Introduction to LRFD, Loads and Loads Distribution
|
|
- Marcus Barrett
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Introduction to LRFD, Loads and Loads Distribution Thomas K. Saad, P.E. Federal Highway Administration Chicago, IL Evolution of Design Methodologies SLD Methodology: (f t ) D + (f t ) L 0.55F y, or 1.82(f t ) D (f t ) L F y LFD Methodology: 1.3[1.0(f t ) D + 5/3(f t ) L ] φf y, or 1.3(f t ) D (f t ) L φf y LRFD Methodology: 1.25(f t ) D (f t ) L φf y (φ by judgment) (φ by calibration) (new live-load model) Introduction to LRFD 1-1
2 Evolution of Design Methodologies (cont d) SLD does not recognize that some types of loads are more variable than others. LFD provides recognition that types of loads are different. LRFD provides a probability-based mechanism to select load & resistance factors. Evolution of Design Methodologies (cont d) As a result, LRFD achieves considerable improvement in the clustering of reliability indices versus the AASHTO Standard Specifications. RELIABILITY IDEX RELIABILITY IDEX SPA LEGTH (Feet) LFD LRFD Introduction to LRFD 1-2
3 Basic LRFD Design Equation Ση i γ i Q i φr n = R r Eq. ( ) where: η i = η D η R η I η i 0.95 for maximum γ s η i = 1 < 1.00 for minimum γ s η η η D R γ i = Load factor φ = Resistance factor Q i = ominal force effect R n = ominal resistance R r = Factored resistance = φr n I LRFD Limit States The LRFD Specifications require examination of several load combinations corresponding to the following limit states: SERVICE LIMIT STATE relating to stress, deformation, and cracking FATIGUE & FRACTURE LIMIT STATE relating to stress range and crack growth under repetitive loads, and material toughness STREGTH LIMIT STATE relating to strength and stability - (COSTRUCTIBILITY) EXTREME EVET LIMIT STATE relating to events such as earthquakes, ice load, and vehicle and vessel collision Introduction to LRFD 1-3
4 3.3.2 Load and Load Designation STREGTH I : STREGTH II : STREGTH III : STREGTH IV : STREGTH V : SERVICE I : SERVICE II : SERVICE III : SERVICE IV : FATIGUE : without wind. owner design / permit vehicles without wind. wind exceeding 55 mph. very high dead-to-live load ratios. vehicular use with 55 mph wind. normal operational use of the bridge with a 55 mph wind and nominal loads. Also control cracking of reinforced concrete structures. control yielding of steel structures and slip of connections control cracking of prestressed concrete superstructures. control cracking of prestressed concrete substructures. repetitive vehicular live load and dynamic responses under a single truck Load and Load Designation DD = downdrag DC = dead load of structural components and nonstructural attachments DW = dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities EH = horizontal earth pressure EL = accumulated locked-in force effects resulting from the construction process, including the secondary forces from post-tensioning ES = earth surcharge load EV = earth fill vertical pressure BR = braking force CE = centrifugal force CR = creep CT = vehicular collision force CV = vessel collision force EQ = earthquake FR = friction IC = ice load IM = dynamic load allowance LL = live load LS = live load surcharge PL = pedestrian live load SE = settlement SH = shrinkage TG = temperature gradient TU = uniform temperature WA = water load and stream pressure WL = wind on live load WS = wind load on structure Introduction to LRFD 1-4
5 Permanent Loads (Article 3.5) Dead Load (Article 3.5.1): DC - Dead load, except wearing surfaces & utilities DC 1 - placed prior to deck hardening and acting on the noncomposite section DC 2 - placed after deck hardening and acting on the long-term composite section DW - Wearing surfaces & utilities acting on the longterm composite section Load Factors for Permanent Loads, γ p Load Factor Type of Load Maximum Minimum DC: Component and Attachments DD: Downdrag DW: Wearing Surfaces and Utilities EH: Horizontal Earth Pressure Active At-Rest EV: Vertical Earth Pressure Overall Stability Retaining Structure Rigid Buried Structure Rigid Frames /A Introduction to LRFD 1-5
6 Basic LRFD Design Live Load HL (Article ) Design Truck: or Design Tandem: Pair of 25.0 KIP axles spaced 4.0 FT apart superimposed on Design Lane Load 0.64 KLF uniformly distributed load or 25.0 KIP 25.0 KIP Kip/ft LRFD egative Moment Loading (Article ) For negative moment (between points of permanent-load contraflexure) & interior-pier reactions, check an additional load case: 0.9 x > 50-0 Introduction to LRFD 1-6
7 LRFD Fatigue Load (Article ) Design Truck only => w/ fixed 30-ft rearaxle spacing Placed in a single lane 1 Load Combinations and Load Factors Load Combination Limit State DC DD DW EH EV ES LL IM CE BR PL LS WA WS WL FR TU CR SH TG SE Use One of These at a Time EQ IC CT CV STREGTH-I γ p /1.20 γ TG γ SE STREGTH-II γ p /1.20 γ TG γ SE STREGTH-III γ p /1.20 γ TG γ SE STREGTH-IV EH, EV, ES, DW DC OLY γ p / STREGTH-V γ p /1.20 γ TG γ SE EXTREME-I γ p γ EQ EXTREME-II γ p SERVICE-I /1.20 γ TG γ SE SERVICE-II / SERVICE-III /1.20 γ TG γ SE FATIGUE-LL, IM & CE OLY Introduction to LRFD 1-7
8 Resistance Factors (Article ) Resistance factors, φ, for the strength limit state shall be taken as follows: For flexure φ f = 1.00 For shear φ v = 1.00 For axial compression, steel only φ c = 0.90 For axial compression, composite φ c = 0.90 For tension, fracture in net section φ u = 0.80 For tension, yielding in gross section φ y = 0.95 For bolts bearing on material φ bb = 0.80 For shear connectors φ sc = 0.85 For A 325 and A 490 bolts in shear φ s = 0.80 For block shear φ bs = 0.80 For web crippling φ w = 0.80 For weld metal in fillet welds: tension or compression parallel to axis of the weld same as base metal shear in throat of weld metal φ e2 = 0.80 Resistance Factors (Article ) Resistance factor φ shall be taken as: For flexure and tension of reinforced concrete For flexure and tension of prestressed concrete For shear and torsion: normal weight concrete 0.90 lightweight concrete For axial compression with spirals or ties, except as specified in Article b for Seismic Zones 3 and 4 at the extreme event limit state For bearing on concrete 0.70 For compression in strut-and-tie models 0.70 For compression in anchorage zones: normal weight concrete 0.80 lightweight concrete For tension in steel in anchorage zones For resistance during pile driving Introduction to LRFD 1-8
