Wind turbine blade heating
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1 Wind turbine blade heating Can it pay even more? René Cattin
2 Icing in Switzerland Wind map of Switzerland Currently installed: 40 MW Potential: MW (maybe more?) m/s Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
3 Icing in Switzerland Wind map of Switzerland Icing map of Switzerland Almost all Swiss sites under icing conditions Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
4 St. Brais Wind map of Switzerland Icing map of Switzerland St. Brais m asl 2 Enercon E-82 Hub height 78 m Enercon blade heating Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
5 The Project The research project (2009 to 2011) 1) Monitoring of a 2-MW-wind turbine in the Jura arc (2/3 of the planned Swiss wind parks) concerning icing, turbulence and wind shear 2) Evaluation and validation of different systems for ice detection and de-icing Enercon ice detection via power curve Moog/Insensys ice detection system Ice detection via temperature and relative humidity Goodrich ice detector prototype Performance of Enercon blade heating system Verification via camera images Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
6 The Project The research project (2009 to 2011) 3) Evaluation of the production loss due to icing and of the gained energy based on use of ice detection and de-icing systems WEA1: blade heating off, ice detection on WEA2: blade heating on, ice detection on How much additional production on WEA2 compared to used energy for blade heating? Calculation of scenarios for the whole winter time Heating during operation versus heating during standstill Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
7 The Project The research project (2009 to 2011) 4) Evaluation of the additional loads caused by icing Moog/Insensys system 5) Evaluation of the noise emissions of a wind turbine under icing conditions noise measurement campaigns Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
8 The Project The research project (2009 to 2011) 4) Evaluation of the additional loads caused by icing Insensys system 5) Evaluation of the noise emissions of a wind turbine under icing conditions noise measurement campaigns Collaboration between Federal Office of Energy Meteotest ADEV Windkraft AG (Operator) Enercon Moog/Insensys Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
9 Instrumentation Instrumentation: Camera system The eye is / cameras are still the best ice detectors Commercial Mobotix Webcams mounted at nacelle Developed and tested at the Guetsch site (Andermatt, Switzerland) Video motion detection for capturing the moving blades Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
10 Instrumentation Instrumentation Blade camera Sensor camera Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
11 Instrumentation Sensor camera: image taken every 30 minutes Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
12 Instrumentation Sensor camera: image taken every 30 minutes Very high availability of sensor camera Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
13 Instrumentation Blade camera: image taken by motion detection Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
14 Instrumentation Blade camera: problems Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
15 Instrumentation Latest images displayed on website (protected by password) All images archieved Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
16 Instrumentation Wind speed Wind direction Temperature (2x) Relative humidity (2x) Incoming longwave radiation Goodrich ice detector (prototype) Instrumentation Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
17 Instrumentation Operational data: wind speed / wind direction? No icing at wind speed sensor Wind flow disturbed by ice? Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
18 Instrumentation Operational data: power production Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
19 Icing on Structures Icing on Structures Cloud icing (rime icing, glaze icing) Precipitation icing (freezing rain, wet snow) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
20 Icing on Structures Cloud icing (rime icing, glaze icing) Precipitation icing (freezing rain, wet snow) Wind turbine: Reduced production Additional loads Imbalance Fatigue Increased noise Ice Throw Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
21 Icing on Structures Meteorological and instrumental icing Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
22 Icing at St. Brais Meteorological and instrumental icing 2009/10 Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
23 Icing at St. Brais Meteorological and instrumental icing 2009/10 Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
24 Icing at St. Brais Meteorological and instrumental icing 2009/10 Meteorological icing: 276h / 11.5 d (longest event: 63h / 2.6d) Instrumental Icing: 997h / 41.5 d (longest event: 241h / 10 d) Factor 3.6! Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
25 Icing at St. Brais Meteorological and instrumental icing 2010/11 Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
26 Icing at St. Brais Meteorological and instrumental icing 2010/11 Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
27 Icing at St. Brais Meteorological and instrumental icing 2010/11 Meteorological icing: 246h / 10.3 d (longest event: 25h / 1 d) Instrumental Icing: 853h / 35.5 d (longest event: 239h / 10 d) Factor 3.4! Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
28 Icing at St. Brais Comparison with Guetsch (2 300m asl) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
29 Icing at St. Brais Comparison with Guetsch (2 300m asl) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
30 Icing at St. Brais Comparison with Guetsch (2 300m asl) Meteorological icing: 130h / 5.4 d Instrumental Icing: 674h / 28 d (longest event: 103h / 4.3 d) Factor 5.2! Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
31 Icing at St. Brais Summary Icing Events Icing conditions are very site specific Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
