owned by individuals or corporate bodies (housings, household commodities, machineries for businesses, agricultural products), public infrastructure such as rivers, roads, etc. and assets for public services such as transportation, communication, etc. The survey provides basic data for presenting the need for and effectiveness of flood control measures. 2. Disasters subject to Flood Damage Statistics Survey Following water-related disasters that occurred in a given year from January 1 to December 31 1) Floods and inundation caused by river discharge 2) Coastal inundation caused by storm surges and tsunamis 3) Mudflow, landslide, and slope failure caused by heavy rainfall

Types of Flood Damage Statistics Survey Flood Damage Statistics Survey includes following surveys and are conducted by making consigning contracts with Prefectures. 1) General Asset Flood Damage Statistics Survey Number of houses damaged (according to inundation depth), affected households, etc are surveyed in order to determine damages to general assets (housings, household commodities, business assets, agricultural products, etc). Damages to General Asset Number of damaged houses according to inundation depth and gradient, number of affected households, etc

Type of Flood Damage Statistics Survey 2) Public Infrastructure Flood Damage Statistics Survey Affected facilities and rehabilitation costs are surveyed in order to determine damages to public infrastructure (rivers, coastal, sediment, roads, ports, sewerage, parks, etc). Damages to Infrastructure Cost for emergency rehabilitation, etc 3) Public Services Flood Damage Statistics Survey Costs of physical damage and business interruption are surveyed in order to determine damages to public services (railway, water supply, power supply, communication, etc). Damages to Public Services Physical damage, etc

Methodology of the Flood Damage Statistics Survey Flood Damage Statistics Survey is a general statistics survey in accordance with the article 19 of the Statistics Act (approved by Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications). It is carried out by MLIT s Water and Disaster Management Bureau in collaboration with prefectures and municipalities. National Government (MLIT) Develop the guideline of flood damage statistics survey (coverage and procedure of the survey, survey format, fillin guideline, etc.) -Aggregate the survey data -Calculate the economic damage -Compile and publish Flood Damage Statistics -Upload the data to the DB server of Flood Damage Statistics Prefectures Access to Flood Damage Statistics DB Occurrence of water-related disaster General assets Public infrastructures Public Services Municipalities Submit within 45 days of disaster occurrence Submit Municipalities Prefectures Submit Prefectures Aggregate, organize, and screen the survey data Public Services Offices Submit National Government (Regional Offices, etc.) Query and view the survey data

Outline of Disaster Risk Management System in Japan Various organizations take different roles in disaster risk management in Japan. Disaster Preparedness Response Recovery/Reconstruction Infrastructure Managers Construction of facilities Damage assessment of the facilities Temporary repair works Rehabilitation of facilities Municipalities Coordination among various stakeholders is essential. Instruction, advisory and order of evacuation Infrastructure Managers Damage assessment for affected people Fire Fighters Rescue Team Police Semi-Private Public Sectors railway, bus electricity, gas, telecom broadcast Assistance to affected people (temporary housing etc.) Private Sectors NGOs Red Cross The Minister, the Governors of prefectures and the Mayor of municipalities are designated as Infrastructure Manager in accordance with the management laws on respective infrastructures such as roads, ports, rivers and so on. Structural measures for DRM are mostly taken by Infrastructure Managers. 1

Characteristics of Flood Damage Statistics Survey The Survey is conducted by municipalities and prefectures based on the nationally uniform survey format. The surveys conducted are not subject to the scale/impact of disasters. Information reported by municipalities and prefectures are facts such as inundation area, inundated households, etc. Determination of economic damages is carried out by MLIT. Survey results are published on MLIT website and are accessible by anyone. Systematic survey allows accumulation of high-quality statistics data on a continuous basis

1. Background Outline 2. Methodology for Flood Damage Statistics Survey in Japan 3. Utilization of the Flood Damage Statistics 13

Disaster data for effective management for each country can be utilized - to recognize characteristics of disasters - to review outcomes of disaster management - to identify priority actions to be taken - to encourage continuous efforts and investments for international community - to monitor progress of international cooperation - to help setting internationally common targets (Post MDGs, Review of HFA)

1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Tokai Flood Typhoon Kathleen Typhoon Ion Typhoon Kitty Typhoon Jane Typhoon Ruth West-Japan Flood Typhoon Toyamaru Isahaya Flood Typhoon Karinogawa Typhoon Ise-Bay Second Typhoon Muroto Typhoon No.24, No.26 West-Japan Water Disaster Typhoon No.6, No.7, No.9 Typhoon No.17 Nagasaki Water Disaster Western-Sanin Water Disaster Typhoon No.6, Landslide in Nagano West-Japan Water Disaster Typhoon No.17, No.18, No.19 Pyroclastic flow of Unzen-Fugen-Dake August Flood in Kyusyu Debris Flow in Kagoshima Harihara Fukushima Tochigi Flood, Kochi Flood Debris Flow in Hiroshima Kumamoto Flood Effect of Flood Management in Japan Number of Fatalities by Floods, GDP and Budget for Flood Management (2000 price) Number of Fatalities (people) Flood Management Cost (2000 price) GDP (2000 price) Number of Fatalities Flood Management Cost (2000 price) (hundred of million yen) GDP(2000 price) <billion yen> 10,000 30,000 <600,000> 25,000 <500,000> 1,000 20,000 <400,000> 100 15,000 <300,000> 10 10,000 <200,000> 5,000 <100,000> 1 0 <0> Water-related Disasters Statistics in Japan *Number of fatalities exclude those who dead by tsunami *GDP : 1980-2011(2000 price), 1946-1979(1990 price)