9 Structural Analysis & Evaluation (Article 4) Static Analysis (Article 4.6) Approximate Methods of Analysis (Article 4.6.2) Beam-Slab Bridges (Article ) Live-Load Lateral Distribution Factors TABLE COMMO DECK SUPERSTRUCTURES COVERED I ARTICLES AD SUPPORTIG COMPOETS TYPE OF DECK TYPICAL CROSS-SECTIO Steel Beam Cast-in-place concrete slab, precast concrete slab, steel grid, glued/spiked panels, stressed wood Closed Steel or Precast Concrete Boxes Cast-in-place concrete slab Open Steel or Precast Concrete Boxes Cast-in-place concrete slab, precast concrete deck slab Cast-in-Place Concrete Multicell Box Monolithic concrete Cast-in-Place Concrete Tee Beam Monolithic concrete Precast Solid, Voided or Cellular Concrete Boxes with Shear Keys Cast-in-place concrete overlay Precast Solid, Voided, or Cellular Concrete Box with Shear Keys and with or without Transverse Posttensioning Integral concrete Introduction to LRFD 1-9
10 For Moments Interior Beams Table b-1 Distribution of Live Loads Per Lane for Moment in Interior Beams. Type of Beams Concrete Deck, Filled Grid, Partially Filled Grid, or Unfilled Grid Deck Composite with Reinforced Concrete Slab on Steel or Concrete Beams; Concrete T- Beams, T- and Double T- Sections Applicable Cross-Section from Table Distribution Factors a, e, k and also One Design Lane Loaded: i, j S S K g if sufficiently connected to 14 L 12.0Lts act as a unit Two or More Design Lanes Loaded: S S K g L 12.0 Lts use lesser of the values obtained from the equation above with b = 3 or the lever rule Range of Applicability 3.5 S L ts b 10,000 K g 7,000,000 b = 3 otes: 1) Units are in LAES and not WHEELS! 2) o multiple presence factor Introduction to LRFD 1-10
11 For Shear Interior Beams Table a-1 Distribution of Live Load per Lane for Shear in Interior Beams. Type of Superstructure Concrete Deck, Filled Grid, Partially Filled Grid, or Unfilled Grid Deck Composite with Reinforced Concrete Slab on Steel or Concrete Beams; Concrete T-Beams, T-and Double T-Sections Applicable Cross-Section from Table a, e, k and also i, j if sufficiently connected to act as a unit One Design Lane Loaded S Two or More Design Lanes Range of Loaded Applicability 2.0 S S 3.5 S L t 12.0 b s 4 Lever Rule Lever Rule b = 3 otes: 1) Units are in LAES and not WHEELS! 2) o multiple presence factor Live-Load Distribution Factors Design Example Introduction to LRFD 1-11
12 Example POSITIVE FLEXURE (ED SPA) Calculate Kg: n = 8.A. is in. from the top of the steel. e g e K g g 9.0 = = 46.63in. 2 = n I ( + Ae ) = 8( 62, ( 46.63) ) = 1.81x 10 in. g Introduction to LRFD 1-12
13 M+, Interior Girder t S S Article b: One lane loaded: S Two or more lanes loaded: S L S L S L Kg 12.0Lt S Kg 12.0Lt 3 S Live-Load Distribution Factors M+, Interior Girder - (cont d) One lane loaded: x ( 140.0)( 9.0) = lanes Two or more lanes loaded: x ( 140.0)( 9.0) = lanes (governs) Introduction to LRFD 1-13
14 V, Interior Girder Table a-1 One lane loaded: S = lanes 25.0 Two or more lanes loaded: S 12 S = lanes (governs) Live-Load Distribution Factors M-, Interior Girder L = 0.5( ) = ft. One lane loaded: Two or more lanes loaded: x (157.5) 2.65 x (157.5) 6 ( 9.0) 3 6 ( 9.0) = lanes = lanes (governs) Introduction to LRFD 1-14
15 Moments Exterior Beams Table d-1 Distribution of Live Loads Per Lane for Moment in Exterior Longitudinal Beams. Type of Superstructure Concrete Deck, Filled Grid, Partially Filled Grid, or Unfilled Grid Deck Composite with Reinforced Concrete Slab on Steel or Concrete Beams; Concrete T-Beams, T- and Double T- Sections Applicable Cross- Section from Table a, e, k and also i, j if sufficiently connected to act as a unit One Design Lane Loaded Lever Rule Two or More Design Lanes Loaded g = e ginterior d e e = use lesser of the values obtained from the equation above with b = 3 or the lever rule Range of Applicability -1.0 < de < 5.5 b = 3 otes: In beam-slab bridges with diaphragms or cross-frames, the distribution factor for the exterior beam shall not be taken to be less than that which would be obtained by assuming that the cross-section deflects and rotates as a rigid cross-section. R = L b X + L ext b 2 x e Live-Load Distribution Factors Shear Exterior Beams Table b-1 Distribution of Live Load per Lane for Shear in Exterior Beams. Type of Superstructure Concrete Deck, Filled Grid, Partially Filled Grid, or Unfilled Grid Deck Composite with Reinforced Concrete Slab on Steel or Concrete Beams; Concrete T- Applicable Cross- Section from Table a, e, k and also i, j if sufficiently connected to act as a unit One Design Lane Loaded Lever Rule Two or More Design Range of Lanes Loaded Applicability g = e g interior -1.0 < d e < 5.5 de e = Lever Rule b = 3 otes: In beam-slab bridges with diaphragms or cross-frames, the distribution factor for the exterior beam shall not be taken to be less than that which would be obtained by assuming that the cross-section deflects and rotates as a rigid cross-section. L X R = + b L ext b 2 x e Introduction to LRFD 1-15
16 M, Exterior Girder For bending moment (Article d): One lane loaded: Use the lever rule Consider multiple presence factors when: - # of lanes of traffic on the deck must be considered in the analysis (Art ) umber of Loaded Lanes Multiple Presence Factors "m" > = R x 9 / 12 Introduction to LRFD 1-16
17 M, Exterior Girder - (cont d) One lane loaded: Using the lever rule = Multiple presence factor m = 1.2 (Table ) 1.2 ( 0.750) = lanes umber of Loaded Lanes Multiple Presence Factors "m" > Live-Load Distribution Factors M, Exterior Girder - (cont d) Two or more lanes loaded: Modify interior-girder factor by e de e = (Table d-1) e = = ( ) = lanes ote: 1) The multiple presence factor is not applied. Introduction to LRFD 1-17
