Powering Integrated Circuits (ICs), and managing ripple voltage as it relates
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1 Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Integrated Circuits (ICs), and managing ripple voltage as it relates to ESR of capacitors Low voltage ICs require supply voltage (Vcc) to have reduced levels of ripple voltage Low ESR capacitors, such as solid polymer, hybrid and high cap ceramic chip (MLCCs) are used in combination to minimize ripple voltage in powering ICs Page 1
2 Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Advanced Electronics Electronic products require power to operate Sources of the power can be from AC line (from electric utilities), Green Power (wind and solar) or from batteries Integrated circuits (ICs) are used in virtually all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics & digital appliances This presentation looks at the requirements of capacitors used to power Integrated Circuits (ICs) Advances & Trends in Integrated Circuits Among the most advanced high speed integrated circuits are microprocessors or "cores", which control everything from computers, servers and cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Integrated Circuits (ICs) Page 2
3 Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Advanced Electronics Converting AC Line Voltage to DC Voltage Goal is to convert as efficiently as possible and provide clean & steady DCvoltage (Vcc) to power integrated circuits sub circuits + AC Voltage DC Voltage _ Vcc1.5 + _ Vcc2.0 AC DC Converter, Switched Mode Power Supply + _ Vcc3.0 Page 3
4 Ripple Voltage & ESR Powering Advanced Electronics DC to DC converters are important in sub subsystems and in portable electronic devices, which are supplied with power from batteries Such electronic devices often contain several sub circuits,, each with its own (Vcc) voltage level requirement often different from that supplied by the battery. Additionally, the battery voltage declines as its stored power is drained. DC to DC converters maintain (regulate) steady voltage (Vcc) to ICs from a decreasing battery voltage sub circuits Vcc + Unregulated DC Voltage Regulator Regulated DC Voltage _ Vcc1.5 Battery + _ Vcc2.0 + DC DC Converter _ Vcc3.0 Page 4
5 Ripple Voltage & ESR DCVoltage (Vcc) Ripple Voltage Small unwanted residual periodic variation of the direct current (DC) output of a power supply Ripple voltage is undesirable in many high speed electronic circuit applications (such as ICs): Within digital circuits, ripple voltage reduces the threshold at which logic circuits give incorrect outputs and data is corrupted Undesired noise in audio & video ICs Magnified View of Vcc Ripple Voltage Page 5
6 Ripple Voltage & ESR National Semiconductor / Application Note 2146 / August 9, 2011 Power supply design for high speeddevices devices can often drivethe needfor low noise, low ripple voltage rails.... high speed devices require the control of output voltage (Vcc) ripple and noise in order to fully maximize their performance.... Typically VCC ripple and noise requirements can range from 5 100mV (0.005V ~ 0.100V) [ i.e. very low levels ] See Figure 1 Below High Ripple Lower Ripple Lowest Ripple 2 VDC Vcc VDC mV Ripple Poor 40mV Ripple Better 10mV Ripple Best VDC Vcc With ih100mv, 40mV and 10mV ripple voltage Figure When designing any switch mode power supply (SMPS), including a power module, it s important to select output capacitors for minimizing voltage ripple. For many SMPS, this means selecting a sufficient amount of output capacitance with low ESR (effective series resistance). Voltage ripple is a function of the inductor ripple current, the switching frequency (FSW) and the output capacitor s ESR. Therefore, minimizing the ESR in the output capacitors will minimize the output voltage ripple. Page 6
![005V ~ 0.100V) [ i.e. very low levels ] See Figure 1 Below 2.2 2.1 High Ripple Lower Ripple Lowest Ripple 2 VDC Vcc VDC 2 1.9 1.8 100mV Ripple Poor 40mV Ripple Better 10mV Ripple Best 1.7 1.6 1.5 2.](/docs-images/42/6038758/images/page_6.jpg "0 VDC Vcc With ih100mv, 40mV and 10mV ripple voltage 1.4 1.3 Figure 1 1.")
