ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) AN OVERVIEW 1 1.2 AIM OF THE THESIS 8 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS 17 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 19 2.1 RESEARCH ISSUES IN ERP PROJECTS 19 2.1.1 Requirements Management 34 2.1.2 Customization 39 2.1.3 ERP Project Evaluation 48 2.1.4 Effort Estimation 52 2.1.5 Software Process Management 56 3 METHODOLOGY 60 3.1 REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING 61 3.2 ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) 64 3.3 NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE (NGT) 68
x CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 3.4 DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) 60 3.5 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 76 3.6 SOFTWARE METRICS 78 4 APPLICATION 82 4.1 REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT IN ERP PROJECTS 82 4.1.1 Problem Description 82 4.1.2 Requirements Engineering Method (REM) and ERP Maturity Model (EMM) for ERP Projects 84 4.1.3 Application of REM and EMM 91 4.1.4 Discussion 97 4.2 ERP CUSTOMIZATION ESTIMATION 99 4.2.1 Problem Description 99 4.2.2 Customization and Requirements Traceability 100 4.2.3 Basis of ERPCE Algorithm 103 4.2.4 Issues in ERPCE Algorithm 104 4.2.5 Specification of Inputs and Outputs in ERPCE Algorithm 105 4.2.6 Requirements Rating Criterion (RRC) 107 4.2.7 ERP Customization Estimation (ERPCE) Algorithm 108 4.2.8 Application of ERPCE Algorithm 112 4.2.9 Discussion 121 4.3 EVALUATING ERP IMPLEMENTATION CHOICES 122
xi CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.3.1 Problem Description 122 4.3.2 Framework for ERP Implementation 124 4.3.3 Application of AHP and NGT 126 4.3.4 Discussion 132 4.4 ERP PROJECT EVALUATION 136 4.4.1 Problem Description 136 4.4.2 Issues in implementation of DEA 139 4.4.3 Specification of Inputs and Outputs in DEA 140 4.4.4 Data collection 140 4.4.5 Application of DEA and Regression Analysis 141 4.4.6 Discussion 147 4.5 SOFTWARE PROCESS MANAGEMENT 151 4.5.1 Problem Description 151 4.5.2 Software Metrics Plan (SMP) 154 4.5.3 Discussion 163 5 CONCLUSIONS 167 5.1 FUTURE RESEARCH SCOPE 173 REFERENCES 176 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 190 VITAE 191
xii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.1 Questionnaire used in the Exploratory Case Study 28 2.2 Results of Hypothesis 1 stated in Exploratory Case Study 29 2.3 Results of Hypothesis 2 stated in Exploratory Case Study 29 2.4 Results of Hypothesis 3 stated in Exploratory Case Study 30 2.5 Literature Review on Requirements Management in ERP Projects 37 2.6 Customization during ERP implementation 42 2.7 Need for mapping Customer s Requirements and ERP System 45 2.8 Literature Review on Evaluating ERP Projects 51 3.1 Research issues in ERP Projects 60 3.2 Significance of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 66 3.3 Significance of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) 71 4.1 EMM s Key Process Areas 90 4.2 Key Indicators of ERP Functionality 93 4.3 Score Summary for EMM 95 4.4 Requirements Rating Criterion (RRC) for ERPCE Algorithm 107
xiii TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.5 Degree of Customization required for Module AMS using ERPCE 116 4.6 ERP Customization Framework 125 4.7 Pair-wise Comparison Table for AHP Matrices 126 4.8 Priority value for the ERP Customization Framework 128 4.9 ERP customization options in terms of their priority value 134 4.10 Descriptive Statistics for ten ERP Projects 141 4.11 Correlation Analysis for I/O Variables in ten ERP Projects 142 4.12 Productivity and Efficiency of ten ERP Projects 143 4.13 Metric-01 in the Software Metrics Plan (SMP) 157 4.14 Metric-02 in the Software Metrics Plan (SMP) 158 4.15 Metric-03 in the Software Metrics Plan (SMP) 158 4.16 Metric-04 in the Software Metrics Plan (SMP) 159 4.17 Metric-05 in the Software Metrics Plan (SMP) 159 4.18 Metric-06 in the Software Metrics Plan (SMP) 160 4.19 RSI and SS values for an ERP Project Á 162
xiv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.1 Performance Enhancement Model for ERP Projects 11 2.1 Results of Hypothesis 1 stated in Exploratory Case Study 31 2.2 Results of Hypothesis 2 stated in Exploratory Case Study 31 2.3 Results of Hypothesis 3 stated in Exploratory Case Study 31 4.1 ERP Systems Integration 86 4.2 Requirements Engineering Method (REM) for ERP Projects 88 4.3 ERP Maturity Model (EMM) 90 4.4 Applications of the EMM and the REM 95 4.5 Degree of Customization required for Module AMS using ERPCE 116 4.6 Requirements specification of the customer 119 4.7 Requirements specification of ERP Software 120 4.8 Minimum and Maximum ERP customization estimation 120 4.9 Input Screen for the AHP matrices A and M 130 4.10 Input Screen for the AHP matrices T and C 130 4.11 Priority value for each cell in AHP matrices 131 4.12 Priority value for ERP customization choices 131
xv FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.13 ERP customization options in terms of their priority value 134 4.14 Main Menu for the Effort Estimator Tool 145 4.15 Data Entry for creation of ERP Project Database 145 4.16 Effort Estimation, given the Function Points (FP) 146 4.17 Function Point (FP) Estimation, given the Efforts 146 4.18 Efficiency of ten ERP Projects 148 4.19 Improvement required for ten ERP Projects in FP 149 4.20 Improvement required for ten ERP Projects in LOC 149
xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AHP - Analytical Hierarchy Process BPR - Business Process Reengineering COTS - Commercial-Off The Shelf DEA - Data Envelopment Analysis EMM - ERP Maturity Model ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning ERPCE - ERP Customization Estimation ERPPDB - ERP Project Database FP - Function Point IS - Information System IT - Information Technology KM - Knowledge Management LOC - Lines of Code NGT - Nominal Group Technique RE - Requirements Engineering REM - Requirements Engineering Method RSI - Requirements Stability Index RTM - Requirements Traceability Matrix SMP - Software Metrics Plan SPM - Software Process Management SRS - Software Requirements Specification SS - Schedule Slippage