18 M, Exterior Girder - (cont d) Special Analysis: for beam-slab bridges with diaphragms or cross frames Assuming the entire cross-section rotates as a rigid body about the longitudinal centerline of the bridge, distribution factors for one, two and three lanes loaded are computed using the following formula: R = L b X + L ext b 2 x e Eq. (C d-1) Live-Load Distribution Factors M, Exterior Girder - (cont d) Special Analysis: R = L b X + L ext b 2 x e Eq. (C d-1) R L e x X ext b = reaction on exterior beam in terms of lanes = number of loaded lanes under consideration = eccentricity of a lane from the center of gravity of the pattern of girders (ft) = horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pattern of girders to each girder (ft) = horizontal distance from the center of gravity of the pattern of girders to the exterior girder (ft) = number of beams or girders Introduction to LRFD 1-18
19 M, Exterior Girder - (cont d) One lane loaded: 15-0 R = 1 4 ( 18.0)( 15.0) ( ) = m R = 1.2(0.625) = lanes 1 R = L b X + ext b x L 2 e 18-0 umber of Loaded Lanes Multiple Presence Factors "m" > Live-Load Distribution Factors M, Exterior Girder - (cont d) Two lanes loaded: 15-0 L X ext R = + b b x 2 R = ( 18.0)( ) 2 2 ( ) = m R = 1.0(0.950) = lanes (governs) 2 L 2 e umber of Loaded Lanes Multiple Presence Factors "m" > Introduction to LRFD 1-19
20 M, Exterior Girder - (cont d) Three lanes loaded: R = R = 3 4 m R = L b X + ext b x (18.0 ) L 2 e ( ) 2 2 ( ) ( 0.975) = lanes = umber of Loaded Lanes Multiple Presence Factors "m" > Live-Load Distribution Factors V, Exterior Girder - (cont d) For shear (Article b): One lane loaded: Use the lever rule lanes Two or more lanes loaded: Modify interior-girder factor by e de e = e = = ( 1.082) = lanes (Table b-1) Introduction to LRFD 1-20
21 V, Exterior Girder - (cont d) Special Analysis: The factors used for bending moment are also used for shear: One lane loaded: lanes Two lanes loaded: Three lanes loaded: lanes (governs) lanes All factors used for both pos. & neg. flexure. SUMMARY Live-Load Distribution Factors Strength Limit State AASHTO LRFD - Positive Flexure: Interior Girder Exterior Girder Bending Moment lanes lanes Shear lanes lanes AASHTO LRFD - egative Flexure: Interior Girder Exterior Girder Bending Moment lanes lanes Shear lanes lanes Introduction to LRFD 1-21
22 Fatigue Limit State The fatigue load is placed in a single lane. Therefore, the distribution factors for onelane loaded are used. (see Article b) Multiple presence factors are not to be applied for fatigue. Thus, the distribution factors for one-lane loaded must be modified by dividing out the multiple presence factor of 1.2 specified for one-lane loaded. (see Article ) SUMMARY Live-Load Distribution Factors Fatigue Limit State - Design Example AASHTO LRFD - Positive Flexure: Interior Girder Exterior Girder Bending Moment lanes lanes Shear lanes lanes AASHTO LRFD - egative Flexure: Interior Girder Exterior Girder Bending Moment lanes lanes Shear lanes lanes Introduction to LRFD 1-22
23 Skew Correction Factors For bending moment (Article e): The skew correction factor for bending moment reduces the live-load distribution factor. For skew angles less than 30, the correction factor is equal to 1.0. For skew angles greater than 60, the correction factor is computed using an angle of 60. The difference in skew angle between two adjacent lines of supports cannot exceed 10. Dead-load moments are currently not modified for the effects of skew. c 1 K = 0.25 Lt g 3 s 0.25 S L 0.5 Correction factor= 1 c 1 ( tanθ) 1. 5 (Table e-1) Live-Load Distribution Factors Skew Correction Factors (cont.) For shear (Article c): The skew correction factor increases the live-load distribution factor for shear in the exterior girder at the obtuse corner of the bridge. The correction factor is valid for skew angles less than or equal to 60. The factor may be conservatively applied to all end shears. Dead-load shears are currently not modified for the effects of skew. 3 Lt Correction factor = s tanθ Kg (Table c-1) 0.3 Introduction to LRFD 1-23
24 Load for Optional Live-Load Deflection Evaluation (Article ) The larger of: - The design truck, or - 25% of the design truck + 100% of the design lane load. Live-Load Deflection (Article ) Use the SERVICE I load combination & multiple presence factors where appropriate. For straight-girder systems, all lanes should be loaded and all supporting components should be assumed to deflect equally. For composite design, the stiffness used for calculation of the deflection should include the entire width of the roadway, and may include the structurally continuous portions of the railings, sidewalks and barriers. Introduction to LRFD 1-24
25 Distribution Factor for Live-Load Deflection For the design example: L DF = m3 b 3 = 0.85 = lanes 4 umber of Loaded Lanes Multiple Presence Factors "m" > Dynamic Load Allowance (Impact - IM) (Article ) IM = 33% (for truck or tandem only; not for lane). Exceptions are: Deck joints: IM = 75% Fatigue limit state: IM = 15% Introduction to LRFD 1-25
26 QUESTIOS? Thomas Saad, P.E. FHWA, Suite Governors Drive Olympia Fields, IL Ph: Introduction to LRFD 1-26
3.2 DEFINITIONS, cont. Revise or add the following definitions::
CALIFORNIA AMENDMENTS TO AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS THIRD EDITION W/ INTERIMS THRU 2006 _3-2A, 3-3A 3.2 DEFINITIONS, cont. Revise or add the following definitions:: Permanent Loads Loads
More informationChapter 12 LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS NDOT STRUCTURES MANUAL
Chapter 12 LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS NDOT STRUCTURES MANUAL September 2008 Table of Contents Section Page 12.1 GENERAL... 12-1 12.1.1 Load Definitions... 12-1 12.1.1.1 Permanent Loads... 12-1 12.1.1.2 Transient
More informationLRFD Bridge Design. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Loading and General Information
LRFD Bridge Design AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Loading and General Information Created July 2007 This material is copyrighted by The University of Cincinnati, Dr. James A Swanson, and Dr.