7 Ripple Voltage & ESR Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of Capacitors Capacitors are needed for storage and smoothing of DC output (Vcc) of power supplies and converters. The equivalent series resistance or ESR of a capacitor is particularly important in power supply designs. When analyzing a circuit, a capacitor should be depicted as its equivalent circuit including the ideal capacitor, but also with its series ESR value (show in Figure 2 below). ESR ESR Electrolytic Capacitor Polarized Type: Aluminum & Tantalum Electrostatic Capacitor Non Polarized Type: Ceramic & Film V = I x R Ripple Voltage = I x ESR Figure 2 To reduce ripple voltage, circuit designers must use capacitors with Low ESR Page 7
8 Ripple Voltage & ESR Multiple Parallel Capacitors Multiple capacitors are typical wired in parallel connection (see Figure 3 below) to reduce ESR (and ripple voltage) and handle high current ESR 1 ESR 2 ESR 3 ESR 4 Figure 3 1/ ESR Total = 1/ ESR 1 + 1/ ESR 2 + 1/ ESR 3 + 1/ ESR 4 Ripple Voltage = I x ESR Total Parallel Equivalent Resistance Example: ESR 1 = ESR 2 = ESR 3 = ESR 4 All = Ω (120mΩ) ESR Total = 0.030Ω (30mΩ) Ripple 1A = 0.030V (30mV) Page 8
9 Ripple Voltage & ESR Capacitor Type Comparison: SMT / 100uF / 6.3V ~ 100VDC Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) & Ripple Voltage Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Capacitor Type Size Capacitance MLCC / X5R Ceramic Polymer (Solid) Aluminum Electrolytic Hybrid Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Polymer Cathode Tantalum Electrolytic 1210 (3.2mm X 2.5mm) 100uF ±20% Voltage Rating 6.3VDC 100KHz ESR Not Specified Typ <0.005 Ω Ripple Current Rating * Ripple 1000mA (1A) Not Specified < 0.005V < 5mV D (7343) 100uF ±20% 6.3VDC Ω 3500mA 0.010V <10mV 6.3mm x 6.3mm 6.3VDC Ω 1630mA 0.036V <36mV 6.3mm x 8mm 10VDC Ω 1910mA 0.035V <35mV 8mm x 10.8mm 100uF ±20% 10VDC Ω 1680mA 0.018V 018V <18mV 8mm x 10.8mm 35VDC Ω 1800mA 0.030V <30mV 10mm x 10.8mm 40VDC Ω 1630mA 0.010V <10mV A (3216) 6.3VDC Ω 2400mA 0.024V < 24mV B (3528) 100uF ±20% 6.3VDC 63VDC Ω 1844mA 0.025V 025V < 25mV V (7343) 10VDC Ω 2886mA 0.015V <15mV 6.3mm x 6.3mm 6.3VDC Ω 250mA 0.360V <360mV Liquid Electrolyte 8mm x 10.5mm 35VDC Ω 850mA <0.080V <80mV 100uF ±20% Aluminum Electrolytic 12.5mm x 14mm 50VDC Ω 490mA 0.230V <230mV Std MnO2 Cathode Tantalum Electrolytic 16mm x 17mm 100VDC Ω 793mA 0.170V <170mV B (3528) 6.3VDC 1.2 Ω 258mA <1.2V <1200mV C (6032) 100uF ±20% 6.3VDC 0.90 Ω 350mA <0.90V <900mV V (7343) 10VDC 0.50 Ω 500mA <0.50V <500mV * Ripple Current Ratings limited by component Joule heating limitations (also referred to as ohmic heating or resistive heating): Self heat temperature ΔT limit of +5 C for aluminum electrolytic capacitors & and maximum permissible ΔT of MLCCs generally restricted to +10 C ~ +20 C Page 9
10 Capacitor Technology Comparison CV Range 1uF ~ 2200uF / 2.5VDC ~ 100VDC SMT Capacitor Offering by Technology Capacitance Voltage Range Comparison Voltage 100VDC Aluminum Electrolytic 80VDC 63VDC 50VDC 35VDC 25VDC 16VDC 12.5VDC 10VDC 8VDC 6.3VDC 4VDC 2.5VDC Capacitance 1.0uF 2.2uF 3.3uF 4.7uF 10uF 22uF 33uF 47uF 100uF 150uF 220uF 330uF 470uF 1000uF 2200uF Icon Type Format Component Image Tantalum Electrolytic Ceramic Chip MLCC Aluminum Electrolytic SMT Flat Chip SMT Flat Chip SMT V Chip Use NIC QuickBUILDER Tool Easily select & compare capacitors Solid Aluminum Electrolytic SMT Flat Chip Page 10