Inundated Area by Floods 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 70000 60000 50000 40000 Inundated area (10,000 ha) 30000 20000 10000 0 20 10 0 Total Inundated Area (10,000ha) Area of Inundated (Residential & Other Property) (10,000ha)

Economic Losses to General Assets 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Damage to General Assets (10 billion yen) 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Area of Inundated (Residential & Other Property) (10,000ha) Damage to General Assets (2000 Price)

1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 Flood Damage Density (Economic Losses per Area), GDP and Budget for Flood Management (2000 price) Flood Management Cost (2000 price) (hundred of million yen) GDP(2000 price) <billion yen> 30,000 <600,000> Density of Damage Cost (thousand yen / ha) 70000 60000 50000 Damage to General Assets (10 billion yen) 140 120 100 25,000 <500,000> 20,000 <400,000> 15,000 <300,000> 40000 30000 Inundated area (10,000 ha) 80 60 10,000 <200,000> 20000 10000 20 10 40 20 5,000 <100,000> 0 0 0 0 <0> Total Inundated Area (10,000ha) Area of Inundated (Residential & Other Property) (10,000ha) Density of Flood Damage to General Assets Damage to General Assets (2000 Price) Flood Management Cost (2000 price) GDP (2000 price) Water-related Disasters Statistics in Japan

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Number of Fatalities (per Million People per Year) 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Number of Fatalities by floods (person/1 million residents) 50 中 国 韓 国 日 本 ベトナム フィリピン インドネシア バングラデシュ スリランカ アメリカ イギリス オランダ China Korea Japan Viet Nam Philippines Indonesia Bangladesh Sri Lanka The US UK The Netherlands 45 40 35 30 1974 Bangladesh 412 persons/year 1975 Floods in Henan Province, China 1991 Philippines 82persons/year Vietnam 25 China 1995 Philippines 2004 Philippines 20 15 Korea 2007 Bangladesh 10 5 0 19

1970 1971 Economic Losses by Floods (5 years average)/gdp(%) 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 US, UK and the Netherlands already have high standard of safety against floods, and their flood losses are kept under 0.2% since 1970. Japan with a high level of GDP also has kept flood losses under 0.2%. Korea s flood losses have risen to approx. 0.5% of GDP due to floods of 2001 and 2002. Flood losses of the Philippines, Vietnam and China have significantly reduced from 1990 to 2004. Flood Damage/GDP (%) 中 国 韓 国 日 本 ベトナム フィリピン インドネシア バングラデシュ スリランカ アメリカ イギリス オランダ 3.00% China Korea Japan Viet Nam Philippines Indonesia Bangladesh Sri Lanka The US UK The Netherlands 2.50% Bangladesh China 2.00% Vietnam 1.50% Philippines 1.00% 0.50% Maximum Line of Japan, China, and Korea (0.5%) Maximum Line of The US, UK, and The Netherlands (0.2%) 0.00% 20

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Budget for Flood Management/GDP(%) Flood losses in the Philippines have been decreasing since 1995. It is probably due to the fact that flood control investment of 0.2 to 0.4% of GDP has been secured every year since late 1980s. Flood losses in China have been decreasing since 2004. Although no data is available on flood control investment since 2004, it is probability due to continuous investment into flood control. Bangladesh has been experiencing disruptive flood events with severe damages even in recent years. Budget for flood control /GDP(%) 1.00% China: 中 国 : 治 Budget 水 予 算 /GDP for flood control/gdp Korea: 韓 国 : 治 Budget 水 予 算 /GDP for flood control/gdp Japan: 日 本 : 治 Budget 水 予 算 /GDP for flood control/gdp 0.80% Philippines: Budget for flood control/gdp フィリピン: 治 水 予 算 /GDP 0.60% Bangladesh: Budget for flood control/gdp バングラデシュ: 治 水 予 算 /GDP Philippines Bangladesh Korea 0.40% 0.20% 0.00% Japan China 21