More informationSteel Bridge Design Handbook
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Steel Bridge Design Handbook Loads and Load Combinations Publication No. FHWA-IF-12-052 - Vol. 7 November 2012 Notice This document is disseminated
More informationNational Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying. Principles and Practice of Engineering Structural Examination
Structural Effective Beginning with the April 2011 The structural engineering exam is a breadth and exam examination offered in two components on successive days. The 8-hour Vertical Forces (Gravity/Other)
More informationA transverse strip of the deck is assumed to support the truck axle loads. Shear and fatigue of the reinforcement need not be investigated.
Design Step 4 Design Step 4.1 DECK SLAB DESIGN In addition to designing the deck for dead and live loads at the strength limit state, the AASHTO-LRFD specifications require checking the deck for vehicular
More informationFEBRUARY 2014 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 4-1
FEBRUARY 2014 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 4-1 4. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION The analysis of bridges and structures is a mixture of science and engineering judgment. In most cases, use simple models with
More informationSLAB DESIGN EXAMPLE. Deck Design (AASHTO LRFD 9.7.1) TYPICAL SECTION. County: Any Hwy: Any Design: BRG Date: 7/2010
County: Any Hwy: Any Design: BRG Date: 7/2010 SLAB DESIGN EXAMPLE Design example is in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th Ed. (2010) as prescribed by TxDOT Bridge Design
More informationBasics of Reinforced Concrete Design
Basics of Reinforced Concrete Design Presented by: Ronald Thornton, P.E. Define several terms related to reinforced concrete design Learn the basic theory behind structural analysis and reinforced concrete
More informationReinforced Concrete Slab Design Using the Empirical Method
Reinforced Concrete Slab Design Using the Empirical Method BridgeSight Solutions for the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications BridgeSight Software TM Creators of effective and reliable solutions for
More information4B-2. 2. The stiffness of the floor and roof diaphragms. 3. The relative flexural and shear stiffness of the shear walls and of connections.
Shear Walls Buildings that use shear walls as the lateral force-resisting system can be designed to provide a safe, serviceable, and economical solution for wind and earthquake resistance. Shear walls
More informationLong-term serviceability of the structure Minimal maintenance requirements Economical construction Improved aesthetics and safety considerations
Design Step 7.1 INTEGRAL ABUTMENT DESIGN General considerations and common practices Integral abutments are used to eliminate expansion joints at the end of a bridge. They often result in Jointless Bridges
More informationTable of Contents. July 2015 12-1
Table of Contents 12.1 General... 3 12.2 Abutment Types... 5 12.2.1 Full-Retaining... 5 12.2.2 Semi-Retaining... 6 12.2.3 Sill... 7 12.2.4 Spill-Through or Open... 7 12.2.5 Pile-Encased... 8 12.2.6 Special
More informationSafe & Sound Bridge Terminology
Safe & Sound Bridge Terminology Abutment A retaining wall supporting the ends of a bridge, and, in general, retaining or supporting the approach embankment. Approach The part of the bridge that carries
More informationSPECIFICATIONS, LOADS, AND METHODS OF DESIGN
CHAPTER Structural Steel Design LRFD Method Third Edition SPECIFICATIONS, LOADS, AND METHODS OF DESIGN A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Part II Structural
More informationChallenging Skew: Higgins Road Steel I-Girder Bridge over I-90 OTEC 2015 - October 27, 2015 Session 26
2014 HDR Architecture, 2014 2014 HDR, HDR, Inc., all all rights reserved. Challenging Skew: Higgins Road Steel I-Girder Bridge over I-90 OTEC 2015 - October 27, 2015 Session 26 Brandon Chavel, PhD, P.E.,
More informationSECTION 5 ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SPANS DEVELOPED BY THE PTI EDC-130 EDUCATION COMMITTEE LEAD AUTHOR: BRYAN ALLRED
SECTION 5 ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SPANS DEVELOPED BY THE PTI EDC-130 EDUCATION COMMITTEE LEAD AUTHOR: BRYAN ALLRED NOTE: MOMENT DIAGRAM CONVENTION In PT design, it is preferable to draw moment diagrams
More informationChapter 5 Bridge Deck Slabs. Bridge Engineering 1
Chapter 5 Bridge Deck Slabs Bridge Engineering 1 Basic types of bridge decks In-situ reinforced concrete deck- (most common type) Pre-cast concrete deck (minimize the use of local labor) Open steel grid
More informationDesign of reinforced concrete columns. Type of columns. Failure of reinforced concrete columns. Short column. Long column
Design of reinforced concrete columns Type of columns Failure of reinforced concrete columns Short column Column fails in concrete crushed and bursting. Outward pressure break horizontal ties and bend
More informationOptimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge
Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 34 (1) (26) 1-14 Optimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge Tanvir Manzur and Alamgir Habib Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering
More informationEvaluation of Bridge Performance and Rating through Nondestructive
Evaluation of Bridge Performance and Rating through Nondestructive Load Testing Final Report Prepared by: Andrew Jeffrey, Sergio F. Breña, and Scott A.Civjan University of Massachusetts Amherst Department
More informationDetailing of Reinforcment in Concrete Structures