11 Ripple Voltage & ESR Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Comparison in Application: Ripple Voltage over Temperature DC-DC Converter ADVANTAGE: Hybrid Construction NSPE Has stable ESR over Temperature Stable Ripple Voltage over Temperature Room Temperature: +25C Low ESR liquid electrolyte e-cap NSPE Hybrid electrolyte e-cap Vcc Ripple Voltage Vcc Low ESR = Low Ripple Voltage Liquid Technology Hybrid Technology Cold Temperature: -20C Low ESR liquid electrolyte e-cap NSPE Hybrid electrolyte e-cap Vcc Ripple Voltage Vcc Low ESR = Low Ripple Voltage Page 11
12 Ripple Voltage & ESR Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Capacitor Type Comparison ESR over Temperature Typical 100KHz ESR over Temperature Comparison 35VDC / 8mm Diameter 100KHz ESR: -55 C Hybrid Construction NSPE Much lower ESR & Z over Temperature 1000 NSPE-H101M35V8x10.8F NACY101M35V8x10.5F ESR( (mω) Poor 100 Liquid Electrolyte NACY Liquid Technology Advantage Hybrid Construction Best Hybrid Construction NSPE-H Hybrid Technology Temperature( ) NACY 100KHz ESR: -55 C NSPE Page 12
13 Ripple Voltage & ESR Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Capacitor Type Comparison: Liquid id & Hybrid Construction ti Low ESR = Low Ripple Voltage Liquid Technology Hybrid Technology Series / Type NACY / Liquid NSPE-H / Hybrid Case Size 16mm X 17mm 8mm X 10.8mm 100KHz ESR Ω Ω 100KHz RCR 1610mArms 1670mArms Hybrid Advantages Much Smaller Size & Lower Profile Lower ESR Higher Current Rating Life +105 C 2000 hours 10,000 hours Much Longer Life WVDC 50VDC 50VDC Capacitance 1000uF 33uF NIC PN NACY102M50V16X17 NSPE-H330M50V8X10.8 SMT Format 16mm Diameter 17mm Height 8mm Diameter 10.8mm Height Soldering Heat +235 C Reflow +260C Reflow Higher Reflow Rated Page 13
14 Ripple Voltage & ESR Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Capacitor Type Comparison 1.00 ESR over Frequency ESR over Frequency Comparison 35V 8mm Diameter NSPE-H101M35V8x10.8F NACY101M35V8x10.5F Ω) ESR( 100KHz: 0.097Ω Liquid Electrolyte 1MHz: 0.085Ω Poor NACY Hybrid Construction NSPE Lower ESR & Z over Frequency Hybrid Construction NSPE-H Advantage Hybrid C t ti Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Best 100KHz: 1MHz: 0.014Ω ,000 10, , ,000,000 10,000, Frequency (Hz) Page 14
15 Ripple Voltage & ESR Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Comparison Capacitor Comparison in Application: Liquid id & Hybrid Construction ti In DC-DC Converter Application: DC-DC converter Input: 6VDC Output: 3.5VDC Current: 5A Frequency: 250KHz Low ESR Hybrid Capacitors: Reduce component count Less PCB space Fewer placements x 330uF/ 10VDC 3 x 330uF/ 10VDC P/N: NACZ331M10V Low ESR liquid electrolyte e-cap 8 replaced by 3 P/N: NSPE331M10V Hybrid electrolyte e-cap Hybrid Advantages Reduce Number of Components per PCB Page 15
