Trust and Reputation Management in Web-based Social Network

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1 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 07 0 X Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network Toh hy, Jøsg Ye X Qeesl Uversty of Techology Uversty of Oslo strl Norwy. Itrocto I we-se socl etwork, people my commcte wth ther fres whom they kow persolly. They lso commcte wth other memers of the etwork who re the fres of ther fres my e fres of ther fre s etwork. They shre ther epereces opos wth the socl etwork ot tem whch my e proct or servce. The ser fces the prolem of evltg trst servce or servce prover efore mkg choce. Opos, repttos recommetos wll flece sers' choce sge of ole resorces. Recommetos my e receve throgh ch of fres of fres, so the prolem for the ser s to e le to evlte vros types of trst recommetos repttos. Ths opo or recommeto hs gret flece to choose to se or ejoy the tem y the other ser of the commty. Users shre formto o the level of trst they eplctly ssg to other sers. Ths trst c e se to eterme whle tkg ecso se o y recommeto. I cse of the sece of rect coecto of the recommeer ser, propgte trst col e sefl. The frst prolem for the ser s how mch he/she c trst o prtclr opo to select tem. The opo or recommeto my come from fre s of fre s fre. So, the prolem for the memer s, how mch to trst o the opo gver. The qlty of opo terms of rellty my crese f we c coser the overll plc reptto of tht prtclr tem. For emple, f memer s tereste to choose hotel to sty Syey, he my rowse the epereces of hs/her fres who hve stye tht hotel pst. Whle recevg recommeto ot prtclr hotel from trste fre, t s lso possle to cle the geerl opo of the sers, or the reptto of the sme hotel, orer to e etter forme ot the qlty of servce, therey to ele etter ecso. s the socl etwork s growg very fst y olg the mer of people jog every yer Goleck, 006, the posslty of gettg hge mer of opo regrg prtclr tem s very commo. It s other prolem for memer to re ll these opos from other memers of the socl etwork. Ths reqres recommeer system to smmrze or flter the top opos or recommeto terms of qlty of the opo

2 08 We Itellgece Itellget gets the trst etwee the ser the opo gver. Socl etworkg hs ee ro for some tme. Fceook MySpce hve ecome coc, other stes sch s LkeI, h5, eo, yworl Orkt re ecomg mportt s well. t the e of 007, Mcrosoft p $40 mllo for.6% stke Fceook, sprkg ferce ete ot the theoretcl vlto of Fceook. Whle few wol go log wth the $5 llo prce tg, ooy wol ey the hge potetl of Fceook. The relevce of socl etworkg for vertsers s very hgh coserg they wt to vest ther moey where the potetl cstomers re locte o socl etworkg stes. The sccess of socl etworkg shol ot come s srprse. Socl tercto s eeply roote hm tre s oe of the most fmetl ees. Wreless Iteret techology ct s elers fclttors for ehce socl tercto wth glol rech. Whle socl etworkg hs ee stll s omte y teegers yog lts, t s qckly spreg to ll ge grops eyo the cofes of cosmer etertmet. orportos re scoverg the power of etworkg stes to ehce ther rs, commtes, overll tercto wth ther cstomers y semlessly lkg corporte We stes to plc stes sch s Fceook. somethg eve gger s ot to tke plce. There hs ee rmtc growth the mer sze of We-se socl etwork. The mer of stes lmost ole over the two yer pero from ecemer 004 to ecemer 006, growg from 5 to 3. Over the sme pero, the totl mer of memers mog ll stes grew for-fol from 5 mllo to 490 mllo Goleck, 006. The growth s cotg for lst two yers t the sme rte, eve more. The recet emergece of loctose mole socl etworkg servces offere y provers sch s Rmmle, GyPS, Whrrl Loopt s revoltozg socl etworkg llowg sers to shre rel-lfe epereces v geo-tgge ser-geerte mltme cotet, see where ther fres re meet p wth them. Ths ew techology-ele socl geo-lfestyle wll rve the ptke of Locto-se servces prove opporttes for locto-se vertsg the ftre. I ths reserch, we hve tre to coser trst mog the memers whle they select tem se o the opo of fres. We clclte the plc reptto of tht tem se o the geerl opo gve y prevos sers or cstomers. The we come ths reptto wth the trst mog the opo gver the memer who s gog to select the tem. s the recommeto comes from trste fre t lso cles the geerl plc opos, the qlty of the opo my mprove. rretly, oe of the we-se socl etwork s coserg comg the plc reptto of tem wth the trst mog the memers of the etwork to sggest or recomme tem. I geerl, people lke to epress ther opo re tereste ot others opo regrg the tems they hve cocer. Oe poplr wy of otg cstomer feeck s collectg rtgs ot the proct or servces y the e sers. I to to the cstomer rtgs ot the proct or servces, there s lso goo mer of ole cstomer feeck formto vlle over the Iteret s free tet cstomer revews, commets, ewsgrops post, scsso forms or logs. Ths formto lso c e se to geerte the plc reptto of the servce provers. To o ths, t mg techqes, speclly recetly emerge opo mg H & L, 004, Popesc & Etzo, 005, K, Lg, & he, 006 col e sefl tool. Mg orgzg opos from the feeck of the cstomer or ser of tem col e sefl for the perso or orgzto tht s gog to se the tem ftre.

3 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 09. Fmetls of Trst Reptto. efg Trst Trst hs ecome mportt topc of reserch my fels clg socology, psychology, phlosophy, ecoomcs, sess, lw IT. It s ot ew topc to scss. I fct, t hs ee the topc of hres ooks scholrly rtcles over log pero of tme. Trst s comple wor wth mltple mesos. vst ltertre o trst hs grow severl re of reserch t t s reltvely cofsg sometmes cotrctory, ecse the term s eg se wth vrety of meg McKght & hervy, 00. lso lck of coherece ests mog reserchers the efto of trst. Thogh ozes of propose eftos re vlle the ltertre, complete forml mgos efto of trst s rre. I my occsos, trst s se s wor or cocept wth o rel efto. Hss et l. preset overvew of the eftos of the terms of trst reptto from the estg ltertre Hss & hg, 007. They hve show tht oe of these eftos s flly cple to stsfy ll of the cotet epeece, tme epeece the ymc tre of trst.the most cte efto of trst s gve y sgpt where he efe trst s the epectto of oe perso ot the ctos of others tht ffects the frst perso s choce, whe cto mst e tke efore the ctos of others re kow sgpt, 990. Ths efto cptres oth the prpose of trst ts tre form tht c e resoe ot. etsch etsch, 004 sttes tht trstg ehvor occrs whe perso ecoters stto where she perceves mgos pth. The reslt of followg the pth c e goo or the occrrece of the goo or reslt s cotget o the cto of other perso Hss & hg, 007. other efto for trst y Gmett s lso ofte qote the ltertre trst s prtclr level of the sjectve prolty wth whch get ssesses tht other get or grop of gets wll perform prtclr cto, oth efore he c motor sch cto cotet whch t ffects hs ow cto Gmett, 000. t trst c e more comple th these eftos. Trst s the root of lmost y persol or ecoomc tercto. Keser sttes trst s the epectto of other persos goowll eg tet, mplyg tht cert sttos those persos wll plce the terests of others efore ther ow Keser, 003. Goleck Goleck, 006 efes trst s trst perso s commtmet to cto se o elef tht the ftre ctos of tht perso wll le to goo otcome. Ths efto hs gret lmtto tht t cosers trst s lwys leg to postve otcome. t relty, t my ot e lwys tre. Trst s sch cocept tht crosses scples lso oms. The focs of efto ffers o the ss of the gol the scope of the projects. Two geerlze eftos of trst efe y Jøsg Jøsg et l. 007 whch they clle rellty trst the term evlto trst s more wely se y the other reserchers, therefore we se ths term ecso trst respectvely wll e se for ths work. Evlto trst c e terprete s the rellty of somethg or someoy the ecso trst cptres roer cocept of trst. Evlto Trst Trst s the sjectve prolty y whch vl,, epects tht other vl,, performs gve cto o whch ts welfre epes. ecso Trst Trst s the etet to whch oe prty s wllg to epe o somethg or someoy gve stto wth feelg of reltve secrty, eve thogh egtve coseqeces re possle.