Chapter 8 Detailing of Reinforcment in Concrete Structures 8.1 Scope Provisions of Sec. 8.1 and 8.2 of Chapter 8 shall apply for detailing of reinforcement in reinforced concrete members, in general. For
More informationSLAB DESIGN. Introduction ACI318 Code provides two design procedures for slab systems:
Reading Assignment SLAB DESIGN Chapter 9 of Text and, Chapter 13 of ACI318-02 Introduction ACI318 Code provides two design procedures for slab systems: 13.6.1 Direct Design Method (DDM) For slab systems
More informationDesign of Steel Structures Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar. Fig. 7.21 some of the trusses that are used in steel bridges
7.7 Truss bridges Fig. 7.21 some of the trusses that are used in steel bridges Truss Girders, lattice girders or open web girders are efficient and economical structural systems, since the members experience
More informationAPPENDIX H DESIGN CRITERIA FOR NCHRP 12-79 PROJECT NEW BRIDGE DESIGNS
APPENDIX H DESIGN CRITERIA FOR NCHRP 12-79 PROJECT NEW BRIDGE DESIGNS This appendix summarizes the criteria applied for the design of new hypothetical bridges considered in NCHRP 12-79 s Task 7 parametric
More informationDraft Table of Contents. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary ACI 318-14
Draft Table of Contents Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary ACI 318-14 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318 14) Chapter 1 General 1.1 Scope of ACI 318
More informationSnake River Bridge Load Test Addressing Bridge Management Issues WBES 2015 Reno, NV
Snake River Bridge Load Test Addressing Bridge Management Issues WBES 2015 Reno, NV Brice Carpenter, P.E. Bridge Diagnostics, Inc. 1995 57 th Court North, Suite 100 Boulder, CO 80301 (303) 494-3230 bricec@bridgetest.com
More information16. Beam-and-Slab Design
ENDP311 Structural Concrete Design 16. Beam-and-Slab Design Beam-and-Slab System How does the slab work? L- beams and T- beams Holding beam and slab together University of Western Australia School of Civil
More informationOverhang Bracket Loading. Deck Issues: Design Perspective
Deck Issues: Design Perspective Overhang Bracket Loading Deck overhangs and screed rails are generally supported on cantilever brackets during the deck pour These brackets produce an overturning couple
More informationDESIGN OF SLABS. 3) Based on support or boundary condition: Simply supported, Cantilever slab,
DESIGN OF SLABS Dr. G. P. Chandradhara Professor of Civil Engineering S. J. College of Engineering Mysore 1. GENERAL A slab is a flat two dimensional planar structural element having thickness small compared
More informationBRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS APRIL 2000 SECTION 9 - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
SECTION 9 - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Part A General Requirements and Materials 9.1 APPLICATION 9.1.1 General The specifications of this section are intended for design of prestressed concrete bridge members.
More informationIN-SERVICE PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYBRID COMPOSITE BRIDGE SYSTEM A CASE STUDY
IN-SERVICE PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYBRID COMPOSITE BRIDGE SYSTEM A CASE STUDY John M. Civitillo University of Virginia, USA Devin K. Harris University of Virginia, USA Amir Gheitasi
More informationCHAPTER 13 CONCRETE COLUMNS
CHAER 13 CONCREE COUMNS ABE OF CONENS 13.1 INRODUCION... 13-1 13.2 YES OF COUMNS... 13-1 13.3 DESIGN OADS... 13-1 13.4 DESIGN CRIERIA... 13-2 13.4.1 imit States... 13-2 13.4.2 Forces... 13-2 13.5 AROXIMAE
More informationTechnical Notes 3B - Brick Masonry Section Properties May 1993
Technical Notes 3B - Brick Masonry Section Properties May 1993 Abstract: This Technical Notes is a design aid for the Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402-92) and Specifications
More informationAASHTOWare Bridge Design and Rating Training. STL8 Single Span Steel 3D Example (BrDR 6.6)
AASHTOWare Bridge Design and Rating Training STL8 Single Span Steel 3D Example (BrDR 6.6) Last Modified: 4/28/2015 STL8-1 AASHTOWare BrDR 6.5 AASHTOWare Bridge Design and Rating Training STL8 Single Span
More informationSession 5D: Benefits of Live Load Testing and Finite Element Modeling in Rating Bridges
Session 5D: Benefits of Live Load Testing and Finite Element Modeling in Rating Bridges Douglas R. Heath P.E., Structural Engineer Corey Richard P.E., Project Manager AECOM Overview Bridge Testing/Rating
More informationLOAD TESTING FOR BRIDGE RATING: DEAN S MILL OVER HANNACROIS CREEK
REPORT FHWA/NY/SR-06/147 LOAD TESTING FOR BRIDGE RATING: DEAN S MILL OVER HANNACROIS CREEK OSMAN HAG-ELSAFI JONATHAN KUNIN SPECIAL REPORT 147 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BUREAU New York State
More informationCanadian Standards Association
S6S1-10 10.10.2.2 Laterally supported members When continuous lateral support is provided to the compression flange of a member subjected to bending about its major axis, the factored moment resistance,
More informationSECTION 3 DESIGN OF POST TENSIONED COMPONENTS FOR FLEXURE
SECTION 3 DESIGN OF POST TENSIONED COMPONENTS FOR FLEXURE DEVELOPED BY THE PTI EDC-130 EDUCATION COMMITTEE LEAD AUTHOR: TREY HAMILTON, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA NOTE: MOMENT DIAGRAM CONVENTION In PT design,
More informationDESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART V SEISMIC DESIGN
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PART V SEISMIC DESIGN MARCH 2002 CONTENTS Chapter 1 General... 1 1.1 Scope... 1 1.2 Definition of Terms... 1 Chapter 2 Basic Principles for Seismic Design... 4
