Basics of Reinforced Concrete Design
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1 Basics of Reinforced Concrete Design Presented by: Ronald Thornton, P.E. Define several terms related to reinforced concrete design Learn the basic theory behind structural analysis and reinforced concrete design What is Area-of-Steel? Design codes Non-destructive testing of concrete NPCA 1
2 Member Wall, Slab, Beam, or Column Boundary Conditions Simply supported Fixed Ends Cantilever Propped Cantilever Continuous Support NPCA 2
3 Applied Loads Dead Loads Live Loads Earth Loads Seismic Hydrostatic Wind, Snow, ice,.. Loads Concentrated Load Uniform or Superimposed load NPCA 3
4 Load Factor A multiplier that magnifies the load for design purposes. Load Combinations ACI 318, Article 9.2 U = 1.4D U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S Basic Requirement for Strength. Design Strength > Required Strength FN (Nominal Strength) > U (Ultimate Strength) Ultimate = Factored Capacity > Demand NPCA 4
5 Strength Reduction Factor, F A multiplier that reduces the capacity of the member for design purposes. ACI 318, Article 9.3 Moment = 0.90 Shear = 0.75 Axial = 0.70 Strength Reduction Factor, F A multiplier that reduces the capacity of the member for design purposes. AASHTO Standard Moment = 0.90 Shear = 0.85 Axial = 0.70 NPCA 5
6 Force Shear Is greatest near the support Flexure Bending Moment Axial Typically related to columns Shear Moment Diagram (Uniform Load) Shear Diagram (+) Positive Moment Diagram Simple Support NPCA 6
7 Shear Moment Diagram (Uniform Load) Shear Diagram (+) Positive (-) Negative Moment Diagram Fixed Support NPCA 7
8 Basic Stress Formula P = Applied Load A = Area resisting the load M =Applied Moment c = Distance from Centroid to Extreme Fiber I = Moment-of-Inertia Concrete Properties fc = Compressive Strength, psi v c = Allowable Shear Stress, psi f r =Modulus-of-Rupture, psi c = Distance from Centroid to Extreme Fiber I = Moment-of-Inertia: A member s tendency to resist bending or rotation, in 4 NPCA 8
9 IF fr < Mc/I Brittle Failure Reinforcing Steel Properties Yield Strength, Fy = 60,000psi Modulus-of-Elasticity, Ec = 29,000,000psi Ductility Ability to stretch without breaking NPCA 9
10 c d Bar Size Diameter (in) A b (in 2 ) Source: Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute - CRSI NPCA 10
11 Beam (3) # 6 Bars Slab 9 oc NPCA 11
12 Welded Wire Reinforcing 4 x 8 W6/W3 Longitudinal Wire Spacing (4 ) x Transverse Wire Spacing (8 ) W = Smooth Wire (D = Deformed Wire) Longitudinal Wire Size (A w =.06in 2 ) Transverse Wire Size (A w =.03in 2 ) Source: Wire Reinforcing Institute - WRI Welded Wire Reinforcing Longitudinal Transverse NPCA 12
13 A s Required 0.40in 2 /ft 6 oc = 0.40in 2 /ft 9 oc = 0.41in 2 /ft 13 oc = 0.41in 2 /ft 3 oc = 0.40in 2 /ft (Grade 70 Wire) Serviceability Satisfactory Performance under normal service conditions Code Related Ensures durability and service life Use unfactored loads NPCA 13
14 Serviceability Crack Control Limitation of Service Load Stress Deflection Fatigue Minimum Reinforcing Limits Bar Development Splices Serviceability Code Related ACI 318 Structural Concrete Building Code ACI 350 Environmental Engineering Structures AASHTO Standard Specification AASHTO LRFD Specification AREMA American Railway Engineering Manual CSA Canadian Standards Association NPCA 14
15 Serviceability Crack Control Steel Stress Bar Cover Bar Spacing dc 2dc Spacing Spacing A s Required 0.40in 2 /ft; Z max = 130kips/in 6 oc = 0.40in 2 /ft Z = 120kips/in OK 9 oc = 0.41in 2 /ft Z = 140kips/in NG 13 oc = 0.41in 2 /ft Z = 162kips.in NG 3 oc = 0.40in 2 /ft (Grade 70 Wire) Z = 92kips/in OK NPCA 15
16 A s Required 0.40in 2 /ft; Z max = 130kips/in Yield Adjustment Try D17 6 oc, A s = 0.34in 2 /ft Z = 138kips/in NG Try D8.5 3 oc, A s = 0.34in 2 /ft Z = 107kips/in OK Minimum Flexural Reinforcing Established by Code ACI 318 But not less than AASHTO Standard Same as LRFD Minimum waived if Ex: 0.40in 2 /ft x = 0.53in 2 /ft NPCA 16
17 Minimum Temperature Reinforcing Established by Code ACI 318 Slabs As min =.0018Ag Where, Ag = b * h Walls Horiz =.0020Ag Walls Vertical =.0012Ag Chapter 16, Precast Walls =.0010Ag AASHTO Standard =.125in 2 /ft Non-Destructive Testing Two types of rebar locaters Cover Meter (R-Meter) Emits an electromagnetic pulse to detect the magnetic field induced by rebar. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Transmits polarized pulses of electromagnetic energy into the surface then records the energy that is reflected back to the surface. NPCA 17
18 Non-Destructive Testing Cover Meter (R-Meter) Non-Destructive Testing Cover Meter (R-Meter) Can be used in wet or dry conditions Can detect the presence and approximate bar cover Not very accurate at determining bar diameter +/- 1 bar size at best Results can be affected by the presence of other metals. i.e. form ties NPCA 18
19 Non-Destructive Testing Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Non-Destructive Testing Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Sensitive to moisture conditions Cannot be used on wet surfaces Requires well trained users Reasonably accurate if properly calibrated Bar cover reportedly within 3mm (FHWA) NPCA 19
20 Non-Destructive Testing Primary purpose is to locate rebar prior to coring or drilling Not intended for QC purposes??questions?? NPCA 20
21 Basics of Reinforced Concrete Design Presented by: Ronald Thornton, P.E. NPCA 21
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