Power output of offshore wind farms in relation to atmospheric stability Laurens Alblas BSc
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1 Power output of offshore wind farms in relation to atmospheric stability Laurens Alblas BSc Photo: Vestas Wind Systems A/S 1
2 1. Introduction Background Atmospheric stability is known to influence wind farm power production. Large variation (5-15%) in produced power of a wind farm due to wake losses. (Barthelmie et al., 2004) Need for more research in this field: Find causes of the variation. Improve predictions with this knowledge. 2
3 1. Introduction Overview of the presentation 1. Introduction 2. Theory 3. Data 4. Results 5. Conclusions Photo: Vestas Wind Systems A/S 3
4 1. Introduction Research questions of the project 1. What does atmospheric stability do to the power production? 2. How do the conventional simulations compare with the measurements? 3. How to improve the conventional simulations? 4
5 2. Theory Wake of a wind turbine Wind turbine extracts energy from the air flow. Area of decreased wind speed and increased turbulence behind the turbine: wake. Result: loss in power production for turbines downstream. Wake recovers by mixing in higher energy flow, improved during turbulent conditions. 5
6 2. Theory Atmospheric stability (1/2) Stability in the atmosphere: The tendency to resist vertical motion. Stable / unstable / neutral atmosphere. 6
7 2. Theory Atmospheric stability (1/2) Stability in the atmosphere: The tendency to resist vertical motion. Stable / unstable / neutral atmosphere. Air Air Air Air Air Air 7
8 2. Theory Atmospheric stability (2/2) Classification possible using bulk Richardson number. Governed by temperature and wind speed. These variables can be measured: Wind speed at hub height (70 m). Temperature at hub height (70 m) and at sea level (0 m). 8
9 3. Data Wind farms Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ), The Netherlands: 36x Vestas V90-3.0MW North Hoyle, United Kingdom: 30x Vestas V80-2.0MW Both offshore. Both sites have a meteorological tower. 9
10 3. Data Filtering Measurements are stored as 10-minute averages. Measurements have been filtered and erroneous measurements have been excluded. Measurements for which the metmast is disturbed by the wake of the wind farm have been excluded. 10
11 Atmospheric stability at North Hoyle (1/2) VS = very stable, S = stable, N = neutral, U = unstable, VU = very unstable 11
12 Atmospheric stability at North Hoyle (2/2) VS = very stable, S = stable, N = neutral, U = unstable, VU = very unstable 12
13 Measured power production Combine measurements of: atmospheric stability power production Atmospheric stability at time of production. Enables investigation of power production versus atmospheric stability. 13
14 Cases at OWEZ (1/3) 14
15 Cases at OWEZ (2/3) 15
16 Cases at OWEZ (3/3) 16
17 Measured power production at OWEZ 8.0±0.5 m/s ±2.5 11D 17
18 Cases at North Hoyle (1/3) 18
19 Cases at North Hoyle (2/3) 19
20 Cases at North Hoyle (3/3) 20
21 Measured power production at North Hoyle 8.0±0.5 m/s ± D 21
22 Measured power production: influence T Temperature difference between sea and air has largest influence on stability classification. Narrow ranges of temperature difference for near-neutral classes. Measurement offset can result in cases falling into another stability class. Important to measure temperatures accurately. 22
23 Measured power production: conclusions Power production: very unstable > near-neutral > very stable Wake losses are smaller under more unstable conditions. More recovery under more unstable conditions, due to increased turbulence intensity. Differences in the order of 10-20% of normalized production between very stable and very unstable conditions. Results agree with those found at Horns Rev (Barthelmie et al., 2011 and Hansen et al., 2012) and Nysted (Barthelmie et al., 2007, 2011) 23
24 Simulated power production: Jensen model (1/2) Using WindPRO and Jensen wake model: Conservation of velocity deficit in wake. k = wake decay constant (WDC) 24
25 Simulated power production: Jensen model (2/2) The Jensen model does not take atmospheric stability into account. Solution: Turbulence is related to atmospheric stability. Wake decay constant (WDC) is related to amount of turbulence. Adapt the WDC to account for effect of atmospheric stability. 25
26 Simulated power production at North Hoyle Very stable measurements Conventional: k = 0.04 Observed: k =
27 Simulated power production at North Hoyle Very unstable measurements Conventional: k = 0.04 Observed: k =
28 Simulated power production: conclusions Wake decay constant: Higher than conventional value. Very unstable > very stable. Relating to turbulence intensity (TI): Conventional WDC: k 0.5TI Observed WDC: k TI under very stable conditions k TI under very unstable conditions 28
29 Simulated wind farm efficiency Complete wind farm active as opposed to single row. Using conventional simulation: difference between measured and simulated production. Adjusting WDC gives results similar to measurements. 29
30 5. Conclusions Research questions of the project 1. What does atmospheric stability do to the power production? Larger power production (i.e. smaller wake loss) when the atmosphere is more unstable. Smaller when stable. Differences in the order of 10-20% of normalized production between very unstable and very stable conditions. 30
31 5. Conclusions Research questions of the project 2. How do the conventional simulations compare with the measurements? The conventional offshore WDC (k = 0.04) underpredicts power production. The Jensen model does not take atmospheric stability into account. 31
32 5. Conclusions Research questions of the project 3. How to improve the conventional simulations? Adapt the WDC to account for effect of atmospheric stability. WDC value should be higher for the very unstable class than for the very stable class. Observed WDC values are k TI, as opposed to conventional k 0.5TI. 32
33 5. Conclusions Recommendations Measure temperature accurately. Investigate the influence of vertical turbulence on the total turbulence intensity, and on the wake decay constant. Turbulence intensity may be used to study differences in power production and to select a WDC instead of atmospheric stability, as turbulence influences the wake recovery. Perform similar research at other wind speeds and other wind farms. 33
34 Thank you for your attention Questions? Photo: Vestas Wind Systems A/S 34
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