More informationDESIGN: (SUBSTRUCTURES, SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS) PART 12 BD 31/01 THE DESIGN OF BURIED CONCRETE BOX AND PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURES SUMMARY
DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES VOLUME 2 SECTION 2 HIGHWAY STRUCTURE DESIGN: (SUBSTRUCTURES, SPECIAL STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS) SPECIAL STRUCTURES PART 12 BD 31/01 THE DESIGN OF BURIED CONCRETE BOX
More informationSEISMIC DESIGN. Various building codes consider the following categories for the analysis and design for earthquake loading:
SEISMIC DESIGN Various building codes consider the following categories for the analysis and design for earthquake loading: 1. Seismic Performance Category (SPC), varies from A to E, depending on how the
More informationDESIGN OF PRESTRESSED BARRIER CABLE SYSTEMS
8601 North Black Canyon Highway Suite 103 Phoenix, AZ 8501 For Professionals Engaged in Post-Tensioning Design Issue 14 December 004 DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED BARRIER CABLE SYSTEMS by James D. Rogers 1 1.0
More informationSECTION 3 DESIGN OF POST- TENSIONED COMPONENTS FOR FLEXURE
SECTION 3 DESIGN OF POST- TENSIONED COMPONENTS FOR FLEXURE DEVELOPED BY THE PTI EDC-130 EDUCATION COMMITTEE LEAD AUTHOR: TREY HAMILTON, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA NOTE: MOMENT DIAGRAM CONVENTION In PT design,
More informationDESIGN OF SLABS. Department of Structures and Materials Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
DESIGN OF SLABS Department of Structures and Materials Engineering Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Introduction Types of Slab Slabs are plate elements
More informationFOUNDATION DESIGN. Instructional Materials Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples
FOUNDATION DESIGN Proportioning elements for: Transfer of seismic forces Strength and stiffness Shallow and deep foundations Elastic and plastic analysis Foundation Design 14-1 Load Path and Transfer to
More informationEngineering for Stability in Bridge Construction: A New Manual and Training Course by FHWA/NHI
Engineering for Stability in Bridge Construction: A New Manual and Training Course by FHWA/NHI AASHTO SCOBS T-14 Meeting Saratoga Springs, NY April 20, 2015 Brian Kozy, PhD, P.E. Federal Highway Administration
More informationReinforced Concrete Design
FALL 2013 C C Reinforced Concrete Design CIVL 4135 ii 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Reading Assignment Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 through 1.8 of text. 1.2. Introduction In the design and analysis of reinforced
More informationSpon Press PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN EUROCODES. University of Glasgow. Department of Civil Engineering. Prabhakara Bhatt LONDON AND NEW YORK
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN TO EUROCODES Prabhakara Bhatt Department of Civil Engineering University of Glasgow Spon Press an imprint of Taytor & Francfe LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS Preface xix Basic
More informationSEISMIC UPGRADE OF OAK STREET BRIDGE WITH GFRP
13 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 3279 SEISMIC UPGRADE OF OAK STREET BRIDGE WITH GFRP Yuming DING 1, Bruce HAMERSLEY 2 SUMMARY Vancouver
More informationLyang, J., Lee, D., Kung, J. "Reinforced Concrete Bridges." Bridge Engineering Handbook. Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000
Lyang, J., Lee, D., Kung, J. "Reinforced Concrete Bridges." Bridge Engineering Handbook. Ed. Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan Boca Raton: CRC Press, 000 Section II Superstructure Design 9 Reinforced Concrete
More information1997 Uniform Administrative Code Amendment for Earthen Material and Straw Bale Structures Tucson/Pima County, Arizona
for Earthen Material and Straw Bale Structures SECTION 70 - GENERAL "APPENDIX CHAPTER 7 - EARTHEN MATERIAL STRUCTURES 70. Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to establish minimum standards of safety
More informationField Damage Inspection and Static Load Test Analysis of Jiamusi Highway Prestressed Concrete Bridge in China
Advanced Materials Research Vols. 163-167 (2011) pp 1147-1156 Online available since 2010/Dec/06 at www.scientific.net (2011) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1147
More information9.3 Two-way Slabs (Part I)
9.3 Two-way Slabs (Part I) This section covers the following topics. Introduction Analysis and Design Features in Modeling and Analysis Distribution of Moments to Strips 9.3.1 Introduction The slabs are
More informationSteel joists and joist girders are
THE STEEL CONFERENCE Hints on Using Joists Efficiently By Tim Holtermann, S.E., P.E.; Drew Potts, P.E.; Bob Sellers, P.E.; and Walt Worthley, P.E. Proper coordination between structural engineers and joist
More informationThe following sketches show the plans of the two cases of one-way slabs. The spanning direction in each case is shown by the double headed arrow.
9.2 One-way Slabs This section covers the following topics. Introduction Analysis and Design 9.2.1 Introduction Slabs are an important structural component where prestressing is applied. With increase
More informationBridging Your Innovations to Realities
Graphic User Interface Graphic User Interface Modeling Features Bridge Applications Segmental Bridges Cable Bridges Analysis Features Result Evaluation Design Features 02 07 13 17 28 34 43 48 2 User Interface
More informationThis manual was produced using ComponentOne Doc-To-Help.
This manual was produced using ComponentOne Doc-To-Help. Contents MDX Documentation 2 Starting the Program... 2 List of Features... 3 New Features... 4 Fixed Problems... 4 Frequently Asked Questions...