4 0 We Itellgece Itellget gets. efg Reptto Reptto systems represet sgfct tre ecso spport for Iteret mete servce provso Resck et l, 000. The Feeck Form o ey s the most promet emple of ole reptto systems Keser, 003. The sc e s to let prtes rte ech other, for emple fter the completo of trscto, se the ggregte rtgs ot gve prty to erve reptto score, whch c ssst other prtes ecg whether or ot to trsct wth tht prty the ftre. trl effect s tht t lso proves cetve for goo ehvor, therefore tes to hve postve mpct o mrket qlty. Reptto s geerlly efes s the opo or vew of oe ot the chrcter of someoy or etty. Here, etty col e get, proct or servce. Reptto s freqetly se s the ss of jgmet to trst vl or orgzto prtclrly the sece of prevos rect eperece or cotct wth them. M et l. Lk M, 00 efe reptto s percepto tht get cretes throgh pst ctos ot ts tetos orms. smlr efto gve y l-rhm et l. l- Rhm & Hles, 000 who efes reptto s epectto ot gets ehvor se o formto ot or oservtos of ts pst ehvor. We wll se the ocse Ofor ctory efto of reptto for the prpose of ths work. Ths efto spports the vew of socl etwork reserchers Jøsg et l., 007. Reptto Reptto s wht s geerlly s or eleve ot persos or thgs chrcter or stg..3 hrcterstcs of Trst Reptto The chrcterstcs of trst reptto my ffer from sess to sess or ther pplctos. t there re some commo elmters tht cte the estece of geerl prcples goverg trst ole evromets. mtrkos mtrkos, 003 srveye lyze the geerl propertes of trst e-servces lste the geerl propertes of trst strst s follows Trst s reltvse to some sess trscto. my trst to rve her cr t ot to y-st. Trst s mesrle elef. my trst more th trsts for the sme sess. Trst s recte. my trst to e proftle cstomer t my strst to e retler worth yg from. Trst ests tme. The fct tht trste the pst oes ot tself grtee tht wll trst the ftre. s performce other relevt formto my le to re-evlte her trst. Trst evolves tme, eve wth the sme trscto. rg sess trscto, the more relzes she c epe o for servce X the more trsts. O the other h, s trst my ecrese f proves to e less epele th tcpte. Trst etwee collectves oes ot ecessrly strte to trst etwee ther memers. O the ssmpto tht trsts grop of cotrctors to elver s grop collortve project, oe cot cocle tht trsts ech memer of the tem to elver epeetly.

5 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network Trst s refleve, yet trst oeself s mesrle. my trst her lwyer to w cse cort more th she trsts herself to o t. Self-ssessmet erles the lty of get to elegte or offer tsk to other get orer to mprove effcecy or rece rsk. Trst s sjectve elef. my trst more th trsts wth the sme trst scope. Wg et l. Wg & Vsslev, 007 etfes tht trst reptto shre some commo chrcterstcs sch s cotet specfc, mlt-fcete ymc. They rge tht trst reptto oth epe o some cotet. Eve the sme cotet there s ee to evelop fferette trst fferet spects of servce. s the ymc chrcter, they refer tht trst reptto c crese or ecrese wth frther epereces of terctos or oservtos. oth of them lso ecy wth tme. Jefer Goleck, 006 proposes there re three m propertes of trst the we-se socl evromet. They re trstvty, symmetry persolzto. She epls trstvty s the propgto cplty, symmetry s the recto of trst whch my e fferet epes o the recto persolzto s the persol opo o prtclr oject y fferet gets..4 fferece etwee Trst Reptto Reptto systems re closely relte to the cocept of trst. M et l. Lk M, 00 fferette the cocepts of trst reptto y efg reptto s the percepto tht get cretes throgh pst ctos ot ts tetos orms trst s sjectve epectto get hs ot other s ftre ehvor se o the hstory of ther ecoters. The fferece etwee trst reptto c e llstrte y the followg perfectly orml plsle sttemets. I trst yo ecse of yor goo reptto.. I trst yo espte yor reptto. Sttemet reflects tht the relyg prty s wre of the trstee s reptto, ses hs or her trst o tht. Sttemet reflects tht the relyg prty hs some prvte kowlege ot the trstee, e.g. throgh rect eperece or tmte reltoshp, tht these fctors overrle y reptto tht the trstee mght hve. Ths oservto reflects tht trst ltmtely s persol sjectve pheomeo tht s se o vros fctors or evece, tht some of those crry more weght th others. Persol eperece typclly crres more weght th seco h recommetos or reptto, t the sece of persol eperece, trst ofte hs to e se o reptto. Reptto c e cosere s collectve mesre of trstworthess the sese of rellty se o rtgs from memers commty. y vl s sjectve trst gve prty c e erve from comto of reptto persol eperece. Tht etty s trste for specfc tsk oes ot ecessrly me tht t c e trste for everythg. The scope efes the specfc prpose semtcs of gve ssessmet of trst or reptto. prtclr scope c e rrow or geerl. lthogh prtclr reptto hs gve scope, t c ofte e se s estmte of the reptto of other scopes Jøsg et l., 007. I geerl, we my sy tht trst s the sjectve vew of get to other t reptto s overll mpresso of memers of the commty o get se o ts prevos ctvtes.