16 Ripple Voltage & ESR Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Application: DC-DC Converter for POE 48VDC application using LTC PoE application High capacitance value with ESR less than 0.1 Ohm, current rating of >1.5A, and voltage rating of 63VDC (or higher) LTC DESCRIPTION Wide Input Range, Boost, Flyback and SEPIC Controller... Please note that the input capacitor can see a very high surge current when a battery is suddenly connected to the input of the converter and solid tantalum capacitors can fail catastrophically under these conditions. Be sure to specify surge-resistant capacitors! Suggested Part Number: NSPE-H330M63V10X10.8NBF 10, C 63VDC Low ESR = Ω Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Ripple Current = 2100mA 10 x 10.8mm SMT Size Hybrid Advantage: Ability to handle surge transient events Excellent inrush current characteristics Low ESR at High VDC Page 16
17 Ripple Voltage & ESR Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Application: DC-DC Converter - Fan Driver 150uF / 35VDC 34VDC, 10A (340W) Fan Driver Target Driver Chip Nat Semi - LM5116 Synchronous Buck Controller Wide output from 1.2V to 80V PN: NSPE-H151M35V10X10.8NBYF Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Operating Temperature 55 C ~ 105 C Capacitance 150uF ± 20% / Voltage 35VDC ESR 23mΩ (+20 C/100KHz) Ripple Current Rating 2470mA (100KHz/+105 C) Load Life 10,000Hrs +105 C Dimensions: D = 10mm x L max. = 10.8mm Page 17
18 Ripple Voltage & ESR Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors NSPE Series Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Life Rate Voltage Series Temp Max Temp Rating NSPE S NSPE H NSPE T NSPE U NSPE Y 55 C +105 C 3K & 5KHrs 6.3 ~ 16VDC 55 C 25 ~ 5K ~ 10KHrs +105 C 125VDC 55 C +125 C 55 C +125 C 55 C +135 C 1.5 ~ 25 ~ 3KHrs 125VDC 2KHrs 2KHrs 6.3 ~ 16VDC 25 ~ 63VDC Cap Range 100KHz 100Hz RCR Reflow Max Temp Limit 10 ~ 1000uF 0.015Ω 3.89A +250 C 2.7 ~ 270uF 0.022Ω 2.53A +260 C 3.9 ~ 270uF 0.022Ω 1.52A +260 C 22 ~ 560uF 0.016Ω 2.19A +250 C 22 ~ 270uF 0.022Ω 1.22A +260 C Case Sizes: (D x H) mm 6.3 x x x 8 8 x x x 12.8 Lowest ESR = Lowest Ripple Voltage Page 18
19 Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Road Map NSPE Series Polymer HbidAl Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic l ti Capacitors Current NSPE Specifications: NSPE H +105 C 25V ~ 100VDC NSPE T +125 C 25V ~ 100VDC NSPE Y +135 C 25V ~ 63VDC V (10uF, 10x10.5) Higher Voltage NSPE H & NSPE T New Sizes 6.3X4.8 Low Profile 10x12.5 High Cap Volt NSPE H, NSPE T & NSPE Y 2012 Higher Voltage 160VDC 10 x 10.5 size Next Size 8x9.5 & 10x9.5 Low Profile Higher Temp Rating +150 C 8x12.8 & 10 x 14.8 sizes Page 19
20 Summary Summary: Industry trends require output circuit capacitors, with low ESR, to meet reduced supply bias noise requirements (reduced ripple voltage) Minimizing the ESR in the output capacitors is continuing goal Lowest ESR capacitors types include; MLCC Ceramic Solid Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Hybrid (Liquid & Solid Polymer) ConstructionAluminum Electrolytic Polymer Cathode Tantalum Electrolytic For Higher VDC circuit applications Hybrid (Liquid & Solid Polymer) Construction Aluminum Electrolytic l ti Capacitors have advantage of low ESR, stability over temperature, t space savings and working voltage ratings up to 125VDC Page 20
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