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1 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APPENDICES ii iii iv v vi vii x xi xiii xiv xvi 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Research background Job Shop Problem (JSP) Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Problem Statement Objective of the Study Scope of the Study Significance of the Study Thesis Organization 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Behaviour of Real Ants Classical Job Shop Problem Computational Complexity Shifting Bottleneck 13

2 viii 2.6 Review Relevant Research Research Findings on ACO Summary 18 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction Job Shop Problem Introduction Definition for Job Shop JSP Mathematical Formulation Constraint for the JSP Assumptions for the JSP The JSP Representation Problem Formulation Graph Representation for Job Shop Problem The Solution Approaches Methodology of Ant Colony Optimization The new ACO-based Algorithm Initialization The Ant Architecture Daemon Action Pheromone Update Terminating Condition Summary 40 4 INDUSTRIAL PROBLEM EXPLORATION Introduction Introduction to Manufacturing Company The Manufacturing Framework Company Problem Description The Case Study Sensitivity Analysis Summary 67 5 IMPLEMENTATION OF ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION FOR JOB SHOP PROBLEM Introduction Development of ACO Algorithm 68

3 ix 5.3 Algorithm for ACO Data Diagram Summary 89 6 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT FOR ACO SOFTWARE Introduction Program Fundamentals Programming with Microsoft Visual Studio The Visual Studio Application Program Visualization Summary ANALYSIS OF RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOM- MENDATION Introduction Results Analyze of The Results Conclusion Contribution Recommendation for Future Research 114 REFERENCES 115 Appendices A 7????

4 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 The Instance data with 3 machines and 3 jobs Relevant Research on Ant Colony Optimization Relevant Research on Job Shop Problem Relevant Research on Job Shop Scheduling Problem in Ant Colony Optimization The Processing Time for 2/3/G/C max job shop problem The Processing Time for 2/3/G/C max job shop problem Random values of C max and makespan depending on the parameter values of α, β and ρ Random values of C max and makespan depend on the values of β parameters, when ρ = Random value of C max and makespan depending on the values of β parameters, when ρ = 1 and α = Random values of C max and makespan depend on the values of β parameters, when ρ = Random values of C max and makespan depend on the values of β parameters, when ρ = 1 and α = Random values of C max and makespan depend on the values of ρ parameters, when β = Random values of C max and makespan depend on the values of ρ parameters, when β = Short caption The Stimulation Results Results for makespan with 6 machines Comparison the results between Shifting Bottleneck Heuristic Method [1] with the new ACO-based Algorithm. 112

5 xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Ant experimental for the bridge experiment The ants are moving on the straight line An unexpected obstacle has interrupted the initial path The same situation on the other side of the obstacle Visual of ants choosing the shorter path The definition of a 2/3/G/C max job shop problem into graph The result for a 2/3/G/C max job shop problem into graph The flow chart for work explanation The problem solving step The framework for the warehouse process The typical job shop layout problem that forms the case study The data for the product customized E07 rack The processing time for the product The data input with 6 machine The graph for input data Power Press proses The graph for input data Tapping process The graph for input data Clinching Process The graph for input data Bending Process The graph for input data Machining Process The total number of edges versus total number of jobs run on 6 machines The total number of edges versus total number of nodes and operations The graph on sensitivity analysis for Table The graph for Sensitivity analysis for Table The graph for sensitivity analysis for Table The graph for sensitivity analysis for Table The graph for sensitivity analysis for Table 7. 65

6 xii 4.18 The graph for sensitivity analysis for Table The Pseudocode of ACO algorithm The framework for the proposed ACO algorithm The Gantt Diagram for the Power Press Process The Gantt Diagram for the Tapping Process The Gantt Diagram for the Clinching Process The Gantt Diagram for the Bending Process The Gantt Diagram for the Machining Process The Welcome GUI for the program The Project Properties for the Case Study The Input Data for the CNC Machining The Input Data for the Bending process The Input Data for the Clinching process The Input Data for the Tapping process The Input Data for the Power Press process The Results for the case study The Debug for the case study The flow run for the software development The consequence for Power Press Process The Consequence for Tapping Process The Consequence for Clinching Process The consequence for Bending Process The consequence for CNC Machining Process. 109

7 xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACO Ant Colony Optimization JSP Job Shop Problem Np-hard Non-deterministic Polynomial Time Hard TSP Traveling Salesman Problem

8 xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS C max Makespan / total completion time m Total of machine n Total of job i node i j node j M m m Machine J n n Job J j Jobs at node j O ij Operation at node i and node j P ij Processing Time s Source Node t Sink Node λ Wavelength α Real positive parameters β Real positive parameters ρ Evaporation rate γ Decision variable, generates a sequence O Operations η ij Heuristic value associates with the common C ij τ ij Pheromone value at node i and j d ij Heuristic distance between node i and j G A representative of a graph Sij e Empty Solution

9 xv S g Good solution L k Tour length of the k-th ant

10 xvi LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF APPENDICES I II III IV VI VII VIII

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