6 We Itellgece Itellget gets 3. Srvey of Ole Trst Reptto Systems Reserch The sse of trst hs ee gg cresg mot of tteto mer of reserch commtes clg ole servce provso. There re my fferet vews of how to mesre se trst. Some reserchers se trst reptto s sme meg whle others re ot. Thogh the meg of trst s fferet to fferet people, ref revew o these moels s goo strtg pot to reserch the re of Trst Reptto. s trst s socl pheomeo, the moel of trst for the rtfcl worl lke Iteret shol e se o how trst works etwee people socety l-rhm & Hles, 000. The rch ltertre growg ro trst reptto systems for Iteret trsctos, s well s the mplemettos of reptto systems sccessfl commercl pplcto sch s ey mzo, gve strog cto tht ths s mportt techology Jøsg et l., 007. Feeck o ole mrketplce lke ey s epresso of reptto whch proves smple ccmltve moel for reptto Sres, 007. I mzos repttos scheme, revews cosst of rtg the rge etwee 5 strs. The verge of ll rtgs gves ooks reptto Zo, G, L, Xe, & Me, 007. ommercl mplemettos seem to hve settle ro reltvely smple prcples, wheres mltte of fferet systems wth vce fetres re eg propose y the cemc commty. geerl oservto s tht the proposls from the cemc commty so fr lck coherece re rrely evlte commercl/strl pplcto evromet. The systems eg propose re slly esge from scrtch, oly very few cses re thors lg o proposls y other thors. The pero we re c therefore e see s pero of poeers. osolto ro set of so well recogze prcples s eee orer to get the most eeft ot of reptto systems. Stephe Mrsh Mrsh, 994 s oe of the poeers to troce compttol moel for trst the comptg ltertre. For hs Ph thess, Mrsh vestgtes the otos of trst vros cotets evelops forml escrpto of ts se wth strte, tellget gets. Hs moel s se o socl psychologcl fctors. He efes trst three ctegores; mely the sc trst, geerl trst sttol trst. These trst vles re se to help get to ece f t s worth t or ot to cooperte wth other get. To clclte the rsk the perceve competece, fferet types of trst sc, geerl sttol re se. t the moel s comple, mostly theoretcl ffclt to mplemet. He ot cosere reptto hs work. Zchr et l. Zchr & Mes, 999 hve sggeste tht reptto o-le commty c e relte to the rtgs tht get receves from others. Ther Spors Hstos systems se the otos of glol verss persolze reptto. Reptto Spors s smlr to tht se ey or mzo, se o verge of ll rtgs gve to get. Spors corportes mesre of the rellty of the sers reptto se o the str evto of reptto vles. Hstos retreves reptto se o who mkes qery the locl evromet srrog the qrer. It ws esge s respose to the lck of persolzto tht Spors reptto vles hve. The moel c el wth rect formto wtess formto. otrry to Spors, the reptto vle s sjectve property ssge prtclrly y ech vl. l-rhm et l. l-rhm & Hles, 000 propose moel for spportg trst vrtl commtes, se o rect epereces reptto. They hve propose tht the trst cocept c e ve to rect recommeer trst. Recommee trst c e erve from wor-of-moth

7 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 3 recommetos, whch they coser s reptto. However, there re cert spects of ther moel tht re -hoc whch lmts the pplclty of the moel roer scope. Schllo et l Schllo, Fk, & Rovtsos, 000 propose trst moel for sceros where tercto reslt s oole, ether goo or, etwee two gets trst reltoshp. Thogh, they ot coser the egrees of stsfcto. Resck Resck et l., 000 escre reptto mgemet s system tht collects, strtes ggregtes feeck ot pst ehvor. lssfcto of Trst Reptto Systems Reserch Moel Type Trst Mgemet Reptto Mgemet Trst & Reptto Mgemet Trst se reptto/ Reptto se trst Implemetto Evromet etrlze ecetrlze Less comple system e.g. peer-to-peer system Represettve reserch emples Goleck 006 Zegler & Goleck 007 Represettve reserch emples Mrsh 994 Schllo et l. 000 Esfr & hrsekhr 00 McKght & hervy, 00 mtrkos 003 Leve 004 Gh et l. 004 O oov & Smyth 005 Zegler 005 Ptsls & Mrshll, 008 Represettve reserch emples Zchr & Mes, 999 Resck et l. 000 Mlg 00 Pjol et l. 00 Se & Sjj 00 ro et l. 00 rter et l. 00 Grshcheko 004 Folkerts 005 Whty et l 005 Represettve reserch emples l-rhm & Hles 000 Y & Sgh 00 Ster & Serr, 005 M et l. 00 L et l. 005 Jøsg et l. 006, 007 Hss & hg 007 Slgh et l. 007 Zo et l. 007 Xe & F, 008 et l, 008 chrch, 009 oetzee & Eloff 007 Peg et l, 008 T et l, 008 Represettve reserch emples erer et l. 00 m et l. 00 Y & Sgh 00 Kmvr et l. 003 Xog 005 J et l, 008 Represettve reserch emples Vektrm et l 000 Selck et l. 004 N et l. 007 Fller et l 007 Sres 007 Wg 008, 009 hrwj, 009 Tle. Reserch o trst reptto systems

8 4 We Itellgece Itellget gets Vektrm et l. Vektrm, Y, & Sgh, 000 epress ther vews of e-commerce commty s socl etwork whch spports repttos oth for provg goo servces for provg goo referrls. Ther moel preserves the toomy prvcy of the ser y llowg the choce of gorg sch reqests, f ser wshes ot to gve referrls. Two oe-o-oe trst cqsto mechsms re propose y Esfr & hrsekhr, 00 ther trst moel. The frst s se o oservto. They propose the se of yes etworks to perform the trst cqsto y yes lerg. The seco trst cqsto mechsm s se o tercto. smple wy to clclte the tercto-se trst rg the eplortory stge s sg the forml mer _ of _ correct _ reples Tt er, totl _ mer _ of _ reples Se & Sjj, 00 preset metho for esrg rostess of reptto moel tht s se to select processor resorces. The moel ses servce selecto s ts mesre of sccess. I ths moel, get selects the servce prover tht hs the hghest reptto from pool. erer et l. erer, 00 escre reptto system for Peer-to-peer PP systems whch s tee to meet ees tht re left flflle y other reptto systems scllty to lrge mers of oes, rece mots of reqre t storge etwork commctos. I orer to rece the mot of t store commcte, the moel works o ry rtg system get s ether cosere trstworthy or ot. I the moel propose y Y Sgh Y & Sgh, 00, the formto store y get ot rect terctos s set of vles tht reflect the qlty of these terctos. Oly the most recet epereces wth ech cocrete prter re cosere for the clcltos. Ths moel fle to come rect formto wth wtess formto. Whe rect formto s vlle, t s cosere the oly sorce to eterme the trst of the trget get. Oly whe the rect formto s ot vlle, the moel ppels to wtess formto. Ster et l. Ster & Serr, 005 hve propose molr trst reptto system orete to comple smll/m-sze e-commerce evromets whch they clle ReGreT, where socl reltos mog vls ply mportt role. M et l. Lk M, 00 propose compttol moel se o socologcl ologcl erstg. The moel c e se to clclte get s trst reptto scores. They lso etfe some wekesses of the trst reptto sty whch s the lck of fferetto of trst reptto the mechsm for ferece etwee them s ot eplct. Trst reptto re tke to e the sme cross mltple cotets or re trete s form cross tme the estg compttol moels for trst reptto re ofte ot groe o erstoo socl chrcterstcs of these qttes. They ot eme effects of ecepto ths moel. Pjol Pjol et l, 00 propose metho for clcltg the reptto of gve memer socety or socl etwork y mkg se of PgeRk lgorthm. mtrkos mtrkos, 003 presete lyse servceorete trst mgemet frmework se o the tegrto of role-se moellg rsk ssessmet orer to spport trst mgemet soltos. They prove evece of emergg methos, formlsms coceptl frmeworks whch, f pproprtely tegrte, c rge the gp etwee systems moellg, trst rsk mgemet e- commerce.