More informationStructural Performance of Highway Bridges under Given Foundation Settlements
ASEE 2014 Zone I Conference, April 3-5, 2014, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT, USA. Structural Performance of Highway Bridges under Given Foundation Settlements Zhan Su*; Qian Wang, PhD, PE, Assistant
More informationIndex 20010 Series Prestressed Florida-I Beams (Rev. 07/12)
Index 20010 Series Prestressed Florida-I Beams (Rev. 07/12) Design Criteria AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 6th Edition; Structures Detailing Manual (SDM); Structures Design Guidelines (SDG)
More informationHunter College school of Social Work Thesis Proposal
Fall 2009 Hunter College school of Social Work Thesis Proposal To analyze how energy efficiency can be implemented using facade and green roof redesign. It ties structural engineering concepts with existing
More informationREPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF HISTORICAL CONCRETE BRIDGE OVER VENTA RIVER IN LATVIA
1 REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF HISTORICAL CONCRETE BRIDGE OVER VENTA RIVER IN LATVIA Verners Straupe, M.sc.eng., Rudolfs Gruberts, dipl. eng. JS Celuprojekts, Murjanu St. 7a, Riga, LV 1024, Latvia e-mail:
More informationETABS. Integrated Building Design Software. Concrete Shear Wall Design Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc. Berkeley, California, USA
ETABS Integrated Building Design Software Concrete Shear Wall Design Manual Computers and Structures, Inc. Berkeley, California, USA Version 8 January 2002 Copyright The computer program ETABS and all
More informationDesign of Bridges. Introduction. 3 rd to 4 th July 2012. Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam
Design of Bridges Introduction 3 rd to 4 th July 2012 1 FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE To connect two communities which are separated by streams, river, valley, or gorge, etc. 2 EVOLUTION OF BRIDGES 1. Log Bridge
More informationCONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS - SEISMIC ISOLATION BEARINGS
CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS - SEISMIC ISOLATION BEARINGS 1.0 DESIGN 1.1 Scope of Work 1.1.1 This work shall consist of furnishing Isolation Bearings and installing Isolation Bearing Assemblies at the locations
More informationDISTRIBUTION OF LOADSON PILE GROUPS
C H A P T E R 7 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADSON PILE GROUPS Section I. DESIGN LOADS 7-1. Basic design. The load carried by an individual pile or group of piles in a foundation depends upon the structure concerned
More informationBridge Type Selection
Bridge Type Selection The major consideration for bridge type selection for bridges on the State Aid system is initial cost. Future maintenance costs, construction time, and location are considered when
More informationType of Force 1 Axial (tension / compression) Shear. 3 Bending 4 Torsion 5 Images 6 Symbol (+ -)
Cause: external force P Force vs. Stress Effect: internal stress f 05 Force vs. Stress Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-05 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 1 Type of Force 1 Axial (tension /
More informationINTRODUCTION TO BEAMS
CHAPTER Structural Steel Design LRFD Method INTRODUCTION TO BEAMS Third Edition A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Part II Structural Steel Design and Analysis
More informationREINFORCED CONCRETE. Reinforced Concrete Design. A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition. Walls are generally used to provide lateral support for:
HANDOUT REINFORCED CONCRETE Reinforced Concrete Design A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition RETAINING WALLS Fifth Edition A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
More information[TECHNICAL REPORT I:]
[Helios Plaza] Houston, Texas Structural Option Adviser: Dr. Linda Hanagan [TECHNICAL REPORT I:] Structural Concepts & Existing Conditions Table of Contents Executive Summary... 2 Introduction... 3 Structural
More informationHow To Write An Analysis System For Bridge Test
Study of Analysis System for Bridge Test Chen Ke, Lu Jian-Ming, Research Institute of Highway, 100088, Beijing, China (chenkezi@163.com, lujianming@263.net) Summary Analysis System for Bridge Test (Chinese
More informationExpected Performance Rating System
Expected Performance Rating System In researching seismic rating systems to determine how to best classify the facilities within the Portland Public School system, we searched out what was used by other
More informationFOOTING DESIGN EXAMPLE
County: Any Design: BRG Date: 10/007 Hwy: Any Ck Dsn: BRG Date: 10/007 FOOTING DESIGN EXAMPLE Design: Based on AASHTO LRFD 007 Specifications, TxDOT LRFD Bridge Design Manual, and TxDOT Project 0-4371
More informationAnalysis of the Response Under Live Loads of Two New Cable Stayed Bridges Built in Mexico
Analysis of the Response Under Live Loads of Two New Cable Stayed Bridges Built in Mexico Roberto Gómez, Raul Sánchez-García, J.A. Escobar and Luis M. Arenas-García Abstract In this paper we study the
More informationASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED STRUCTURAL REPAIR STRATEGIES FOR BRIDGE PIERS IN TAIWAN DAMAGED BY THE JI-JI EARTHQUAKE ABSTRACT
ASSESSMENT AND PROPOSED STRUCTURAL REPAIR STRATEGIES FOR BRIDGE PIERS IN TAIWAN DAMAGED BY THE JI-JI EARTHQUAKE Pei-Chang Huang 1, Graduate Research Assistant / MS Candidate Yao T. Hsu 2, Ph.D., PE, Associate
More informationSteel and composite bridges in Germany State of the Art
Steel and composite bridges in Germany State of the Art Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Hanswille Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal Germany Univ.-Prof. em. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c.
More informationSECTION 7 Engineered Buildings Field Investigation
SECTION 7 Engineered Buildings Field Investigation Types of Data to Be Collected and Recorded A field investigator looking at engineered buildings is expected to assess the type of damage to buildings.
