Loads and Load Combinations for NBCC. Outline
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1 Loads and Load Combinations for NBCC Prepared by Dr Michael Bartlett, P.Eng University of Western Ontario Presented with minor modifications by Dr Robert Sexsmith, P.Eng. University of British Columbia CSCE Workshop NBCC Loads and Seismic Design 2004 June 10, Calgary AB Outline Companion Action Principle Review of NBCC 1995 Snow Load Factor Return Period on Environmental Loads NBCC 2004 Provisions Dead Loads & Load Effects Load Combinations Impact on Design Load Effects Summary 1
2 NBCC 1995 Format IR > D D D + \J^D L L + D Q Q + D T T` where \ = load combination factor J = importance factor NBCC 1995 Load Combinations: 1.25 D L 1.25 D Q (wind) 1.25 D {1.5 L Q (wind)} = 1.25 D L Q (wind) note that snow is (was!) included with live Reminder These are combinations of EFFECTS ie Axial force in a column, moment in part of a frame, etc A we can apply to the structure the combined factored load and find the resulting effect OR B- we can apply unfactored loads of each type, and then calculate the combined factored effect. This is easier to automate, but only valid for linear structures. 2
3 Time History of Loading Load Maximum Load Transient Live/Wind Snow Sustained Live Renovation Dead time Turkstra s Rule (early 80s) Worst case of combined transient loads occurs when: one load, the principal action, is its extreme value other loads, the companion actions, are the largest that would be expected while the principal action has its extreme value 3
4 Companion Action Format IR > D D D + D i S i + 6D ik S k, i z k where S i = principal action S k = companion actions Typical Load Combinations: 1.25 D L W (wind) 1.25 D W (wind) L Companion Action Format Better represents the situation of one extreme event with the other loads that may be acting Permits logical extensions for special cases 4
5 Designer can Envisage Hazards Correlation of transient loads explicitly considered Can you imagine a structure where simultaneous maximum values of transient loads are: unlikely? expected? 1995 NBCC Reliability Indices 4 Reliability index (50-year) D + L D + W D + S Nominal variable load/nominal dead load reliability for snow load deficient? 5
6 2000/2001 Failures: Sarnia Mall Collapse Source: Globe and Mail 2000 December 09 Return Period for Environmental Loads NBCC 1995 specifies: 30 years for specified Snow, Wind 10 years for Wind for Deflections 100 years for wind on Important Structures Use 50 year or 500 year return periods (only) for 2004 NBCC? Ratio n-yr/30-yr depends coefficient of variation of annual maximum load 6
7 Specified Load Return Period n-year pressure / 30-year pressure mean 90% of values in this range 1-in in in-50 1-in-10 Note: if we used 1/500 values we could drop the load factor COV of Maximum Annual Wind Velocity NBCC 2004 Calibration Process 1. Reliability indices for 1995 NBCC 2. Preliminary load combinations for 50-yr, 500- yr loads by Bartlett, Hong & Zhou review by Part 4 Task Group on Snow & Wind Loads review by Part 4 Standing Committee 3. Revised load combinations, 50-yr loads review by Task Group and Part 4 committee public review 7
8 Proposed 1.2 D Criticized History: 1.3 proposed for 1975 NBCC reduced to 1.25 to maintain same ratio of dead/live load factor as in ACI Specific concerns: floor thickness variability dead load of soil & landscaping tributary area computation 2000 Survey: Concrete Floor Thickness Marked variability for Cast-in-place toppings on precast Cover slabs in unshored composite construction (no specified tolerances?) Uncertain D with load factor of 1.5 considered but not adopted Make allowances for extra dead load Consider deflections of supporting members 8
9 Tributary Areas in NBCC Commentary G: lines of zero shear 0.55a 0.5a a (typ) halfway between column lines 0.55a 0.5a Safe for corners Unsafe for 1 st interior columns Note: problem with low D factor when approximations are used 2004 NBCC Combinations 1.4 D 1.25 D L + (0.4 W or 0.5 S) 1.25 D W + (0.5 L or 0.5 S) 1.25 D S + (0.5 L or 0.4 W) 0.9 D + (1.5 L or 1.4 W or 1.5 S) Add to all combinations: P = prestress H = horizontal earth pressures T = restrained deformations (safety) 9
10 50-yr Wind & Snow Specified typically ~10% greater than 30-yr values snow load factor initially 1.7, implies a 25% increase in factored load, deemed too big. modify for importance categories based on use & occupancy reduce for SLS checks Importance Factors for S, W Importance Ultimate Serviceability Category (Snow or Wind) Snow Wind Low Normal 1.0 High 1.15 Post Disaster
11 Impact: Single Transient Load 1.10 Proposed/NBCC D+S Up to 8% increase for high snow/dead ratio D+W Up to 2% increase for high wind/dead ratio D+L Transient-to-dead load ratio Uncoupling Snow & Live Members resisting low D, high L (use + occupancy), high S require less resistance. Logical consequence of considering Live and Snow as independent Similar format adopted in ASCE-7 based on load combinations derived in
12 Impact: D+L+S Proposed/1995 NBCC S/D = Live-to-dead load ratio, L/D Impact: D+L+W 1.2 W/D = Proposed/1995 NBCC Live-to-dead load ratio, L/D 12
13 Impact: D+W+S Proposed/1995 NBCC W/D = Snow-to-dead load ratio Summary 1. Companion action load combination format proposed for NBCC 2004: more realistic representation permits logical decisions for unusual cases little difference for many members consistent with other international standards (ACI 318, AISC LRFD, etc.) 13
14 2. Dead loads: make allowance for extra thickness of thin toppings tributary areas for first interior columns 3. Snow loads are no longer classified with live loads due to use and occupancy. less resistance needed for members carrying snow and live loads 4. Only 50 year environmental loads specified: increases specified loads by ~ 10% additional increases for important and post-disaster buildings load factors less than 1.0 reduce specified loads for serviceability checks. 5. New load combinations give similar demands to NBCC 1995: less demand due to snow & live loads more demand due to snow only 14
15 6. New load combinations have been reviewed by various committees Additional references: papers by Bartlett, Hong & Zhou in Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Acknowledgements National Research Council of Canada Natural Sciences & Engineering Research Council of Canada NBC Part 4 Task Group on Snow and Wind Loads (D. E. Allen, Chair) Canadian Meteorological Centre Steel Structures Education Foundation J. G. MacGregor Michael Bartlett (who prepared this presentation and permitted its use for this CSCE short course) 15
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