Effectiveness of Flood Control Projects (damage reduction due to levee construction, river channel excavation, etc) Levee construction, channel excavation and development of detention basins were carried out in Igarashi River and Kariyata River of Shinano River System after the flood of July 2004 in order to prevent damages from future flooding. In July 2011, heavy rain with precipitation higher than that of 2004 by 40% was recorded, however damages were significantly reduced. Kariyata River Detention Basin Heavy Rain in Niigata and Fukushima in July 2004 Levees failed in Igarashi River and Kariyata River due to 13 days of heavy rains that started from the midnight of July 12 2004. Inundation occurred in a large extent. Kariyata Weir Levee construction, channel excavation, straightening of channel, etc Detention Basin (July 30 14:00) C basin B basin A basin 6 basins developed as emergency measures after 2004 flood Detention basins and upstream dam played effective roles in reducing downstream water levels and prevented inundation. [Dimensions of Kariyata River Detention Basin] Detention Area Design Capacity 912,000 m2 2,347,000 m3 刈 谷 田 大 堰 地 点 20.38 平 成 16 年 7 月 13 日 洪 水 17.72 平 成 23 年 7 月 30 日 洪 水 21.10 堤 防 高 E basin F basin Detention basin straightening of channel levee construction channel excavation, etc Straightening of channel 7.13 水 害 では 越 水 Curved channel section is straightened to safely discharge flood water and prevent flooding. Kariyata River Nakanoshima Ohashi Bridge Failure location Inundation area Levee construction and channel excavation in Igarashi River Inundation due to levee failure in Igarashi River (Sanjo City, Niigata Pref.) 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 2-day precipitation (Upstream of Teiseki-bashi) Damages to General Asset Damaged Buildings (mm) (million yen) (number) 40% increase 277.0 160000 150230 150,230 388.4 120000 80000 40000 0 平 成 16 年 7 月 洪 水 平 成 23 年 7 月 洪 水 平 成 16 年 7 月 洪 水 平 成 23 年 7 月 洪 水 平 成 16 年 7 月 洪 水 平 成 23 年 7 月 洪 水 2004.7 2011.7 2004.7 2011.7 2004.7 2011.7 3,426 3426 16000 14439 14,439 12000 98% reduction 93% reduction 8000 4000 0 1062 1,062

Effectiveness of Flood Control Measures Hurricane Katrina (2005.8) Heavy Rain in Tokai (2000.9) リケーン カトリーナ(H17.8) ハリケーン カトリ ーナ(H17.8) カトリーナ(H17.8) Hurricane Katrina (2005.8) しょうない 東 Heavy 海 豪 Rain 雨 (H12.9) in Tokai 愛 (2000.9) 知 県 庄 (Shonai 内 川 & Shin 新 川 Rivers) 新 川 堤 防 整 備 の 効 果 : 名 古 屋 市 愛 知 県 堤 防 整 備 の 効 果 : Effectiveness of 最 大 約 最 大 約 1,250 1,250 億 ドル 額 億 ドル 激 prevention 特 事 業 の 効 果 : ドル125 ( 被 billion 害 約 額 Effectiveness 14 of 堤 防 整 備 兆 prevention ( 約 14 兆 円 ) 相 当 の 効 果 : 円 ) 相 当 約 5,500 億 円 円 ) 1) 約 USD 1,250 億 ドル 670 550 billion yen Max. 125 相 当 最 大 約 1,250 billion 71.6 億 ドル 716 億 billion 円 の 事 yen 前 of 投 資 investment で could 約 20 億 ド ( 約 14 兆 円 ) 約 20 億 被 害 額 ドルの 事 前 投 資 で 約 5,500 億 円 の 害 軽 減 ( 約 14 USD billion reduce 約 550 billion 1250 yen of damages 億 兆 円 ) 相 当 約 1250 約 6,700 億 円 ドルの 事 業 実 施 後 : 被 害 軽 減 yen 120 想 定 billion 被 害 額 2 約 1,200 億 円 事 業 費 : 計 716 億 円 約 billion 20 億 USD ドルの of 事 investment 前 投 資 で yen 約 2 could 約 1250 reduce 億 ドルの 125 billion 被 害 軽 USD 減 東 約 海 豪 雨 の 20 Estimated 事 業 億 実 施 losses 後 の ドル再 度 災 害 1) ( 約 2 ( Total 被 約 害 losses 額 2,200 with prevention Cost of Prevention 想 定 被 害 額 億 防 止 円 費 用 ) of damages トリーナに 事 約 20 億 ドル2) 1) 前 予 防 実 施 時 害 総 事 額 前 予 防 Approx. 実 2 billion 施 の USD 時 2) 想 定 被 カテゴリー5 害 額 の 想 定 被 ( 約 害 2,200 億 円 額 ) 対 応 費 用 ハリケーン カトリーナに Estimated losses 事 前 予 防 実 施 時 Cost カテゴリー5 of Category Total losses with prevention よる 被 害 総 額 measures の 想 定 被 害 額 5 measures 対 応 費 用 1) 米 軍 海 洋 大 気 庁 (NOAA) Hurricane Katrina A Climatological Perspective(2006.8) The need for improvements against category 5 hurricanes (same as Katrina) had been called for before the Katrina (stressing that investment into prevention is more efficient) 2) 2)USACE journal River Side September-October 2004 measures Measures 庄 内 川 カテ 対 Overview of damages (New Orleans) Deaths : 1,322 people Inundation area : 80% of land area Inundated houses : 160,000 people Total losses : 125 billion dollars Inundation in Nishibiwajima Town Inundated city center

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