More informationARCH 331 Structural Glossary S2014abn. Structural Glossary
Structural Glossary Allowable strength: Nominal strength divided by the safety factor. Allowable stress: Allowable strength divided by the appropriate section property, such as section modulus or cross
More informationChapter 8. Flexural Analysis of T-Beams
Chapter 8. Flexural Analysis of T-s 8.1. Reading Assignments Text Chapter 3.7; ACI 318, Section 8.10. 8.2. Occurrence and Configuration of T-s Common construction type.- used in conjunction with either
More informationGuidelines for the Design of Post-Tensioned Floors
Guidelines for the Design of Post-Tensioned Floors BY BIJAN O. AALAMI AND JENNIFER D. JURGENS his article presents a set of guidelines intended to T assist designers in routine post-tensioning design,
More informationEFFECTS ON NUMBER OF CABLES FOR MODAL ANALYSIS OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES
EFFECTS ON NUMBER OF CABLES FOR MODAL ANALYSIS OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES Yang-Cheng Wang Associate Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering Chinese Military Academy Feng-Shan 83000,Taiwan Republic
More informationModule 5 (Lectures 17 to 19) MAT FOUNDATIONS
Module 5 (Lectures 17 to 19) MAT FOUNDATIONS Topics 17.1 INTRODUCTION Rectangular Combined Footing: Trapezoidal Combined Footings: Cantilever Footing: Mat foundation: 17.2 COMMON TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATIONS
More informationFull Depth Precast Concrete Highway Bridge Decks
NOVEMBER 2007 STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS TEST LABORATORY Full Depth Precast Concrete Highway Bridge Decks BY PROF. M.G. OLIVA PROF. L.C. BANK Prof. J.S. Russell CIVIL ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY
More informationManual for Condition Evaluation and Load Rating of Highway Bridges Using Load and Resistance Factor Philosophy
NCHRP Web Document 28 (Project C12-46): Contractor s Final Report Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load Rating of Highway Bridges Using Load and Resistance Factor Philosophy Prepared for: National Cooperative
More information2015 ODOT Bridge Design Conference May 12, 2014. DeJong Rd Bridge High- Seismic Zone Case Study: Bridge Rehab vs. Replacement.
2015 ODOT Bridge Design Conference May 12, 2014 DeJong Rd Bridge High- Seismic Zone Case Study: Bridge Rehab vs. Replacement Mary Ann Triska 2015 HDR, all rights reserved. Presentation Outline Project
More information1.2 Advantages and Types of Prestressing
1.2 Advantages and Types of Prestressing This section covers the following topics. Definitions Advantages of Prestressing Limitations of Prestressing Types of Prestressing 1.2.1 Definitions The terms commonly
More information2.0 External and Internal Forces act on structures
2.0 External and Internal Forces act on structures 2.1 Measuring Forces A force is a push or pull that tends to cause an object to change its movement or shape. Magnitude, Direction, and Location The actual
More informationSimplified Design to BS 5400
Simplified Design to BS 5400 Bridge Design to the Eurocodes Simplified rules for use in student projects (Document RT1156) Version Date of Issue Purpose Author Technical Reviewer Approved 1 Distribution
More informationS03: Tier 1 Assessment of Shear in Concrete Short Span Bridges to AS 5100 and AS 3600
Annexure S03: Tier 1 Assessment of Shear in Concrete Short Span Bridges to AS 5100 and AS 3600 April 2014 Copyright http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/ State of Queensland (Department of Transport
More informationABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SEGMENTAL BEAM
Ninth LACCEI Latin American and Caribbean Conference (LACCEI 11), Engineering for a Smart Planet, Innovation, Information Technology and Computational Tools for Sustainable Development, August 3-, 11,
More informationCONCEPTUAL REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVE
Appendix D While federal law requires preservation/rehabilitation of historic bridges be considered, there is no standard procedure to determine when rehabilitation is appropriate and when replacement
More informationREPAIR AND RETROFIT OF BRIDGES DAMAGED BY THE 2010 CHILE MAULE EARTHQUAKE
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, March 1-4, 2012, Tokyo, Japan REPAIR AND RETROFIT OF BRIDGES DAMAGED BY THE 2010 CHILE
More information2011-2012. Crane Runway Girder. Dr. Ibrahim Fahdah Damascus University. https://sites.google.com/site/ifahdah/home/lectures
Crane Runway Girder Dr. Ibrahim Fahdah Damascus University https://sites.google.com/site/ifahdah/home/lectures Components of Crane system The Crane Runway Girder and the Structure Issue1: Vertical Load
More informationStructural Axial, Shear and Bending Moments
Structural Axial, Shear and Bending Moments Positive Internal Forces Acting Recall from mechanics of materials that the internal forces P (generic axial), V (shear) and M (moment) represent resultants
More informationIntroduction to Railroad Track Structural Design
BCR2A 09 Railroad Track Design Including Asphalt Trackbeds Pre-Conference Workshop Introduction to Railroad Track Structural Design Don Uzarski, Ph.D., P.E. uzarski@illinois.edu Interaction, Vertical Load
More informationDesign Parameters for Steel Special Moment Frame Connections
SEAOC 2011 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS Design Parameters for Steel Special Moment Frame Connections Scott M. Adan, Ph.D., S.E., SECB, Chair SEAONC Structural Steel Subcommittee Principal Adan Engineering Oakland,
More informationPRESTRESSED CONCRETE. Introduction REINFORCED CONCRETE CHAPTER SPRING 2004. Reinforced Concrete Design. Fifth Edition. By Dr. Ibrahim.
CHAPTER REINFORCED CONCRETE Reinforced Concrete Design A Fundamental Approach - Fifth Edition Fifth Edition PRESTRESSED CONCRETE A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental
More informationPreliminary steel concrete composite bridge design charts for Eurocodes
Preliminary steel concrete composite bridge 90 Rachel Jones Senior Engineer Highways & Transportation Atkins David A Smith Regional Head of Bridge Engineering Highways & Transportation Atkins Abstract
More informationEurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures Dr Stephen Hicks, Manager Structural Systems, Heavy Engineering Research Association, New Zealand Introduction BS EN 1994 (Eurocode 4) is the
More information