9 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 5 Kmvr et l. Kmvr, Schlosser, & Grc-Mol, 003 proposes reptto system whch mkes se of mtrces of reptto formto whch re mte store y gets ther system. The thors eplctly trget ther system t provg reptto for peer-to-peer systems where mlcos peers c geerte llegtmte fles for shrg the geerl poplto of peers hve o wy of stgshg llegtmte fles from the legtmte oes. O oov et l O oov & Smyth, 005 stgshe etwee two types of profles the cotet of gve recommeto sesso or rtg precto. The cosmer profle the procer profle. They escre trst s the rellty of prter profle to elver ccrte recommetos the pst. They escre two moels of trst whch they clle profle-level trst tem-level trst. Selck et l. Selck, Uz, & Prete, 004 propose reptto-se trst mgemet protocol for PP etworks where sers rte the rellty of the prtes they el wth shre ths formto wth ther peers. Gh et l Gh, Kmr, Rghv, & Tomks, 004 propose metho se o PgeRk lgorthm for propgtg oth trst strst. They etfe for fferet methos for propgtg the et elefs vles, mely rect propgto, co-ctto, trspose coplg. The vogto mmm flow trst metrc hs ee propose y Leve Leve, 004 orer to scover whch sers re trste y memers of ole commty whch re ot. Trst s compte throgh oe cetrlze commty server cosere reltve to see of sers ejoyg spreme trst. Locl grop trst metrcs compte sets of gets trste y those eg prt of the trst see. vogto, oly ssgs oole vles ctg presece or sece of trst. It s glol trst lgorthm whch ses the sme trste oes to mke trst clclto for ll sers. It mkes the lgorthm stle for PP etworks. s the trst ferece lgorthm hs relese er free softwre lcese, t ecme the ss of my reserch pper. pplesee trst metrc ws propose y Zegler Zegler, 005. ppelsee s closely se o PgeRk lgorthm. It llows rkgs of gets wth respect to trst ccore. Oe of the mjor wekess s tht perso who hs me my hgh trst rtgs wll hve lower vle th f oly oe or two people h ee rte. other wekess of ths moel s; t reqres epoetlly hgher comptto wth cresg mer of ser whch mkes t osclle. Shmtkov et l. Shmtkov & Tlcott, 005 propose reptto-se trst mgemet moel whch llows mtlly strstg gets to evelop ss for tercto the sece of cetrl thorty. The moel s propose the cotet of peerto-peer pplctos, ole gmes or mltry sttos. Folkerts Folkerts, 005 propose smlto frmework to perform comprso lyss etwee reptto moels. They hve mplemete two reptto moels compre wth regr to ccrcy, performce resstce to ecepto. Tecy Tecy, 005 propose prolstc frmework for ssessg trst se o rect oservtos of trstees ehvor rect oservtos me y thr prty. They clme tht ther propose mechsm c cope wth the posslty of relle thr prty formto some cotet. Xog Xog, 005 lso propose ecetrlze reptto se trst spportg frmework clle PeerTrst for PP evromet. The hve focse o moels techqes for reslet reptto mgemet gst fee ck ggregto, feeck oscllto loss of feeck prvcy. Jøsg Jøsg et l, 006 propose moel for trst ervto wth Sjectve Logc. They rge tht Sjectve logc represets prctcl elef clcls

10 6 We Itellgece Itellget gets whch c e se for clcltve lyss trst etworks. TNSL reqres trst reltoshps to e epresse s elefs, trst etworks to e epresse s SPGs the form of cocl epressos. They hve escre how trst c e erve wth the elef clcls of sjectve logc. Xe F Xe & F, 008 propose ew trst moel for the Semtc We whch llows gets to ece whch mog fferet sorces of formto to trst ths ct rtolly o the semtc we. T et l T, Zo, Wg, & heg, 008 propose trst moel for PP etworks whch the trst vle of gve peer ws compte sg ts locl trst formto recommeto from other oes. 4. Trst Network lyss Trst etworks cosst of trstve trst reltoshps etwee people, orgstos softwre gets coecte throgh mem for commcto tercto. y formlsg trst reltoshps, e.g. s reptto scores or s sjectve trst mesres, trst etwee prtes wth om c e erve y lysg the trst pths lkg the prtes together. metho for trst etwork lyss sg sjectve logc TN-SL hs ee escre y Jøsg et l 006, 007. TN-SL tkes recte trst eges etwee prs s pt, c e se to erve level of trst etwee rtrry prtes tht re tercoecte throgh the etwork. Eve cse of o eplct trst pths etwee two prtes est; sjectve logc llows level of trst to e erve throgh the eflt vcos opos. TN-SL therefore hs geerl pplclty s stle for my types of trst etworks. potetl lmtto wth the prevosly escre TN-SL s tht comple trst etworks mst e smplfe to seres-prllel etworks orer for TN-SL to proce cosstet reslts. The smplfcto cosste of grlly removg the lest cert trst pths tl the whole etwork c e represete seres-prllel form. s ths process removes formto t s ttvely s-optml. I the followg sectos, we escre how TN-SL c preserve cosstecy wthot removg formto. Icosstecy c reslt from epeece etwee seprte trst pths, whch whe come wll tke the sme formto to ccot severl tmes. Iclg the sme trst eges mltple tmes wll y efto proce cosstet reslt. Optml TN-SL vos ths prolem y llowg the trst mesre of gve trst ege to e splt to severl epeet prts, so tht ech prt s tke to ccot y seprte trst pths. The reslt of ths pproch s compre wth the lyss se o etworks smplfcto. 4. Serl Trst Pths Trst trstvty mes, for emple, tht f trsts who trsts, the wll lso trst. Ths ssmes tht s ctlly wre tht trsts. Ths col e cheve throgh recommeto from to s llstrte Fg., where the ees o ech rrow cte the seqece whch the trst reltoshps/recommeto s forme. It c e show tht trst s ot lwys trstve rel lfe hrstso, 003. For emple the fct tht trsts to look fter her chl, trsts to f hs cr, oes ot mply tht trsts for lookg fter her chl, or for fg her cr. However, er cert semtc costrts Jøsg Pope, 005, trst c e trstve, trst system c e se to erve trst. I the lst emple, trst trstvty collpses ecse