32 Blade Heating Blade heating Status 2009/10 and partly 2010/11: turbine is stopped when icing is detected blades are heated for 3 h (80 kw) turbine is automatically restarted Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
33 Blade Heating Blade heating 2009/10 Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
34 Blade Heating Blade heating 2009/ heating cyles (372h/15d downtime, 7.5d per turbine) 30 MWh heating power (80kW per turbine) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
35 Blade Heating Blade heating 2009/10 Blade heating mainly active during meteorological icing Reduces downtime by approximately factor 4 Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
36 Blade Heating Example Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
37 Blade Heating Blade heating Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
38 Blade Heating Case study: No blade heating Assumptions: - Wind turbine without blade heating - Turbine stops when ice is detected - Automatic restart if temperature was above 2 C for 6 hours Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
39 Blade Heating Case study: No blade heating Blade heating system increases production significantly Meteorological icing: 276h / 11.5d (longest event: 63h / 2.6d) Downtime without blade heating: 1 349h / 56.2d (longest event: 312h / 13d) Factor 4.8! Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
40 Blade Heating What was the benefit? - Production loss without blade heating: ~10% - Additional production thanks to blade heating: ~7% - Energy needed for blade heating: ~0.4% - Production loss due to stopped turbine during heating: ~3% Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
41 Blade Heating Experimental proof WEA1: blade heating off, ice detection on WEA2: blade heating on, ice detection on Experiment carried out in January 2010 Losses of operator compensated through project budget Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
42 Blade Heating Experimental proof blade heating off ice detection on blade heating on ice detection on Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
43 Blade Heating Experimental proof ~ 20% of production in this month Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
44 Blade Heating Heating during operation Status of WEA1 since January : heating starts when icing is detected turbine keeps producing heating stops under given conditions (unknown) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
45 Blade Heating Heating during operation Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
46 Blade Heating Heating during operation Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
47 Blade Heating Heating during operation 4 case studies (no more data available) WEA1 = reference (heating during operation) production according wind speed/power curve WEA2 = same production as WEA1 stop for heating according to status data WEA 2 Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
48 Blade Heating Case 1: Heating during operation WEA 2 Energy production: 44 MWh Energy for heating: 1.2 MWh Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
49 Blade Heating Case 1: Heating during operation WEA 1 Balance: Heating WEA1 = ~ 3 * Heating WEA2 P additional - Δ heating = MWh (+ ~ 11%) Energy production: 53 MWh (+9 MWh) Energy for heating: 3.9 MWh (+2.7 MWh) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
50 Blade Heating Case 2: Heating during operation WEA 2 Energy production: 12.5 MWh Energy for heating: 1.2 MWh Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
51 Blade Heating Case 2: Heating during operation WEA 1 Balance: Heating WEA1 = ~ 2 * Heating WEA2 P additional - Δ heating = MWh (+ ~ 28%) Energy production: 19.6 MWh (+6.9 MWh) Energy for heating: 2.6 MWh (+1.4 MWh) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
52 Blade Heating Case 3: Heating during operation WEA 2 Energy production: 5.7 MWh Energy for heating: 0 MWh Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
53 Blade Heating Case 3: Heating during operation WEA 1 Balance: Heating WEA1 = ~ 0* Heating WEA2 P additional - Δ heating = MWh (- ~ 11%) Energy production: 5.7 MWh (+0 MWh) Energy for heating: 0.7 MWh (+0.7 MWh) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
54 Blade Heating Case 4: Heating during operation WEA 2 Energy production: 50 MWh Energy for heating: 0.7 MWh Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
55 Blade Heating Case 4: Heating during operation WEA 1 Balance: Heating WEA1 = ~ 4.2 * Heating WEA2 P additional - Δ heating = MWh (+ ~ 1.3%) Energy production: 53 MWh (+3 MWh) Energy for heating: 3 MWh (+2.3 MWh) Positive energy balance in 3 out of 4 cases Benefit dependant on efficiency of heating control Blade is mostly ice-free Heating control has room for optimisation (via relative humidity?) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
56 Summary Summary I - Icing has significant impact on power production at St. Brais - Instrumental icing periods ~ 4 times longer than meteorological icing - Icing conditions are very site specific (site classification needed during site assessment) Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
57 Summary Summary II - Blade heating mainly active during the periods of meteorological icing. - Without blade heating production losses of approximately 10% - Blade heating during stand still allowed ~7% more production - Energy needed for blade heating: ~0.4% of annual production. - Production loss of ~3% remains because wind turbine stops for heating. - Blade heating needs several cycles to melt away the ice - Leading edge ice is ice free, flaps are not (heating during stand still) - No ice free signal automatic restart is a risk - Heating during operation furthers reduces the production loss (another 5-15% of the remaining 3%?). - Efficient heating: Blades remain mostly ice free - Heating control can be optimized (benefit dependant on heating control). - Ice throw risk lower when heating during operation? Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
58 Thank you METEOTEST Fabrikstrasse 14 CH-3012 Bern for your attention! Icing Reserach Project St. Brais Page
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