11 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 7 the scopes of 's 's trst re fferet. Trst scope s efe s the specfc types of trst ssme gve trst reltoshp. Fg.. Trst trstvty It s mportt to seprte etwee trst the lty to recomme goo cr mechc whch represets referrl trst, trst ctlly eg goo cr mechc whch represets fctol trst. The scope of the trst s evertheless the sme, mely to e goo cr mechc. ssmg tht, o severl occsos, hs prove to tht he s kowlegele mtters reltg to cr mtece, 's referrl trst for the prpose of recommeg goo cr mechc c e cosere to e rect. ssmg tht o severl occsos hs prove to tht he s goo mechc, 's fctol trst c lso e cosere to e rect. Thks to 's vce, lso trsts to ctlly e goo mechc. However, ths fctol trst mst e cosere to e rect, ecse hs ot rectly oserve or eperece 's sklls cr mechcs. Let s slghtly ete the emple, where oes ot ctlly kow y cr mechcs hmself, t he kows, whom he eleves kows goo cr mechc. s t hppes, s hppy to recomme the cr mechc me. s reslt of trstvty, s le to erve trst, s llstrte Fg., where the ees cte the orer whch the trst reltoshps recommetos re forme. The rt eotes rect referrl trst, ft eotes rect fctol trst, ft eotes rect fctol trst. Fg.. Serl trst pth The referrl'' vrt of trst scope c e cosere to e recrsve, so tht y trstve trst ch, wth rtrry legth, c e epresse sg oly oe trst scope wth two vrts. Ths prcple c e epresse s the ervto of fctol trst

12 8 We Itellgece Itellget gets throgh referrl trst, reqres tht the lst trst ege represets fctol trst ll prevos trst eges represet referrl trst. It col e rge tht egtve trst trstve ch c hve the procl effect of stregtheg the erve trst. Tke for emple the cse of Fg., t ths cse strsts, strsts. I ths stto, mght ctlly erve postve trst, sce she oes ot eleve whe he sys s mechc, o ot se hm. So the fct tht recommes strsts mght cot s pro- rgmet from 's perspectve. The qesto ols ow to s the eemy of my eemy my fre?''. However ths qesto reltes to how mltple types of trstworthess, sch s shoesty rellty, shol e terprete trst etwork. 4. Prllel Trst Pths It s commo to collect vce from severl sorces orer to e etter forme whe mkg ecsos. Ths c e moelle s prllel trst comto llstrte Fg.3, where g the ees cte the orer whch the trst reltoshps recommetos re forme. Fg. 3. Prllel trst pths Let s ssme g tht ees to get her cr servce, tht she sks to recomme goo cr mechc. Whe recommes, wol lke to get seco opo, so she sks whether she hs her ot. Ittvely, f oth recomme s goo cr mechcs, 's trst wll e stroger th f she h oly ske. Prllel comto of postve trst ths hs the effect of stregtheg the erve trst. I the cse where receves coflctg recommee trst, e.g. trst strst t the sme tme, she ees some metho for comg these coflctg recommetos orer to erve her trst. Or metho, whch s escre Sec.7, s se o sjectve logc whch esly c hle sch cses. Sjectve logc s stle for lysg trst etworks ecse trst reltoshps c e epresse s sjectve opos wth egrees of certty.

13 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network Opertors for ervg Trst Sjectve logc s elef clcls specfclly evelope for moelg trst reltoshps. I sjectve logc, elefs re represete o ry stte spces, where ech of the two possle sttes c cosst of s-sttes. elef fctos o ry stte spces re clle sjectve opos re formlly epresse the form of orere tple =,,,, where,, represet elef, selef certty respectvely where,, [0, ] ++ =. The se rte prmeter [0, ] represets the se rte prolty the sece of evece, s se for comptg opo s prolty epectto vle E = +, meg tht etermes how certty shll cotrte to E. sjectve opo s terprete s get s elef the trth of sttemet. Owershp of opo s represete s sperscrpt so tht for emple s opo ot s eote s. The fct tht sjectve logc s comptle wth ry logc prolty clcls mes tht wheever correspog opertors est prolty clcls, the prolty epectto vle Eω of opo ω tht hs ee erve wth sjectve logc, s lwys eql to the prolty vle tht wol hve ee erve h smple prolty clcls ee pple. Smlrly, wheever correspog ry logc opertors est, solte opo.e. eqvlet to ry logc TRUE or FLSE erve wth sjectve logc, s lwys eql to the trth vle tht c e erve wth ry logc. Sjectve logc hs so mthemtcl ss s comptle wth ry logc trtol yes lyss. Sjectve logc efes rch set of opertors for comg sjectve opos vros wys Jøsg, 009. Some opertors represet geerlztos of ry logc prolty clcls, wheres others re qe to elef clcls ecse they epe o elef owershp. Wth elef owershp t s possle to eplctly epress tht fferet gets hve fferet opos ot the sme sse. The vtge of sjectve logc over prolty clcls ry logc s ts lty to eplctly epress tke vtge of gorce elef owershp. Sjectve logc c e pple to ll sttos where prolty clcls c e pple, to my sttos where prolty clcls fls precsely ecse t c ot cptre egrees of gorce. Sjectve opos c e terprete s prolty esty fctos, mkg sjectve logc smple effcet clcls for prolty esty fctos. Sjectve logc efes mer of opertors. Some opertors represet geerlztos of ry logc prolty clcls opertors, wheres others re qe to elef theory ecse they epe o elef owershp. Here we wll oly focs o the trstvty the fso opertors. The trstvty opertor c e se to erve trst from trst pth cosstg of ch of trst eges, the fso opertor c e se to come trst from prllel trst pths. These opertors re escre elow. Trstvty s se to compte trst log ch of trst eges. ssme two gets where hs referrl trst, eote y, for the prpose of jgg the fctol or referrl trstworthess of. I to hs fctol or referrl trst, eote y. get c the erve her trst y scotg 's trst wth 's trst, eote y. y sg the symol to esgte ths opertor, we efe

14 0 We Itellgece Itellget gets =. The effect of scotg trstve ch s tht certty creses, ot selef. mltve Fso s eqvlet to yes ptg sttstcs. The cmltve fso of two possly coflctg opos s opo tht reflects oth opos fr eql wy. Let e 's 's trst respectvely. The opo clle the fse trst etwee s the, eotg mgry get [,]'s trst, s f she represete oth. y sg the symol to esgte ths opertor, we efe = = where t s ssme tht. / / / =. Lmts c e compte Jøsg, 007 for = =0. The effect of the cmltve fso opertor s to mplfy elef selef rece certty Emple ervto of Trst Mesres The trstvty fso opertors wll e se for the prpose of ervg trst mesres pple to the trst grph of Fg. Fg.3. I cse of Fg., the ege trst vles wll ll e set eql s = = = 0.9, 0.0, 0., y pplyg the trstvty opertor to the epresso of Eq., the erve trst vle evltes to = =0.79, 0.000, 0.7, I cse of Fg.3, the ege trst vles wll ll e set eql s = = = = 0.9, 0.0, 0., y pplyg the trstvty cmltve fso opertors to the epresso of Eq3, the erve rect trst mesre c e compte. The epresso for the erve trst mesre the mercl reslt s gve elow. = =0.895, 0.000, 0.05, 0.5 7

15 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 5. Trst Fsos of Opo ompttol trst llows ew trst reltoshps to e erve from pre-estg trst reltoshp throgh mthemtcl compttos. Trst fso s mportt elemet compttol trst, meg tht c come s recommeto wth her ow persol eperece elg wth, or wth other recommetos ot, orer to erve more relle mesre of trst. These smple prcples, whch re essetl for hm tercto sess everyy lfe, mfest t my fferet forms. Ths secto etfes the prmeter epeece prolem trst fsos vestgtes possle forml compttol moels tht c e mplemete sg elef resog se o sjectve logc. We hve propose three eftos of trst fso for epeet, epeet prtlly epeet opos. We epl the eftos y respectve emples. Wth eqte compttol trst moels, the prcples of trst propgto c e porte to ole commtes of people, orgztos softwre gets, wth the prpose of ehcg the qlty of those commtes. 5. Fso of Iepeet Trst Ths opertor s most trlly epresse the evece spce, so we efe t frst sseqetly mp t over to the opo spce. efto osess Opertor for Iepeet Opos. Let =,,, =,,, e trst from respectvely. The opo =,,, s the clle the cosess etwee, eotg the trst tht mgry get [,] wol hve, s f tht get represete oth. I cse of yes totlly cert opos, ther reltve weght c e efe s. / lm / se I 0. se 0. 0 / / / / / /

16 We Itellgece Itellget gets y sg the symol to esgte ths opertor, we c =. Fg. 4. Emple of pplyg the cosess opertor for fsg epeet trst It c e show tht s oth commttve ssoctve whch mes tht the orer whch opos re come hs o mportce. Opo epeece mst e ssre, whch ovosly trsltes to ot llowg etty s opo to e cote more th oce. The effect of epeet cosess s to rece certty. For emple the cse where severl wtesses gve cosstet testmoy shol mplfy the jge s opo, tht s ectly wht the opertor oes. osess etwee fte mer of ot totlly cert.e. < opos wol ecessrly proce cosess opo wth = 0. Fg. llstrtes emple of pplyg the cosess opertor for epeet opos where = {0.8, 0., 0., } = {0., 0.8, 0., }, so tht = = {0.47, 0.47, 0.06, }. 5. Fso of epeet Trst ssme two gets hvg smlteosly oserve the sme process. ecse ther oservtos re etcl, ther respectve opos wll ecessrly e epeet, cosess ccorg to ef. wol e megless. If the two oservers hve me ectly the sme oservtos, ther estmtes re eql, t s sffcet to tke oly oe of the estmtes to ccot. However, lthogh two oservers wtess the sme pheomeo, t s possle ee, lkely tht they recor terpret t fferetly. The oservers my hve strte ee the oservtos t slghtly fferet tmes; oe of them my hve msse or msterprete some of the evets, resltg vryg, t stll epeet opos. efto osess Opertor for epeet Opos. Let =,,, where [, ], e epeet opos respectvely hel y gets,..., ot the sme proposto. The epee cosess s the where,,,

17 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network / / / / / / / / where ll the re fferet from zero. y sg the symol to esgte ths operto, we get... =.... Fg. 5. Emple of pplyg the cosess opertor for epeet opos The opertor s oth commttve ssoctve. The effect of the epeet cosess opertor s to proce opo whch s se o verge of postve verge of egtve evece. Fg. llstrtes emple of pplyg the cosess opertor for epeet opos where = {0.8, 0., 0., } = {0., 0.8, 0., }, so tht = = {0.45, 0.45, 0.0, }. 5.3 Fso of Trst Uer Prtl epeece Let two gets oserve the sme process rg two prtlly overlppg peros. If t s kow ectly whch evets were oserve y oth, oe of the gets c smply smss these oservtos, ther opos wll e epeet. However, t my ot lwys e possle to eterme whch oservtos re etcl. Fg.6 llstrtes stto of prtly epeet oservtos. ssmg tht the frcto of overlppg oservtos s kow, the epeet the epeet prts of ther oservtos c e estmte, so tht cosess opertor c e efe.

18 We Itellgece Itellget gets 4 I the fgre, represet the epeet prts of s opos, wheres represet ther epeet prts. Fg. 6. et PFs se o prtly epeet oservtos The represetto of epeet epeet opos c e efe y sg recprocl epeece fctors eote y λ λ., /, /, /, / 8

19 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 5 Hvg specfe the seprte epeet epeet prts of two prtlly epeet opos, we c ow efe the cosess opertor for prtlly epeet opos. efto 3 osess Opertor for Prtlly epeet Opos. Let hve the prtlly epeet opos respectvely, ot the sme proposto, let ther epeet epeet prts e epresse ccorg to ~ Eq.8.We wll se the symol to esgte cosess etwee prtlly epeet opos. s efore s the opertor for etrely epeet opos. The cosess of s opos c the e wrtte s ~ = = = ~ 9 It col e prove tht for y opo opo the followg eqlty hols = wth epeece fctor to y other 0 6. Trst Pths epeecy Network Smplfcto Trstve trst etworks c volve my prcpls, the emples elow, cptl letters,, wll e se to eote prcpls We wll se sc costrcts of recte grphs to represet trstve trst etworks, some otto elemets whch llow s to epress trst etworks strctre wy. sgle trst reltoshp c e epresse s recte ege etwee two oes tht represet the trst sorce the trst trget of tht ege. For emple the ege [,] mes tht trsts. The symol '' wll e se to eote the trstve coecto of two cosectve trst eges to form trstve trst pth. The trst reltoshps of Fg. c e epresse s [,] = [,][,][,] where the trst scope s mplct. Let the trst scope e.g. e efe s σ trst to e goo cr mechc''. Let the fctol vrt e eote y fσ'' the referrl vrt y rσ''. stcto c e me etwee tl rect trst erve rect trst. Wheever relevt, the trst scope c e prefe wth '' to cte rect trst σ, wth '' to cte rect trst σ. Ths c e come wth referrl fctol trst, so tht for emple rect fctol trst c e eote s fσ. referece to the trst scope

20 6 We Itellgece Itellget gets c the e eplctly cle the trst ege otto s e.g. eote y [,,rσ]. The trst etwork of Fg. c the e eplctly epresse s [,,fσ] = [,,rσ][,,fσ][,,fσ] Let s ow tr to the comto of prllel trst pths, s llstrte Fg.3. We wll se the symol '' to eote the grph coector for ths prpose. The '' symol vslly resemles smple grph of two prllel pths etwee pr of gets, so tht t s trl to se t for ths prpose. I short otto, 's comto of the two prllel trst pths from her to Fg.3 s the epresse s [,] = [,][,] [,][,] 3 It c e ote tht Fg.3 cots two prllel pths. Trst etworks c hve epeet pths. Ths s llstrte o the left-h se of Fg.7. The epresso for the grph o the left-h se of Fg7 wol e [,] = [,][,] [,][,] [,][,][,] 4 Fg. 7. Network smplfcto y removg wekest pth prolem wth Eq.4 s tht the rcs [,] [,] pper twce, the epresso s therefore ot cocl. Trst etwork lyss wth sjectve logc my proce cosstet reslts whe pple rectly to o-cocl epressos. It s therefore esrle to epress grphs form where rc oly ppers oce. cocl epresso c e efe s epresso of trst grph strctre otto where every ege oly ppers oce. metho for coclzto se o etwork smplfcto ws escre Jøsg, 006. Smplfcto cossts of removg the wekest,.e. the lest cert pths, tl the etwork ecomes recte seres-prllel etwork whch c e epresse o cocl form. ssmg tht the pth [,][,][,] s the wekest pth the grph o the lefth se of Fg.7, etwork smplfcto of the epeet grph wol e to remove the ege [,] from the grph, s llstrte o the rght-h se of Fg.7. Sce the smplfe grph s eql to tht of Fg.3, the forml epresso s the sme s Eq.3.

21 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 7 7. Trst Network oclzto y Noe Splttg The estece of epeet ege grph s recogze y mltple stces of the sme ege the trst etwork epresso. Noe splttg s ew pproch to chevg epeet trst eges. Ths s cheve y splttg the trget ege of gve epeet ege to s my fferet oes s there re fferet stces of the sme ege the eploe otto. geerl recte trst grph s se o recte trst eges etwee prs of oes. It s esrle ot to pt y restrctos o the possle trst rcs ecept tht they shol ot e cyclc. Ths mes tht the set of possle trst pths from gve sorce X to gve trget Y c cot epeet pths. The left-h se of Fg.8 shows emple of trst etwork wth epeet pths. Fg. 8. Noe splttg of trst etwork to proce epeet pths I the o-cocl epresso for the left-h se trst etwork of Fg.8 [,] = [,][,] [,][,] [,][,][,] 5 the eges [,] [,] pper twce. Noe splttg ths emple cossts of splttg the oe to, the oe to. Ths proces the rght-h se trst etwork Fg.5 wth cocl epresso [,] = [, ][,] [, ][,] [, ][, ][,] 6 Noe splttg mst e trslte to opo splttg orer to pply sjectve logc. The prcple for opos splttg wll e to seprte the opo o the epeet ege to two epeet opos tht whe cmltvely fse proce the orgl opo. Ths c e clle fsso of opos, wll epe o fsso fctor ø tht etermes the proporto of evece ssge to ech epeet opo prt. The mppg of opo ω =,,, to et evece prmeters etr,s, ler splttg to two prts etr,s, etr,s, s fcto of the fsso fctor ø s etr,s, r s etr,s, r s 7

22 We Itellgece Itellget gets 8 The reverse mppg of these evece prmeters to two seprte opos ccorg to Eq. proces 8 It c e verfe tht =, s epecte. Whe ervg trst vles from the clze trst etwork of Eq.4 we re tereste kowg ts certty level s compre wth smplfe etwork. We re tereste the epresso for the certty of correspog to trst epresso of Eq.6. Sce the oe splttg troces prmeters for splttg opos, the certty wll e fcto of these prmeters. y sg Eq. the epressos for the certty the trst pths of Eq.6 c e erve s 9 y sg Eq.3 Eq.9, the epresso for the certty the trst etwork of Eq.6 c e erve s _ 0 y sg Eq.7, Eq.9 Eq.0, the certty vle of the erve trst ccorg to the oe splttg prcple c e compte. Ths vle epes o the trst ege opos o the two splttg prmeters. y fg the opo vles s the emple of Eq.4 ccorg to = = = = =0.9, 0.0, 0., 0.5 plot of the certty s fcto of s show Fg.9

23 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 9 Fg. 9. Ucertty s fcto of The coclso whch c e rw from ths s tht the optml vle for the splttg prmeters re = = ecse tht s whe the certty s t ts lowest. I fct the certty c e evlte to = 0.05 tht cse, whch s eql to the certty of Eq.0. Ths s eqvlet to the cse of trst etwork smplfcto where the ege [,] s remove from the left-h se grph of Fg.5. The lest optml vles for the splttg prmeters s whe = = 0, resltg = 0.7 whch s eql to the certty of Eq.. Ths s ths eqvlet to the sr trst etwork smplfcto where the eges [,] [,], therey the most cert trst pths re remove from the left-h se grph of Fg.8. Gve the ege opo vles se ths emple, [,][,][,] s the lest cert pth of the left-h se grph of Fg.8. It trs ot tht the optml splttg prmeters for lysg the rght-h se grph of Fg.8 proces the sme reslt s etwork smplfcto where ths prtclr lest cert pth s remove. 8. lcltg Plc Reptto Opo Mg s the re of reserch tht ttempts to mke tomtc systems to eterme hm opo from free tet wrtte trl lgge s feeck. It s recet scple t the crossros of formto retrevl compttol lgstcs. The scple s lso kow s Setmet Mg, Setmet lyss, Setmet lssfcto, Opo Etrcto etc. Ulke the tet mg, opo Mg s cocere wth the opo t epresses ste of the topc of ocmet. Isprg y the lgorthm propose y g g et l, 008, we c clclte the plc reptto from gve opo tet. Uslly tem hs severl fetres, for emple, hotel c hve fetres sch s room, foo, etc. Oe revew epresses oe cstomer s commets towr oe tem. From ech revew, we frst geerte the cstomer s setmetl oretto to ech fetre of the tem, sch s postve or lke, egtve or slke, etrl etc Popesc et l, 005, the geerte score to ths tem ccorg to the ser s fetre setmetl oretto, flly geerte overll score to ths tem se o ll sers scores.

24 30 We Itellgece Itellget gets 9. Itegrtg Trst Reptto Whle we clclte the plc reptto of tem, we my come tht wth the trst etwee the opo gver the potetl ser of tht tem. How t c e oe s show the frmework gve Fg.0. s thoss of we offers to prove opos from ther sers, from the Iteret, we c owlo lrge mot of opo t clclte the geerl plc opo ot tem se o those opos. We c lso clclte the estece of the egree of trst etwee two memers trst etwork tht c e cosere whle sggestg tem to ech other. If y sggesto or recommeto comes from trste memer, t s more lkely to e the rght choce of tem for memer. Trget ser ollortve flterg recommeer system Item repttos User trst reltoshp Opo mg Trst mgemet Revew t stomer revew etrcto Ole cstomer revews User socl etworks Iteret Fg. 0. Frmework for tegrtg trst plc reptto 0. oclso The crret ole commty s sfferg the lck of trst or cofece o the opo epresse the we-se socl etwork where the egree of trst mog the memers s set. The memers re fcg the qlty prolem terms of poor qlty eve eceptve opos or recommetos. I ths reserch work, we hve srveye the crret scholrs work the re of trst reptto mgemet ole socl etwork. We lso scss the metho of trst propgto trst etwork. We hve escre oe splttg whch s ew prcple for trst etwork lyss wth sjectve logc. Ths metho whch cossts of splttg epeet trst ege opos orer to vo cossteces seems to proce the sme reslt s the prevosly escre metho of etwork smplfcto. Or lyss ws se o fe set of ege opo vles. ecse of the lrge mer of prmeters volve, t s reltvely comple tsk to verfy f or coclso s vl for ll possle trst ege opo vles, so complete sty mst e the sject of ftre work. The preset sty hs gve strog cto tht trst

25 Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network 3 etwork smplfcto proces the optml reslt eve thogh eges re remove from the trst grph. Trst reptto mgemet represets mportt pproch for stlzg moertg ole commtes clg the memers of socl etwork. Itegrto of fferet systems wol e prolemtc wth comptle trst reptto systems. We hve lso escre how t s possle to grceflly tegrte plc reptto trst mgemet wth recommeer system. Ths proves flele powerfl frmework for ole trst reptto mgemet.. Refereces.. Selck, E. Uz, M. R. Prete Reptto-se Trst Mgemet System for PP Networks. IEEE It. Symposm o lster omptg the Gr, l-rhm S. Hles.000. Spportg Trst Vrtl ommtes. Proceegs of the Hw Itertol oferece o System Sceces, US.. Jøsg 009. Sjectve Logc, rft ook.. Jøsg S. Pope. Semtc ostrts for Trst Tstvty.005. Proceegs of the s-pcfc oferece of oceptl Moellg. Vol. 43, strl.. Jøsg, R. Hywr, S. Pope Trst Network lyss wth Sjectve Logc. I Proceegs of the strls ompter Scece oferece, Vol. 48, strl.. Jøsg, R. Isml,. oy Srvey of Trst Reptto Systems for Ole Servce Provso. ecso Spport Systems, erer, K espotovc, Z. 00. Mgg Trst Peer--Peer Iformto System. Proceegs of the 0th Itertol oferece o Iformto Kowlege Mgemet, US.. hrstso W. S. Hrso Why Is't Trst Trstve? I Proceegs of the 6th Itertol oferece o Iformto Fso, 003. chrch, Y.,. Pres et l Gossp-se ggregto of trst ecetrlze reptto systems. toomos gets Mlt-get Systems hrwj, K.K. M.Y.H. l-shmr Fzzy compttol moel for trst reptto systems. Electroc ommerce Reserch pplctos Zegler Towrs ecetrlze Recommeer Systems. Ph Thess, Uversty of Frerg, Germy. g, X., L,., & Y, P. S., 008. Holstc Leco-se pproch to Opo Mg. I the Proceegs of the It. oferece o We Serch We t Mg. G. Zchr, P. Mes 999. ollortve Reptto Mechsms Electroc Mrketplces. Proceegs of 3 Hw Itertol of o System Sceces. Goleck, J omg Provece wth Trst Socl Networks for Semtc We otet Flterg. IPW Gh, R. V., Kmr, R., Rghv, P., Tomks,., 004. Propgto of trst strst. Proceegs of the 3th Itertol Worl We We oferece, US, pp J.. Folkerts comprso of reptto-se trst mgemet, MSc thess, Rochester Isttte of Techology, US. J. O oov. Smyth Trst Recommeer Systems. IUI 05, US.

26 3 We Itellgece Itellget gets Kmvr, S., Schlosser, M. Grc-Mol, H EgeRep Reptto Mgemet PP Networks. th Itertol Worl We We oferece. L. M, M. Mohtshem,. Hlerstt. 00. ompttol Moel of Trst Reptto. I Proceegs of the 35th Hw Itertol oferece o System Scece. L. Xog Reslet Reptto Trst Mgemet Moels Techqes. Ph thess, Georg Isttte of Techology, US. Leve, R. ttck-resstt trst metrcs Ph.. thess, Uversty of lfor t erkeley, US. M. Vektrm,. Y, M.P. Sgh Trst Reptto Mgemet Smll-Worl Network. I 4th Itertol oferece o Mlt get Systems. P. Resck, R. Zeckhser, R. Frem, K. Kwr Reptto Systems. ommctos of the M, Popesc,.-M., & Etzo, O Etrctg Proct Fetres Opos from Revews. I the Proceegs of Hm Lgge Techology oferece,. Pjol, J. M., Sges, R., elgo, J. 00. Etrctg reptto mlt-get system y mes of socl etwork topology. Proceegs of the frst tertol jot coferece o toomos gets mlt-get systems, Itly, pp S. Mrsh Formlsg Trst s ompttol ocept. Ph thess, Uversty of Strlg, 994. Ster, J. Serr, Revew o ompttol Trst Reptto Moels. rtfcl Itellgece Revew, 005 Vol.4, pp Schllo, M., Fk, P. & Rovtsos, M Usg Trst for etectg ecetfl gets rtfcl Socetes. pple rtfcl Itellgece. Se, S. Sjj, N. 00. Rostess of Reptto-se Trst oole se. Proceegs of the Frst Itertol Jot oferece o toomos gets Mlt-get Systems, Itly. Sres, N Ole Trst Reptto Systems. I 8th M oferece o Electroc ommerce. Theo mtrkos Servce-Orete Trst Mgemet Frmework. Itertol Workshop o ecepto, Fr, Trst get Socetes, pp T,.-Q., Zo, S.-H., Wg, W.-., & heg, S Trst moel se o reptto for peer-to-peer etworks. Jorl o ommcto, 94, Wg, L., Y.J.Go, et l reptto-se trst evlto moel for PP E- ommerce. Itertol Jorl of strte Sesor Networks Wg, Y., & Vsslev, J Revew o Trst Reptto for We Servce Selecto. I the 7th Itertol oferece o strte omptg Systems. Xe, W., & F, Z New Trst Moel se o Socl hrcterstc Reptto Mechsm for the Semtc We. I the Workshop o Kowlege scovery t Mg. Zegler,. Goleck, J Ivestgtg terctos of trst terest smlrty. ecso Spport Systems Zo, Y., G, L., L, G., Xe,., & Me, H Rectfyg Prejcl Feeck Rtgs Reptto se Trst Mgemet. I the IEEE Itertol oferece o Servces omptg.

27 We Itellgece Itellget gets Ete y Zeesh-Ul-Hss Usm ISN Hr cover, 486 pges Plsher ITech Plshe ole 0, Mrch, 00 Plshe prt eto Mrch, 00 Ths ook presets qe versfe collecto of reserch work rgg from cotrollg the ctvtes vrtl worl to optmzto of proctvty gmes, from collortve recommetos to poplte ope compttol evromet wth toomos hypothetcl resog, from ymc helth portl to mesrg formto qlty, correctess, relty from the we. How to referece I orer to correctly referece ths scholrly work, feel free to copy pste the followg Toh hy, Josg Ye X 00. Trst Reptto Mgemet We-se Socl Network, We Itellgece Itellget gets, Zeesh-Ul-Hss Usm E., ISN , ITech, vlle from http///ooks/we-tellgece--tellget-gets/trst-reptto-mgemet--we-se-socl-etwork ITech Erope Uversty mps STeP R Slvk Krtzek 83/ 5000 Rjek, rot Phoe F ITech h Ut 405, Offce lock, Hotel Eqtorl Shgh No.65, Y Ro West, Shgh, 00040, h Phoe F